A Contrastive Analysis Of Phonemes In English And Toba Batak Language
A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONEMES IN ENGLISH AND TOBA
BATAK LANGUAGE
A THESIS
BY
TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG
REG. NO. 110705033
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
NIP : 19541117 198003 1 002
Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D
NIP : 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR DECLARATION
I, TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE
TEXT
OF
THIS
THESIS. THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Dated
:January 26th, 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG
TITLE OF THESIS
: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONEMES
IN
ENGLISH
AND
TOBA
BATAK
LANGUAGE.
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM
WILLING
REPRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT
THAT
AT
OF
MY
THE
THESIS
SHOULD
DISCRETION
ENGLISH,
FACULTY
BE
AVAILABLE
OF
THE
LIBRARIAN
OF
CULTURAL
FOR
OF
STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Dated
: January 26th, 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, i would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty, Jesus Christ, the one
and only Lord who is always with me and leads me. It is all because of Him that i
can finish my study in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Study, University of
Sumatera Utara. He always strenghtens me and shows me the way to solve every
problem in my life. He still blesses me, gives me health, and recruit all that i need in
my life especially in finishing my study.
Secondly, i would like to express by big thanks and appreciation to those who have
given me advice, motivation, help, and pray me in accomplishing my paper. They are :
1. My beloved parents, Parbuktian Sibagariang and Mery Br Pasaribu who loves
me unconditionally and always support me until now i can finish my study.
Dad, Mom, thankyou so much for your kindness, love, advice, prayer, figting
and finance support for me. I contribute this paper and degree for both of you.
You always said that i must be patient and all will be well at the right time. I
do love you, Pak, Mak.
2. My dear uncle (Tulang) who always advice and motivate me to do the best in
my education. He always asked me to be patient in doing this paper. Tulang,
thankyou for your advice, support, and prayer for me. I do love you.
3. My dear siblings, Rumpo Sibagariang (sister), Yohana Sibagariang (Sister), Jurisen
Sibagariang (Brother), Desi Rinika Sibagariang (Sister), and Yohanes Sibagariang
(brother). Especially for my elder sister who always support me both moril and
financially. She always support me. When i begin to give up and stressed, she
always motivate me and cheer me up. I can say she is my moodbooster. For
you all, I love you, guys.
4. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as the Dean of Cultural Studies Faculty, University
of Sumatera Utara ; Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, as the Head of English
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Department, University of Sumatera Utara ; Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D, as the
Secretary of English Department, University of Sumatera Utara.
5. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as my Supervisor and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA as
my Co-Supervisor who has guided me in accomplishing this paper. Thankyou
for your valuable ideas, times, and patients. God Bless you both.
6. I also would like to express my great gratitute to all lecturers in English Department
of Faculty of Cultural Studies that have given me knowledge about English for about
four years. Thank you very much.
7. My dear boyfriend, Daniel Bimbingan Limbong, ST who always motivates me
to finish my study soon. He always reminds me not to be lazy in doing this
thesis. You are also my moodbooster. Thank you for your prayer, love, kindness,
support, and motivation, dear.
8. My beloved friend Henny Monalisa ‘Hani’ who always support and ensure me
that i will finish my thesis soon. Thank you, Hani.
9. My beloved friend, Nur Affanny who is always make me laugh crazily. Keep
fighting in doing your thesis, wak. I am sure you will finish it soon.
10. All my friends in English Department that i cannot mention one by one.
Finally, I realize that this paper is far for being perfect. But, I hope this thesis will
be a valuable contribution to the readers. I warmly welcome and appreciate the
advices and suggestions to develop this thesis.
Writer,
Tri Oktaviani Br Bagariang
110705033
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kontrastif Fonem pada bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Batak
Toba. Skripsi ini menganalisisfonem-fonem vokal dan konsonan yang terdapat dalam
bahasa Inggris dengan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Batak Tobakemudian
membandingkannya untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan fonem kedua bahasa
tersebut.Fonem adalah unit terkecil dalam sebuah bahasa. Fonem juga diartikan sebagai
pembeda karena meskipun satu huruf yang sama tetapi bisa saja memiliki bunyi fonem yang
berbeda sehingga makna kata yang dihasilkan juga berbeda. Dalam thesis ini, penulis
membandingkan fonem vokal berdasarkan tinggi rendahnya lidah, letak lidah dan bentuk bibir
saat menghasilkan vokal tersebut, sedangkan fonem vokal dibandingkan berdasarkan tempat
artikulasi, cara artikulasi dan bergetar atau tidak pada saat fonem konsonan tersebut
dihasilkan.Skripsi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dan penelitian
perpustakaan, sehingga penulis menggunakan beberapa sumber data tertulis yang
didapatkan dari perpustakaan dan dari internet dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini.
Kata Kunci : Analisis Kontrastif, Fonologi, Fonem, Vokal dan Konsonan Bahasa Inggris
dan Bahasa Batak Toba.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis of Phonemes beween English and Toba
Batak Language.This thesis analyze what vowel and consonant phonemes are found in both
English and Toba Batak Language and then contrasts them to find out the similarities and
the differences between both languages. Phoneme is the small unit of a language. It can
distinguish a speech sound. The same letter can have the difference phoneme that can cause
the difference meaning of a word.In this thesis, the writer contrasts the vowel phonemes based
on the height of tongue, the position of tongue and the sape of lips when pronouncing them,
while consonant phonemes are contrasted based on the lace of articulation, manner of
articulation and the voicing when pronouncing them.This thesis applies qualitative research
and library research, so the writer found some written source data from library and
internet in doing this thesis.
Keyword : Contrastive Analysis, Phonology, Phonemes, English and Toba Batak
Language Vowels and Consonants.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRAK......................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................iii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of The Study...................................................................... 1
1.2.Problem of The Study............................................................................. 6
1.3.Objective of The Study........................................................................... 6
1.4. Scope of The Study................................................................................ 6
1.5. Significance of The Study...................................................................... 6
1.6. Method of The Study..............................................................................7
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................... 8
2.1. Contrastive Analysis Theory...................................................................... 8
2.2. Definition of Phonology..........................................................................10
2.3. Definition of Phoneme.............................................................................10
2.3.1. Vowel..............................................................................................11
2.3.2. Consonant........................................................................................12
2.4. English........................................................................................................13
2.5. Toba Batak Language...............................................................................13
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Chapter III THE METHOD OF THE STUDY......................................................14
3.1. The Research Method..............................................................................14
3.2. The Data Collecting Method...................................................................14
3.3. The Data Analyzing Method...................................................................15
3.4. The Data Analysis....................................................................................15
3.4.1. English Vowel Phonemes Chart...................................................16
3.4.2. Toba Batak Vowel Phonemes Chart..............................................16
3.5. Review of The Related Literature..........................................................17
Chapter IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..............................................................19
4.1. Analysis ....................................................................................................19
4.1.1. The Description of Phonemes.............................................................19
4.1.1. 1. Consonant Phoneme..........................................................................20
4.1.1.1.1. Place of Articulation................................................................20
4.1.1.1.2. Manner of Articulation.............................................................24
4.1.1.1.3 Voicing........................................................................................24
4.1.1.2. Vowel Phoneme...................................................................................25
4.1.1.3. Diphthongs............................................................................................25
4.1.1.4. Triphthongs............................................................................................26
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4.1.2. English Phonemes...................................................................................26
4.1.2.1. English Consonant Phoneme.......................................................26
4.1.2.2. English Vowel Phoneme..............................................................31
4.1.2.3. English Diphtongs.........................................................................33
4.1.2.4. English Triphtongs........................................................................34
4.1.3. Toba Batak Phonemes..............................................................................34
4.1.3.1. Toba Batak Consonant Phoneme..................................................34
4.1.3.2. Toba Batak Vowel Phoneme........................................................37
4.2. Findings.......................................................................................................39
4.2.1. Vowel and Consonant Phonemes in English and Toba Batak..........39
4.2.2. The Similarities of Vowels and Consonant Phoneme in English and Toba
Batak Language.......................................................................................39
4.2.3. The Differences of Vowels and Consonant Phoneme in English and
Toba Batak Language.........................................................................................40
Chapter V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion ..................................................................................................41
5.2. Suggestion...................................................................................................42
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
BATAK LANGUAGE
A THESIS
BY
TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG
REG. NO. 110705033
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
NIP : 19541117 198003 1 002
Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D
NIP : 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR DECLARATION
I, TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE
TEXT
OF
THIS
THESIS. THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Dated
:January 26th, 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG
TITLE OF THESIS
: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONEMES
IN
ENGLISH
AND
TOBA
BATAK
LANGUAGE.
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM
WILLING
REPRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT
THAT
AT
OF
MY
THE
THESIS
SHOULD
DISCRETION
ENGLISH,
FACULTY
BE
AVAILABLE
OF
THE
LIBRARIAN
OF
CULTURAL
FOR
OF
STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Dated
: January 26th, 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, i would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty, Jesus Christ, the one
and only Lord who is always with me and leads me. It is all because of Him that i
can finish my study in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Study, University of
Sumatera Utara. He always strenghtens me and shows me the way to solve every
problem in my life. He still blesses me, gives me health, and recruit all that i need in
my life especially in finishing my study.
Secondly, i would like to express by big thanks and appreciation to those who have
given me advice, motivation, help, and pray me in accomplishing my paper. They are :
1. My beloved parents, Parbuktian Sibagariang and Mery Br Pasaribu who loves
me unconditionally and always support me until now i can finish my study.
Dad, Mom, thankyou so much for your kindness, love, advice, prayer, figting
and finance support for me. I contribute this paper and degree for both of you.
You always said that i must be patient and all will be well at the right time. I
do love you, Pak, Mak.
2. My dear uncle (Tulang) who always advice and motivate me to do the best in
my education. He always asked me to be patient in doing this paper. Tulang,
thankyou for your advice, support, and prayer for me. I do love you.
3. My dear siblings, Rumpo Sibagariang (sister), Yohana Sibagariang (Sister), Jurisen
Sibagariang (Brother), Desi Rinika Sibagariang (Sister), and Yohanes Sibagariang
(brother). Especially for my elder sister who always support me both moril and
financially. She always support me. When i begin to give up and stressed, she
always motivate me and cheer me up. I can say she is my moodbooster. For
you all, I love you, guys.
4. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as the Dean of Cultural Studies Faculty, University
of Sumatera Utara ; Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, as the Head of English
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Department, University of Sumatera Utara ; Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D, as the
Secretary of English Department, University of Sumatera Utara.
5. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as my Supervisor and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA as
my Co-Supervisor who has guided me in accomplishing this paper. Thankyou
for your valuable ideas, times, and patients. God Bless you both.
6. I also would like to express my great gratitute to all lecturers in English Department
of Faculty of Cultural Studies that have given me knowledge about English for about
four years. Thank you very much.
7. My dear boyfriend, Daniel Bimbingan Limbong, ST who always motivates me
to finish my study soon. He always reminds me not to be lazy in doing this
thesis. You are also my moodbooster. Thank you for your prayer, love, kindness,
support, and motivation, dear.
8. My beloved friend Henny Monalisa ‘Hani’ who always support and ensure me
that i will finish my thesis soon. Thank you, Hani.
9. My beloved friend, Nur Affanny who is always make me laugh crazily. Keep
fighting in doing your thesis, wak. I am sure you will finish it soon.
10. All my friends in English Department that i cannot mention one by one.
Finally, I realize that this paper is far for being perfect. But, I hope this thesis will
be a valuable contribution to the readers. I warmly welcome and appreciate the
advices and suggestions to develop this thesis.
Writer,
Tri Oktaviani Br Bagariang
110705033
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kontrastif Fonem pada bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Batak
Toba. Skripsi ini menganalisisfonem-fonem vokal dan konsonan yang terdapat dalam
bahasa Inggris dengan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Batak Tobakemudian
membandingkannya untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan fonem kedua bahasa
tersebut.Fonem adalah unit terkecil dalam sebuah bahasa. Fonem juga diartikan sebagai
pembeda karena meskipun satu huruf yang sama tetapi bisa saja memiliki bunyi fonem yang
berbeda sehingga makna kata yang dihasilkan juga berbeda. Dalam thesis ini, penulis
membandingkan fonem vokal berdasarkan tinggi rendahnya lidah, letak lidah dan bentuk bibir
saat menghasilkan vokal tersebut, sedangkan fonem vokal dibandingkan berdasarkan tempat
artikulasi, cara artikulasi dan bergetar atau tidak pada saat fonem konsonan tersebut
dihasilkan.Skripsi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dan penelitian
perpustakaan, sehingga penulis menggunakan beberapa sumber data tertulis yang
didapatkan dari perpustakaan dan dari internet dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini.
Kata Kunci : Analisis Kontrastif, Fonologi, Fonem, Vokal dan Konsonan Bahasa Inggris
dan Bahasa Batak Toba.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis of Phonemes beween English and Toba
Batak Language.This thesis analyze what vowel and consonant phonemes are found in both
English and Toba Batak Language and then contrasts them to find out the similarities and
the differences between both languages. Phoneme is the small unit of a language. It can
distinguish a speech sound. The same letter can have the difference phoneme that can cause
the difference meaning of a word.In this thesis, the writer contrasts the vowel phonemes based
on the height of tongue, the position of tongue and the sape of lips when pronouncing them,
while consonant phonemes are contrasted based on the lace of articulation, manner of
articulation and the voicing when pronouncing them.This thesis applies qualitative research
and library research, so the writer found some written source data from library and
internet in doing this thesis.
Keyword : Contrastive Analysis, Phonology, Phonemes, English and Toba Batak
Language Vowels and Consonants.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRAK......................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................iii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of The Study...................................................................... 1
1.2.Problem of The Study............................................................................. 6
1.3.Objective of The Study........................................................................... 6
1.4. Scope of The Study................................................................................ 6
1.5. Significance of The Study...................................................................... 6
1.6. Method of The Study..............................................................................7
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................... 8
2.1. Contrastive Analysis Theory...................................................................... 8
2.2. Definition of Phonology..........................................................................10
2.3. Definition of Phoneme.............................................................................10
2.3.1. Vowel..............................................................................................11
2.3.2. Consonant........................................................................................12
2.4. English........................................................................................................13
2.5. Toba Batak Language...............................................................................13
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Chapter III THE METHOD OF THE STUDY......................................................14
3.1. The Research Method..............................................................................14
3.2. The Data Collecting Method...................................................................14
3.3. The Data Analyzing Method...................................................................15
3.4. The Data Analysis....................................................................................15
3.4.1. English Vowel Phonemes Chart...................................................16
3.4.2. Toba Batak Vowel Phonemes Chart..............................................16
3.5. Review of The Related Literature..........................................................17
Chapter IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..............................................................19
4.1. Analysis ....................................................................................................19
4.1.1. The Description of Phonemes.............................................................19
4.1.1. 1. Consonant Phoneme..........................................................................20
4.1.1.1.1. Place of Articulation................................................................20
4.1.1.1.2. Manner of Articulation.............................................................24
4.1.1.1.3 Voicing........................................................................................24
4.1.1.2. Vowel Phoneme...................................................................................25
4.1.1.3. Diphthongs............................................................................................25
4.1.1.4. Triphthongs............................................................................................26
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4.1.2. English Phonemes...................................................................................26
4.1.2.1. English Consonant Phoneme.......................................................26
4.1.2.2. English Vowel Phoneme..............................................................31
4.1.2.3. English Diphtongs.........................................................................33
4.1.2.4. English Triphtongs........................................................................34
4.1.3. Toba Batak Phonemes..............................................................................34
4.1.3.1. Toba Batak Consonant Phoneme..................................................34
4.1.3.2. Toba Batak Vowel Phoneme........................................................37
4.2. Findings.......................................................................................................39
4.2.1. Vowel and Consonant Phonemes in English and Toba Batak..........39
4.2.2. The Similarities of Vowels and Consonant Phoneme in English and Toba
Batak Language.......................................................................................39
4.2.3. The Differences of Vowels and Consonant Phoneme in English and
Toba Batak Language.........................................................................................40
Chapter V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion ..................................................................................................41
5.2. Suggestion...................................................................................................42
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................43
Universitas Sumatera Utara