Social mothering: politicization of care as public ethics in Elizabeth Gaskell`s north and south.

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ABSTRACT

Dian Natalia Sutanto (2016). Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in

Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate

Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This research analyzes the politicization of caring values as public ethics through the

concept of social mothering proposed in Gaskell’s North and South (1854-55). Politicization of caring values as public ethics reflects an attempt to reclaim the denigrated caring values in mothering as an alternative morality to break the antagonistic pattern of public life. To reveal how the caring values are politicized as public ethics, this research firstly focuses on how patriarchal dualistic thinking that is responsible for the denigration of caring values, is challenged in the novel. This analysis is conducted with feminist theories on relational

thinking and Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism. In the next section the politicization of caring

values as public ethics through the concept of social mothering is scrutinized with feminist

theories of care, especially Sara Ruddick’s concept of maternal thinking, and theories on

ethics of care by Carol Gilligan, Nel Noddings, and Joan Tronto.

This study shows that the challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking is done by destabilizing the absolute and integrated nature of gender identity. The patriarchal signifiers of masculinity and femininity are combined and subverted to destabilize any attempt to link gendered behaviors with the sexed bodies. Moreover, complex characters that perpetually undergo transformations are also depicted in the novel to highlight the notion of contingent

self. As proposed in feminist relational thinking and Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism, subject

formation is relational and dialogic. Subjectivity is never given or natural, but it is always in the process of becoming, influenced and shaped by others. Besides destabilizing patriarchal notion of stable and unitary gender identity, the dichotomies of body/mind, emotion/reason, public/private are also destabilized by reinvesting the relation between the paired categories with new meaning. Through the concept of social mothering, caring values in mothering are reclaimed and reinvested with richer interpretation of its values and productive potential for breaking antagonistic life in public sphere and improving humanity in general. In the politicizing caring values as public ethics, the novel posits that the practice of social mothering has to be ethical and consistent with democratic principles of justice, equality and freedom. Social mothering can be an ethical caring relationship if it is grounded on the acknowledgment of human corporeal vulnerability. Social mothering can be a democratic caring relationship if it is grounded on egalitarian and dialogic communication between the care-giver and the care-receiver in the assignment of caring responsibility.

Keywords: social mothering, ethics of care, relationality, dialogism, Elizabeth Gaskell’s

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ABSTRAK

Dian Natalia Sutanto (2016). Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in

Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Yogyakarta: Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Program

Pascasarjana, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini menganalisis politisasi nilai-nilai kepedulian sebagai etika publik melalui konsep pengasuhan sosial (social mothering) yang diajukan dalam novel Gaskell yang berjudul North and South (1854-55). Politisasi nilai-nilai kepedulian sebagai etika publik merupakan upaya untuk memberdayakan kembali nilai-nilai kepedulian dalam pengasuhan (mothering) yang termarginalisasi sebagai suatu alternatif untuk mengembangkan moralitas yang dapat mengatasi gejala antagonisme dalam kehidupan publik. Untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana nilai-nilai kepedulian tersebut dipolitisasi sebagai etika publik, penelitian ini terlebih dahulu mengkaji bagaimana pola pikir dualistis dalam budaya patriarki yang menyebabkan termarjinalisasinya nilai-nilai kepedualian dikritik dalam novel ini. Analisis ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori-teori feminis tentang pola pikir relasional dan konsep dialogisme Bakhtin. Dalam sub-bab selanjutnya, politisasi nilai-nilai kepedulian sebagai etika publik melalui konsep pengasuhan sosial akan dianalisis dengan teori-teori kepedulian feminis (feminist theories of care) seperti konsep pola pikir maternal (maternal thinking) dari Sara Ruddick, dan teori etika kepedulian yang dikemukakan oleh Carol Gilligan, Nel Noddings dan Joan Tronto.

Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kritik terhadap pola pikir dualistis dalam budaya patriarki dilakukan dengan mendestabilisasi sifat kemutlatkan dan keutuhan dari identitas jender. Penanda maskulinitas dan feminitas dikombinasikan dan disubversi untuk mendestabilisasi setiap upaya mengaitkan perilaku gender dengan seksualitas tubuh. Selain itu, karakter-karakter kompleks yang terus-menerus mengalami perubahan juga digambarkan di dalam novel untuk menegaskan konsep identitas diri yang tidak definitif. Sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam teori pola pikir relasional feminis dan konsep dialogisme Bakhtin, pembentukan subjek bersifat relasional dan dialogis. Subjektivitas tidak bersifat terberi atau alamiah, melainkan selalu dalam proses menjadi, dipengaruhi dan dibentuk oleh orang lain. Selain mendestabilisasi konsep stablitas dan kesatuan identitas jender dalam budaya patriarki, dikotomi tubuh/pikiran, emosi/akal, publik/privat juga didestabilisasi dengan memaknai ulang hubungan antara kedua pasang kategori dalam dikotomi tersebut dengan makna baru. Di dalam konsepnya tentang pengasuhan sosial, nilai-nilai kepedulian dalam pengasuhan direvitalisasi dengan memberikan intepretasi yang lebih kaya terhadap nilai-nilainya dan potensinya untuk mengatasi gejala antagonisme dalam kehidupan publik dan memajukan kemanusiaan pada umumnya. Dalam mempolitisasi nilai-nilai kepedulian sebagai etika publik, dikemukakan dalam novel bahwa praktek pengasuhan sosial harus berlandaskan pada prinsip-prinsip etis dan konsisten dengan prinsip demokrasi seperti keadilan, kesetaraan dan kebebasan. Pengasuhan sosial dimaknai sebagai hubungan kepedulian yang etis hanya apabila dilaksanakan berdasarkan pada pengakuan terhadap kerentanan jasmani manusia (human corporeal vulnerability). Pengasuhan sosial dimaknai sebagai hubungan kepedulian yang demokratis hanya apabila dilaksanakan melalui komunikasi yang dialogis dan egaliter antara pengasuh dan yang diasuh dalam pelaksanaan tanggung jawab pengasuhan.

Kata Kunci: pengasuhan sosial, etika kepedulian, relasionalitas, dialogisme, Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South

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Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in Elizabeth

Gaskell’s

North and South

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora

in English Language Studies

Dian Natalia Sutanto 146332009

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in Elizabeth

Gaskell’s

North and South

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora

in English Language Studies

Dian Natalia Sutanto 146332009

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and dedicate this thesis to those who have supported me in completing this thesis. I especially dedicate this thesis to the Almighty God, Lord Jesus Christ, for his love and guidance throughout my master study.

I want to express deep gratitude, respect and appreciation to my thesis advisor, Paulus Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D., for his dedication, professional guidance and incisive advice throughout the writing process of this thesis.

My sincerest acknowledgements go to the board of examiners: Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A. (Hons.), Ph.D. and Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D., and Patrisius Mutiara Andalas, S.J., S.S., S.T.D. who devoted their precious time to the reading and evaluation of this thesis.

My sincerest acknowledgements also go to all lectures in the Graduate Program of English Language Studies for their inspiring and passionate teaching throughout my master study.

I am equally indebted to my faithful and reliable friends, especially in Literature class batch 2014 for providing valuable suggestions and moral supports.

I especially thank my dad, my mom and my brother, for their endless love, sacrifices, motivation and supports. My master study was only made achievable because of their continual supports and confidence.

Last but not least, I would like to give my gratitude for those whom I cannot mention individually, but surely this thesis could not be completed without their helps.

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vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………..……….i

APPROVAL PAGE………...………..………...ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………..……..………..iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……….………..………...iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…….………….…...………..vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS………...vii

ABSTRACT…………..………...ix

ABSTRAK ………..………..x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………..1

1.1. Background of the Study………...….1

1.2. Research Questions………..……….11

1.3. Goals and Significance of the Study……….………...….11

1.4. The Chapter Outline……….……….13

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES……….….15

CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES…….………..………….....24

3.1. Patriarchal Dualistic Thinking on Gender Identity and Separate Sphere……….…24

3.1.1. Epistemological and Ontological Dualism of Patriarchy………....…...25

3.1.2. Historicizing Patriarchy: the Formation of Gender Identity and Separate Sphere Ideology in Britain………...………....30

3.1.3. Love’s Labor’s Lost: Depoliticization of Care into Private Sphere……….……..36

3.2. Feminist’s Politicization of Care as Public Ethics………....…..……….….42

3.2.1. Feminist Relational Thinking: Critique to Patriarchal Dualism……….43

3.2.2. Maternal Thinking: Feminist Reclamations of Motherhood………...……...49

3.2.3. Ethics of Care: the Revival of the Love’s Labors in Public Sphere…………...…58

3.2.3.1. Ethics of Care: Different Moral’s Voice………....61

3.2.3.2. Articulation of Ethic of Care as Feminist Ethics..……. ………65

3.2.3.3. Expanding Ethics of Care into Political Domain………...………....69

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CHAPTER IV DIALOGIC REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECTIVITY:

CHALLENGING PATRIARCHAL DUALISM OF GENDER IDENTITY …………...81

4.1. The Bildungsroman of ‘No Rosebud’ Heroine in Reclaiming Subjectivity, Agency and Power………....………...86

4.1.1. Within London’s Feminine Cocoon: The Fairy Queen Titania and ‘No Rosebud’ Heroine………...89

4.1.2. Back to Helstone: The Fall of Domestic Patriarch and The Rise of Domestic Matriarch………...…….………….…...95

4.1.3. Migration to the North: Expanding Female Agency and Power into Public Sphere……….……...103

4.1.4. Margaret’s Self and Sexual Maturity: Resolving Maiden Modesty versus Woman’s Work…….………...120

4.2. The Men who Defies Hegemonic Masculinity………...………...129

4.2.1. Thornton: The Man who Claims the Right of Expressing His Feelings….…….131

4.2.2. Higgins: The Mothering Person..……….…………138

4.3.Conclusion………141

CHAPTER V EXPANDING CARING VALUES INTO PUBLIC SPHERE: AN ADVOCACY OF INTER-CORPOREAL AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOTHERING………...143

5.1. Advocating Social Mothering through the Dialogics of Dissent: Expanding Ethics of Care into Public Sphere………..……….…144

5.2. Corporeality as a Paradigm for Ethical Caring Relationship………...…...173

5.3. Communal Catering and Dining Room Scheme: Practicing Democratic Social Mothering and Nurturing Inter-Corporeal Ethical Caring Relationship in Industrial Relations...186

5.4.Conclusion………195

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION……….….197

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ABSTRACT

Dian Natalia Sutanto (2016). Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in

Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate

Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This research analyzes the politicization of caring values as public ethics through the

thinking and Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism. In the next section the politicization of caring

values as public ethics through the concept of social mothering is scrutinized with feminist theories of care, especially Sara Ruddick’s concept of maternal thinking, and theories on ethics of care by Carol Gilligan, Nel Noddings, and Joan Tronto.

self. As proposed in feminist relational thinking and Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism, subject

Keywords: social mothering, ethics of care, relationality, dialogism, Elizabeth Gaskell’s

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ABSTRAK

Dian Natalia Sutanto (2016). Social Mothering: Politicization of Care as Public Ethics in

Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Yogyakarta: Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Program

Pascasarjana, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Kata Kunci: pengasuhan sosial, etika kepedulian, relasionalitas, dialogisme, Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Elizabeth Gaskell‘s North and South was published in 1854-55 amidst the rapid industrialization and urbanization in Victorian Britain. The novel addressed what was widely perceived in Britain of 1850s as increasing social antagonism between classes. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, aristocratic and agricultural rural order in Southern Britain was weakening, whereas the new mercantile and manufacturing middle class was flourishing in Northern industrial cities. Besides the rising of the new wealthy middle class, industrialization also brought forth new proletariat class.

New social hierarchy was established in the Northern industrial cities with wealthy factory owners at the top and impoverished industrial workers at the bottom. There was an increasing division of labor between masters and workers as the social paternalism was replaced by laissez-faire principle. Social paternalism which was used to be practiced in the country between squire and tenant farmer, and successfully maintained feudalism for ages was replaced by impersonal capitalist economy determined by the market place. Intimate and personal relationship between masters and workers during feudal era was replaced by contractual, more distant, and impersonalized relationship. Consequently, social antagonism became more complicated not only between the industrial North and the agricultural South, but also within the North between the masters and the workers.

In North and South it is shown that the interests between classes, especially between those of masters and workers can be managed non-violently, ethically, and democratically. Through sympathetic interpersonal contact and dialogic communication grounded in the acknowledgment of ethical caring responsibility to each other, mutual understanding and

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social harmony between classes can be cultivated. All needed to cultivate social harmony between classes is epitomized by the heroine of the novel, Margaret Hale, in her relationship with the mill owner John Thornton and the working class the Higgins family. Being uprooted from rural South to industrial North, Milton city, Margaret Hale, a middle-class daughter of a clergyman, witnesses the dehumanizing force of industrial exploitation to the workers‘ lives. She also witnesses antagonistic relationship between the masters and working class. Margaret sees that both classes endorse to antagonistic approach in dealing with their conflict of interests. Witnessing the dehumanizing force of industrial exploitation and antagonistic industrial relations between masters and workers, Margaret transcends all gender, sphere and class limitations to transform industrial relationship beyond cash nexus by mediating the industrial conflicts between masters and workers. She brings them together into interpersonal contact and advocates for social mothering as ethical caring relationship to alleviate the conflicts between masters and workers.

In her dialogic1 encounter with Thornton and Higgins, Margaret sees that the antagonism between masters and workers rooted in the ignorance on the interrelation and interdependence of masters‘ and workers‘ interests. Furthermore, their antagonistic

relationship is also rooted in the master‘s ignorance to his ethical responsibilities for responding to his workers‘ suffering and the necessity of dialogic communication between masters and workers to overcome class prejudice and misunderstanding. Masters‘ ignorance is the consequence of industrial capitalist maxim of laissez–faire that glorifies self-made man, sanctifies individual rights and non-interference on individual freedom. This maxim essentially justifies benign neglect based on the assumption that all human beings are equal

The term dialogic or dialogism in this thesis refers to a process of dynamic interaction or inter-animation of varied and opposing voices, characteristics, and ideas which are equally weighted without being suppressed, and thus, brings forth tensions, contradictions, indefiniteness, and plurality. Within this process self and other create and modify one another continually. Dialogic interaction resists essentialism and monologism which claims for absolute truth and closed-ended closure in addressing the relationship between ideas, values and individuals.

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and autonomous. Consequently, no one is responsible for anyone else. This maxim suppresses the fact that human is not absolutely autonomous and independent. All human beings in particular time and condition depend on the caring and nurturance of others. All humans are interdependent and relational. Hence, all human beings have caring responsibility to each other. Nevertheless, along with the emergence of industrial capitalist economy, laissez-faire principle has suppressed this fact and changed the relationship between masters and workers becomes purely contractual, more distant, impersonalized and antagonistic. The principle has caused a lack of compassion among the masters and workers.

The study on Gaskell‘s novel suggests that social relationship has to be grounded not on the blind market forces or impersonal economic principles, but on humane ethical principles, such as ethics of care. To alleviate the social antagonism between masters and workers, ethical caring responsibility and sympathetic interpersonal communication are needed to nurture social harmony between the classes. Therefore, the novel through the voice of its heroine, Margaret, proposes for the importance of interpersonal contact between the masters and workers through dialogic communication, such as sharing economic information and decisions with workers to develop the workers‘ economic literacy and well-beings. Through ongoing intercourse with Margaret, Mr. Hale and Higgins, Thornton is able to see beyond class stereotype and undergoes transformation from hardhearted and authoritarian master into humane master who is able to develop ethical caring relationship democratically beyond cash nexus with his workers. Encouraged by Margaret, Thornton starts to perform social mothering to his workers. In the same time, this transformation is also followed with the resolved antagonistic relationship between him and Margaret. Through ongoing dialogue between them, both of them are able to solve their misunderstanding and consummate their growing romantic interest into marriage.

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North and South emphasizes on the importance of nurturance, loving care, compassion, sympathy, interdependence and interpersonal relationships to break aggressive and antagonistic pattern of public life. These qualities are commonly associated with the concept of motherhood. Therefore, Patsy Stoneman claims that Gaskell‘s thinking is maternal2. For this reason many early feminist critics undervalue Gaskell‘s works. According to Deanna L. Davies the feminine nurturance on which Gaskell grounded her work and life is seen as traitorous to feminist stance.3 Many feminists perceive motherhood as oppressive patriarchal institution to women. Many feminists consider that North and South celebrates the ideology of feminine sphere as something natural and given instead of criticizing woman oppression. Unlike other women novels written by Eliot and the Brontes, Gaskell‘s novel is considered as conservative and preserving feminine values rather than subversive toward patriarchy.

Davies states that few recent feminist critics start to re-evaluate Gaskell‘s work and find that the emphasis on the caring or nurturance is not only the most interesting part but also the most potentially subversive.4 This research shares a similar view that Gaskell‘s North and South is subversive. In North and South the concept of motherhood in patriarchal ideology is challenged and subverted. As patriarchal institution, motherhood consists of beliefs, traditions, attitudes, rules, customs and other norms imposed to women which deal with the care and rearing of children. North and South offers an alternative view to see mothering as loving care and nurturing attitude performed by women and men. As stated by Davies, North and South offers alternative view to see mothering as a social political category rather than biological category.5 Davies further states that the concept of mothering in North and South is a kind of metaphor for a nurturing attitude toward other people that is not dependent on

Stoneman, Patsy. Elizabeth Gaskell. 2nd. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 2006, p. 33. 3

Davies, Deanna, L. Feminist Critics and Literary Mothers: Daughters Reading Elizabeth Gaskell. Signs 17.3 (Spring, 1992): p. 507. JSTOR. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

Davies, p.507. 5

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biological motherhood or female sex.6 Based on Davies‘ statement above, the concept of mothering can be divided into two: biological and social political aspect. Biological category of mothering is not the concern of this research. The scope of this research is limited to the analysis on the concept of mothering as a social political category that can be performed by both male and female to challenge the dominance of patriarchal ideology and to remedy the antagonism of public life.7 This research provides alternative term to accommodate the concept of mothering as social political category by using the term of social mothering.

The characteristic of nurturance or loving care attitudes in social mothering is that it is

no longer defined by one‗s gender and sex, but rather by the nature of the work one puts in which includes nurturance, loving care, compassion, sympathetic interpersonal relationship and subject empowerment. Social mothering is a social political category which can be performed both by women and men not only being limited to the rearing of children, but also including the nurturance and caring of the dependents in the society. The depiction on how social mothering is performed by both female and male characters in the novel might be interpreted as a challenge to what R.W. Connell calls hegemonic masculinity, that is, the idea that women are good at caring and men are not.8

The subversiveness of North and South can be seen in the aspect that the concept of nurturance in the novel is not attached to one‘s sex, gender and marital status. Margaret, who is not yet a wife and mother, practices caring both in domestic sphere for her parents and brother and also in public sphere –crossing class division –for the working class, especially the Higgins family. Higgins as a male also practices caring to his motherless family and his

friend‘s orphaned children. Moreover, in the end of the story Thornton starts mothering his

Davies, p.513. 7

The concept of social mothering in this research is treated as a proposal for alternative gender and class relations grounded on the ethic of care, instead of as a specifically female experience of mothering. Gender and class relations addressed in this research is limited to the context of Victorian era in which patriarchal ideology sharply defines gender norms, roles and separation of sphere for the working of capitalism or industrialism.

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workers by providing communal catering arrangement and giving education to the workers about economic affairs. North and South proposes that mothering is not only exercised by women in private sphere but must also be expanded into public sphere across classes by both women and men to break the antagonistic pattern of public life. The concept of social mothering is characterized by subversive maternal thinking that it is proposed based on the assumption of the relationality between people and caring responsibilities to each other. Unlike patriarchal mothering which is oppressive to women, the concept of social mothering proposed in the novel is empowering not only women, but also humanity in general.

The subversion of the patriarchal concept of biological mothering into social mothering in the novel can be considered as progressive and proto-feminist act because it precedes the attempt of several recent feminist thinkers in theorizing mothering as social

political category, such as Sara Ruddick‘s definition of maternal thinking, Jean Bethke

Elshtain‘s social mothering, Carol Gilligan‘s and Virginia Held‘s theory on ethics of care. The theorization of mothering as social political category by feminist thinkers initiates the movement of politicizing the personal for social transformation.

Feminists criticize the patriarchal dualistic thinking that is responsible for the rigid separation between the personal and the public or political. This patriarchal dualistic thinking goes further by fragmenting and distorting human reality into exclusive and oppositional binaries in which the pairs are set into tension to determine dominance and subordinance. This dualistic thinking is responsible for the gender division of masculine/feminine and separation of public domain as masculine sphere from private domain as feminine sphere, and separation of human reason from human heart, passions from ideas, justice from love, and assignment of the matter of reason only to men and the matter of human heart exclusively to women. Consequently, mothering and caring values are always considered as something personal, private and apolitical in contrast to political economy as masculine, political and public. The

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separation of human heart from human reason consequently results in the supremacy of liberal discourse of rights which justifies liberal rights-based ethics of justice as universal human morality, while ethics of care are seen as irrelevant and marginalized in governing public relationship. Moral capacities associated with care are devalued and are not seen among the most important ethical values. Liberal rights-based ethics of justice become the dominant ethical system both in patriarchal and capitalist society. Rights-based ethics of justice, which posit individuals as opponents in contests of rights, use a hierarchy of rights and rules to resolve moral conflicts. Consequently, human relationship becomes purely contractual, distanced, abstract and dominated by antagonism and aggression that inhibit meaningful and compassionate social relationship.

Feminists believe that patriarchal dualistic thinking as manifested in the dichotomy of male/female, public/private, personal/political, reason/emotion, body/mind, and subject/object is impoverishing humanity. The exclusive assignment of human heart to women is seen as tragic for the dominant group which holds the power in society because they are alienated from fundamental human experience. Both reason and love are equally necessary for humanity. Therefore, for the feminists it is very important to politicize mothering or care, which are always assumed as personal, private and apolitical, as public ethics not only to empower women, but also humanity in general.

The similar aim of politicizing the personal for social transformation might also be found in Gaskell‘s North and South. The proposal of the importance of social mothering to alleviate industrial conflicts and transform industrial relations beyond financial relationship in the novel can be interpreted as an attempt to reclaim the denigrated caring values and to politicize care as public ethics in order to break the antagonism in public life.

To advocate the acknowledgment of caring values as public ethics, the patriarchal dualistic binaries of male/female, mind/body, reason/emotion, public/private,

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political/personal, subject/object, self/other are needed to be broken down. The challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking is discussed in this research by discussing how the notion of stable and authentic self grounded on patriarchal dualistic thinking is challenged in the novel through the depiction of dialogic representation of the characters‘ subjectivity. The challenge to the notion of stable and authentic identity is important in the politicization of care as public ethics to eradicate politics of exclusion, discrimination and marginalization. The acknowledgment of the contingency of self will prevent human tendency to convert

differences into ‗othernesss‘ and thus promote the interrelationality and interdependence between human beings.

One persisting objection to the politicization of ethics of care as public ethics is that they are incompatible with liberal principles of independence, freedom, autonomy, and justice on which public sphere is grounded. It is acknowledged that caring practice may have potential to lead to paternalism, favoritism, nepotism and parochialism. However, it is not unavoidable limitation of care to be acknowledged as a part of public morality. North and South in its politicization of care as public ethics depicts how care may be practiced ethically and democratically in consistent with the values of justice, equality and freedom. Ethical and democratic caring relations depicted in the novel may contribute to the current theorization of ethics of care and improve the understanding about their application in the public life. Therefore, ethical and democratic caring relation as a precondition for the politicization of care as public ethics is also discussed in this research.

In proposing the concept of social mothering, North and South applies the literary strategy of polyphony and dialogism. The dialogism of the novel can be seen from its openness in dealing with tensions, contradictions, and ambiguity. The structure of the novel reveals that Gaskell does not apply male literary standards of plot which Brooks calls as ‗male

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9 plot of ambition‘.9 _{The characteristics of this ‗male plot of ambition‘}

are: firstly, clear temporal sequence that does not disrupt the perception of real world chronological order, enabling the characters and readers to grasp past, present and future in a significant shape; secondly, consistent and coherent characterization, typically focused through a central protagonist who is usually male; and lastly, problem-solution pattern.10 Besides that, male narrative tends to be monologue which only allows one version of truth with final authoritative conclusion that submerges and silences other voices.

In contrast to male literary plot, the plot applied in North and South is digressive and disruptive. First, the plot is frequently disrupted and diverted by recollection of past, reflection and dream. Second, the characters are rarely consistent and coherent to particular gender and class identity. Third, narrative applied in North and South allows the plurality of voice of the narrator and characters to be present however contradictory it is. Fourth, the novel does not provide any narrative closure. This kind of plot might reflect that Gaskell challenges male literary plot. By accommodating plurality of voices that interact in dialogue, Gaskell creates multi-voiced text that can present dominant discourse and subversive discourse in the same time. According to Showalter it is a typical characteristic of

double-voiced women‘s writing in which it always embodies the social, literary and cultural heritages

of both the muted and the dominant.‖11

By creating this multi-voiced text, Gaskell is able to challenge hegemonic discourse of patriarchy and capitalism with feminine voice. It is only through this dialogic interaction that Gaskell can release feminine voice to infiltrate and challenge univocal male discourse to interact with the marginalized feminine voice and in the same time suggests the potential resistances and destabilization of oppressive discourse.

Page, Ruth, E. Literary and Linguistic Approaches to Feminist Narratology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 21. 10

Page, p.26. 11

Showalter, Elaine. Feminist Criticism in Wilderness. Critical Inquiry, 8.2. Writing and Sexual Difference (Winter, 1981), p. 201. JSTOR. March 23, 2010.

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The dialogic interaction in North and South can be found in the interaction between Margaret, Mr. Hale, Higgins and Thornton about the relation between masters and workers. All of the characters are allowed to express their agreements and disagreements in their own voices, dialects and style of language. The discourse of liberalism, paternalism and social mothering of the characters are engaged, challenged, and modified one another. Plurality of voices is accommodated fairly in North and South. Though the narrator‘s views are much

closer to Margaret‘s than to Thornton‘s, this fact does not interfere with the text‘s dialogic

fairness. All of the ideas, values and experiences voiced by the characters are equally weighted and given their dues.

The consequence of plurality voices without privileging any voices is an open ending

story. Different from male plot, Gaskell‘s plot is resistant to narrative closure. Even though, North and South urges that the treatment of class conflict through interpersonal and ethical caring relationship, it does not suggest that it will eliminate class struggle, though it may be alleviated. Thornton‘s transformation into humane master and his marriage with Margaret does not significantly resolve the clashes between classes. Therefore, there is no definite solution offered in North and South to resolve social antagonism. The use of dialogic, open-ended and inconclusive narration can be discerned as an attempt to undermine patriarchal claim of absolute monological truth and dualistic thinking that underpin the ideology of gender and separation of sphere.

Based on the above explanation, this research is conducted by focusing on the challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking, such as self/other, male/female, masculine/feminine, body/mind, reason/emotion, subject/object, private/public or personal/political that underpins gender difference and separation of sphere. The challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking is done by destabilizing the notion of stable and authentic self. This research pays attention on how the subjectivity of the novel‘s characters are represented

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dialogically, in a sense that how the characters perpetually undergo transformations to reveal the contingency of their selves. This transformation happens in and due to the encounter with others characters. The dialogic subversion of patriarchal dualistic thinking is necessary as the ground from which the concept of social mothering is proposed in the novel. After the dialogic subversion is discussed, the analysis on how caring values are politicized as public ethics through the concept of social mothering will be discussed. The characteristics of social mothering in the novel are analyzed with feminist theories of maternal thinking and ethics of care to show that the concept of social mothering is a truly ethical and democratic caring relationship, and in accordance with the principles of justice, freedom and equality. Social mothering is potentially empowering not only women, but humanity in general from social inequality, social injustice, dominance and oppression.

1.2. Research Questions

This research addresses two research questions as follows:

1. How does Gaskell depict the development of the main characters‘ dialogically subjectivity in North and South in order to challenge patriarchal dualistic thinking that underpins gender identity and separate sphere ideology?

2. How does Gaskell redefine the traditional notion of motherhood into social mothering in order to politicize caring values as public ethics in North and South?

1.3. Goals and Significance of the Study

This research is conducted with the aim to read Gaskell‘s North and South critically from feminist perspective. The research aims to reveal how patriarchal dualistic thinking that underpins the ideology of gender difference and separation of sphere is challenged dialogically in Gaskell‘s North and South. The challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking that

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underpins the ideology of separate sphere and gender difference becomes the ground in which the politicization of care as public ethics is proposed in the novel. This politicization will necessary bring the empowerment of women and humanity in general from social inequality, social injustice, dominance and oppression.

This research also aims to reveal how the concept of social mothering is proposed in North and South to advocate the acknowledgment of caring values as public ethics. Politicization of caring values as public ethics is an attempt to enrich public life where both male and female internalize and practice ethics of care to alleviate social conflict, foster cooperation, reconciliation and peace.

The significance of this research is that by analyzing the subversiveness of Gaskell‘s North and South to the ideology of patriarchy and capitalism, this research contributes to the re-evaluation and re-appreciation of Gaskell‘s North and South as feminist work. Gaskell‘s North and South has been undervalued by feminist critics because the novel‘s emphasis on feminine nurturance is considered as traitorous to the feminist stance. The novel is considered celebrating feminine virtue of caring and mothering as natural feminine traits rather than challenging the patriarchal ideology. Gaskell‘s North and South has to be read with deeper insight. Instead of celebrating patriarchal ideology, North and South subverts patriarchal institution of motherhood into social mothering. The concept of social mothering proposed in North and South does not leave the heroine be totally powerless and oppressed under male domination, but it empowers her to initiate social change and alleviate industrial conflicts. Moreover, social mothering does not only empower woman, but also humans in general. North and South proposes how caring relations can be practiced ethically and democratically in consistent with the values of justice, freedom and equality as public ethics.

Another significance of this research is to enrich readers‘ understanding about the importance of ethics of care to govern public life. By elucidating the application of ethics of

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care through social mothering to alleviate social conflict in Gaskell‘s North and South, the reader can gain insight that ethics of care are not merely personal ethics, but political ethics necessary to transform society, especially economic and political institutions away from the ideology of patriarchy and capitalism that have impoverished public life by separating human reason from human heart. Social mothering and ethics of care can bridge social division in the society which is divided by gender, class, religion, ethnicity, political affiliation and so on. By practicing social mothering and expanding ethics of care into public sphere, society can experience a genuine humane, ethical and democratic public life. Social mothering and ethics of care practiced in public sphere can be useful to improve the management of social conflict. In Indonesian context, Gaskellian care approach in industrial dispute resolution provides an insight for the readers about an alternative model of non-litigation industrial dispute resolution that is truly ethical and empowering the labors as the vulnerable party in the industrial conflicts.

1.4. Chapter Outline

In order to provide a systematic writing, this thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter concerns about the introduction of the background of this study, problem formulations, goals and significance of the study and chapter outline.

Chapter Two, Review of Related Studies includes an overview of previous literary studies and criticisms on Gaskell‘s North and South which are related to and supporting this study.

Chapter Three, Review of Related Theories is divided into three sub-chapters. The first sub-chapter examines patriarchal dualistic thinking by historicizing patriarchal ideology that underpins gender and separate sphere ideology. This sub-chapter is concluded with the discussion about the depoliticization of care into private sphere by focusing on the Victorian

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domesticity, and its significance for supporting capitalist relations. In the second sub-chapter, feminist criticism to patriarchal ideology is discussed. This sub-chapter provides an overview of feminists‘ theorization of ethics of care as their attempt to politicize care as public ethics. Before discussing the feminist‘s theorization of ethics of care as public ethics, firstly feminists‘ non-dualistic thinking as the critique and revision to patriarchal dualistic thinking is explained. The discussion then turns into the overview of the theorization on the characteristics and socio-political implications of ethics of care. The last sub-chapter

discusses Mikhail Bakhtin‘s theory on polyphonic novel to elucidate the dialogic structure of Gaskell‘s North and South in undermining patriarchal claims of monological truth and dualistic thinking that underpins the ideology of gender and separation of sphere.

The following two chapters, Chapter Four and Five are critical analyses of the novel. The two research questions are answered thoroughly in Chapter Four and Five consecutively. Chapter Four provides thorough analysis on how the characters‘ subjectivity are dialogically represented in North and South to challenge patriarchal dualistic thinking on gender identity and separate sphere ideology. Chapter Five analyzes how the politicization of care as public ethics is proposed in the novel through the concept of social mothering. The analysis is deepened with the thorough examination on the characteristic of social mothering and its compatibility to be applied as public ethics in democratic society.

The last chapter, Chapter Six is a closing section of this thesis. It includes the conclusion of the analysis and relevance of the study to the Indonesian context, especially for the management of industrial dispute.

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15 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The emphasis on the importance of nurturance, sympathy and interpersonal relationships to alleviate the class conflict in North and South are commonly interpreted as preserving feminine values rather than subversive toward patriarchy. Nevertheless, recently there are some critics who start to re-evaluate the novel‘s emphasis on the nurturance from different perspective. The emphasis on feminine values is no longer seen as the celebration of feminine values whereby women are oppressed by patriarchy. The highlighted feminine values in the novel are seen instead as the subversion toward patriarchal dominance which is done by challenging patriarchal dualistic thinking on gender identity and separate sphere, and criticizing patriarchal construction of motherhood and the gender biased ethical values of justice in public sphere, as well as the restriction of ethical values attributed to the feminine qualities like caring, compassion and sympathy in the private sphere.

Literary critic who takes maternal stance as the point of departure and sees that maternal stance as subversive is Patsy Stoneman. In Elizabeth Gaskell (2006), Stoneman sees

that Gaskell‘s concept of motherhood is not necessarily conservative and female. She states

that Gaskell‘s motherhood involves, ―maternal imperatives to preserve life and educate the

young as autonomous and social beings require an energy and attentive intelligence which

makes it a political force.‖12 _{Thus, Gaskell‘s concept of motherhood in her work is no longer}

characterized with passivity, subservience, selflessness, and conformity, but as activity that involves what Ruddick calls maternal thinking that requires thoughtful practice, dedication and courage. Deanna L. Davies‘ in ―Feminist Critics and Literary Mothers: Daughters

Reading Elizabeth Gaskell‖ (1992) also holds similar view to Stoneman that the concept of

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16 motherhood in Gaskell‘s novel is not necessarily conservative. According to her, the concept

of motherhood in Gaskell‘s novels is metaphorical concept that can be extended far beyond the boundaries of mother-child relationship and beyond the private and public.13 Hence motherhood becomes social rather than biological category. As social category motherhood can be applied beyond private sphere into public sphere. It is in this aspect that the concept of motherhood in the novel is subversive toward patriarchal notion of motherhood as a restricted practice in private sphere.

Davies realizes that the abstraction of the concept of motherhood as social category beyond private realm tends to produce utopian account because it neglects the real details of the mothering process. However, Davies argues that Gaskell‘s metaphorical mothering does not neglect the real details of the mothering process because Gaskell‘s metaphorical mothering allows the heroine to break down and become infantile for a while in order to regain their strength.14 Davies‘ argument helps the writer to come to the recognition that

Gaskell‘s subversiveness on the patriarchal concept of motherhood is not merely by extending

it to social category, but also by deconstructing the concept of self-sacrifice and self-less embodied in the Victorian concept of motherhood.

Besides challenging the traditional patriarchal notion of motherhood, the subversiveness of the novel can also be seen in the aspect that the novel challenges the patriarchal gender dualism that leads to gender inequality and separation of public sphere as masculine domain from private sphere as feminine domain. In her analysis on North and South, Stoneman leads the analysis to shows how Gaskell‘s depiction of feminine qualities in Margaret and masculine qualities in Thornton are not innate, but socially constructed and how both of them challenge the ideological lies that polarize the gender identity. This can be seen in the aspect that despite being described as a ―hard man‖ in the novel, Thornton is not lack of

Davies, p.513. 14

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maternal affection or longing to give comfort. Different from Stoneman, John Kucich in

―Transgression and Sexual Difference in Elizabeth Gaskell‘s Novels‖ (1990) denies that Gaskell attempts to "strengthen" women and "soften‖ men as subversion toward patriarchal hegemony. He states that, ―thematicof sexual liberation…simply reinstates the Victorian cult of domesticity, in which a compassionate femininity is affirmed as an active principle of social redemption and as an improving influence on overly aggressive men.‖15 He sees that

Gaskell attempts to "strengthen" women and "soften‖ men and ―such a program of amelioration fits quite comfortably with traditional notions about the separation of spheres‖.16

Kucich states that critics tend to fall into the trap by beginning their criticism with the assumption of sexual change, in their attempts to describe Gaskell as subversive.17 Kucich also argues that sexual disorder is understood as pathological by Gaskell, rather than liberation.18 This research takes different stance from Kucich. Gaskell‘s depiction of her characters with ambivalent and transgressive sexual characteristics, for instance the feminine Mr. Hale and Higgins or the aggressive Margaret, should not to be seen as a pathology that has to be remedied, but as liberation from the dominance of patriarchal gender ideology and the impoverishment of humanity due to the prevalent ideology of separate sphere. Depiction of transgressive sexual characteristics in the novel shows that there is no natural correlation between sexuality and gender identity. Both sex and gender are not something innate but socially constructed. The depiction of transgressive characters might be construed as a critique that human beings should not be hindered to embrace preferable human traits and be fully human just because of their sexual anatomy and gender roles assigned to them. Here, patriarchal ideology of gender identity that has been used to create gender inequality and the

Kucich, John. Transgression and Sexual Difference in Elizabeth Gaskell's Novels. Texas Studies in Literature and

Language 32.2 Late Nineteenth-Century English and American Literature (Summer, 1990): pp.188-189. JSTOR. Web. 23

Mar. 2015. 16

Kucich, p.189. 17

Kucich, p.189. 18

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ideology of separate sphere that has impoverished public sphere from caring values are challenged in the novel. By defying and deconstructing patriarchal ideology of gender and separate sphere, the subjectivity and agency of Margaret in the public sphere are empowered to promote the application of ethics of care in the public sphere which eventually will be practiced by Thornton to alleviate the industrial conflict. In this way, the employment of transgressive sexual characteristics in the novel‘s characters is liberation, not pathology as proposed by Kucich.

The crossing of gender, sphere and class boundaries has been a remarkable feature of the subversiveness of North and South. The crossing of gender, sphere and class boundaries in

the advocacy of social mothering in the novel is prompted by the characters‘ encounter with the death. Death affirms a shared humanity that connects individual despite their gender and class identity. As argued by Mary Elizabeth Hotz in ―Taught by Death What Life Should Be:

Elizabeth Gaskell‘s Representation of Death in ‗North and South‘‖ (2000) the notion of death

is very important in Gaskell‘s novel that the representation of the working class death can be

an opportunity for the masters, ―to fathom the causes of death among the poor, to seek

remedies for their cure and to affirm local kinship networks and communities as entities that

negotiate class collaboration.‖19

Individual contact with death can foster understanding and sympathy of human condition that transcends class hierarchy and provoke action to improve human life degraded by industrialization. Hotz claims that it is through constant confronting with working-class‘ death that the masters can pursue their interest through collaboration rather than conflict with the working class.20 In the analysis of the novel Hotz shows that it is through the exposure to the her dying working class friend Bessy that provides the opportunity for Margaret to realize the harshness of working world of Milton and sympathize with the working class. The contact with the death encourages Margaret to cross the

Hotz, Mary Elizabeth. Taught By Death What Life Should Be: Elizabeth Gaskell’s Representation of Death in ―North and

South‖. Studies in the Novel 32.2, Death in the Novel (Summer, 2000), p. 168. JSTOR. Web. March, 23, 2015. 20

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boundaries of private sphere into public sphere and empowers her to advocate social reform and alleviate industrial conflict. As shown by Hotz, it is through Margaret‘s encounter with the dying Bessy that Margaret is impelled to intervene in the strike. Hotz argues that in this

strike scene it can be seen how ―Gaskell restructures women's identity by depicting Margaret's "intense sympathy" for the workers and her use of bodily power to enter the public arena and

contribute to new definitions of class relations.‖21

In the strike scene Margaret positions herself between the laborers and Thornton. Rejecting being confined by Victorian ideology of women placement in the home, Margaret exerts her power to mediate the conflict between the master and the workers. Margaret argues against the use of violence, but she fails to appease the mob. She eventually protects Thornton from the laborers‘ attack with her own body. It is only through becoming an assaulted woman that she can break up the riot. In Hotz‘s opinion it is clear that through this riot scene, the notion of women‘s works involve using one's own body as a political action to enter the public and political arena.22 Hotz‘s argument helps the

writer to realize the importance of the notion of human corporeality in Gaskell‘s novel. As mentioned before, Margaret starts to perform social mothering when she encounters the death of the working class. Moreover, it is with her body that she breaks up the riot. The emphasis on the death and violation of Margaret‘s body can be understood as the novel proposal that humans can only be an ethical subject when they acknowledge their corporeal vulnerability

and permeability. It is due to humans‘ corporeal vulnerability that humans need the nurturance from each other. It is due to humans‘ permeability that they can identify others‘ vulnerability. It is through the encounter with humans‘ corporeal vulnerability that humans‘ ethical caring responsibility can be aroused. Here, it is posited in the novel that the acknowledgement on the permeable and vulnerable corporeal subjectivity is needed to nurture relationality, interdependence and sympathetic caring relations between individuals. In other

Hotz, p. 177. 22

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words, corporeality becomes the basic paradigm for cultivating social mothering and ethics of care in Gaskell‘s North and South.

Politicization of caring values as public ethics through the advocacy of social mothering in the novel does not only suggest revalorization of human corporeality that has been denigrated in patriarchal ideology, but also a radical challenge to patriarchal dualistic thinking that underlies the ideology of separate sphere, such as the binary of public/private and political/personal. To challenge this dichotomy, the romance and social industrial problem are featured in parallel. The romantic elements, such as marriage between Margaret and Thornton as the ending of the novel, are seen as evading the social problem question of social class-struggle and offering personal solutions to class conflicts. Marxist critic Raymond Williams appreciates Gaskell‘s industrial novel as ―the most vivid descriptions of life in an

unsettled industrial society‖23

, but he criticizes the dominance of the romantic elements in the closure of the novel as the diversion from what Gaskell has set out to examine.24 The mixing of the genre is seen as artistic failure. John Lucas considers the love story as one of extraneous factors.25 Here, the marriage is considered by them as the worst romantic diversion from industrial theme. Many feminist critics also disapprove the ending of the novel. For

them the union into marriage refers to Margaret‘s surrender under the domination of

patriarchal marriage. Pearl L. Brown in ―From Elizabeth Gaskell‘s Mary Barton to Her North and South: Progress or Decline for Women?‖ (2000) holds a similar view that the marriage plot in the novel affirms Margaret‘s dependency on men. Brown argues that the novel shows the flaw of domestic ideology and the difficulties for the women to exercise any moral influence when their domestic sphere is so isolated from the public sphere of the men.26 Instead of depicting the cooperation between classes and gender or the interaction between

Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society 1780-1950. New York: Anchor Books, 1960, p. 94. 24

Williams, p. 98-99. 25

Stoneman, p. 45. 26

Brown, Pearl L. From Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton to Her North and South: Progress or Decline for Women?. Victorian Literature and Culture, 28.2 (2000): p. 351. JSTOR. March 23, 2015.

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public and private sphere, Brown claims that the novel depicts how each character is isolated due to industrialization and the absence of genuine solidarity within class.27 Besides that Brown also notices how the private sphere is becoming more isolated and women become more dependent on men. In Brown‘s opinion Margaret‘s legacy from Mr. Bell and her marriage to Thornton in the novel affirm Margaret‘s dependency to male.28 Different from Brown, this research proposes different argument that the marriage does not affirm Margaret‘s dependency on Thornton, because the marriage takes place only after Margaret has some power over Thornton which is grounded in the economic alliance. This economic alliance is established when Margaret offers a loan to save Thornton from bankruptcy. The economic alliance which is transformed into matrimonial alliance turns Margaret into Thornton‘s powerful partner and gives her power to transform industrial relations. The marriage must be seen as the metaphor for the reconciliation between gender and class based on ethics of care. Dorice Williams Elliott in ―The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskell‘s

North and South‖ (1994) holds similar view that the marriage becomes a metaphor for newly constructed social sphere that links the separation of public and private sphere which is grounded in mutual understanding, caring, affection and cooperation.29 In relation with the concept of social mothering, marriage can be seen as a rite to establish long-term commitment to practice social mothering and ethics of care to overcome gender and class division. In North and South, neither the metaphor of marriage between Margaret and Thornton or Master and Workers is characterized as complete victory on the one side or as complete submission on the other. Hence, the symbolic marriage establishes common ground where gender and class difference can be managed openly, tolerantly and democratically. This research shares Elliott‘s view which sees that though the marriage solution does not totally eliminate the class

Brown, p. 353. 28

Brown, p. 349. 29

Elliott, Dorice Williams.The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskell's North and South. Nineteenth-Century

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conflicts, it is for sure that the class conflicts will become more respectable as it is managed within ethical and sympathetic interpersonal caring relationship.

Offering marriage as the closure of the novel might be interpreted as a refusal to give any definite solution to the social problem addressed in the novel because it is depicted in the end of the story that the marriage does not eliminate industrial conflict. Here, the dynamic dialogue between genders and classes continue without being intervened by the imposed resolutions from the authoritative authorial voice. Rosemarie Bodenheimer in ―North and South: A Permanent State of Change‖ (1979) defends this irresolute ending not as the weakness of the novel but as the strength of the novel because for Bodenheimer North and South is a novel about irrevocable change.30In Bodenheimer‘s opinion North and South is not really organized as a system of contrast, nor is it exactly a social-problem novel with a clear vision of industrial issue and cry for solution.31 North and South is constantly questioning the dynamics of authority-dependence and depicting the centrality of change in human experience. Bodenheimer also shows how the consistency and openness of the narrator to depict the change without judgment and falling into authoritative or didactic role.32

Bodenheimer‘s criticism gives new light in seeing Gaskell‘s textual strategy in North and South. Writer comes to recognition that Gaskell‘s textual strategy in North and South embodies the characteristics of female writing that denies any authoritative voice, rigid polarization and conclusive closure, which are generally found in phallic writing. The novel‘s subversiveness can also be analyzed in the level of textual strategy which can be seen as her challenge toward male literary tradition. As proposed by Bodenheimer that Gaskell‘s North and South is not organized as a system of contrast, but a state of permanent change, this research assumes that the novel must be grounded in dialogical interaction rather than

Bodenheimer, Rosemarie. North and South: A Permanent State of Change. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 34.3 (Dec., 1979): p. 282. JSTOR. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

Bodenheimer, p. 281. 32

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dialectical interaction. Therefore, it will be fruitful to analyze the story within the frame of Bakhtinian approach.

The application of Bakhtinian approach to Gaskell‘s North and South has been done by Cates Baldridge in The Dialogics in Dissent in the English Novel (1994) in which he focuses on the double-voicing of Gaskell‘s Mary Barton and North and South. Baldridge applies Bakhtinian approach to see how Gaskell uses dialogism to destabilize the hegemonic of capitalist discourse. In other words, Baldridge approaches the work only from one axes of class-economic issue without paying adequate attention to gender issue. Different from

Baldridge‘s approach, this research attempts to explore the subversiveness of novel‘s

dialogism to destabilize patriarchal and capitalist discourse.

From the related studies that have been reviewed above, it can be seen that the studies approach the novel only from one axis, whether it is from gender or class perspective only. The unified analysis of gender and class issue with dialogical approach in the North and South so far has not been done yet. Accordingly, the originality of this research is located in the unified analysis of gender and class issue in the novel and the analysis on the dialogic structure used by the author to challenge the patriarchal and capitalist discourse on gender identity, separation of sphere, motherhood and prevalence of rights-based ethics of justice in public sphere.

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should be active, responsive and supportive to the vulnerable party in order to keep in check the power balance.

As current Indonesia ADR system still adheres to traditional rights-based ethics of justice, impartiality and abstract ruled-based approach that hinder the labors‘ access to justice, Ethical care approach to industrial dispute resolution is relevant for Indonesia context as it provides a model to develop an ethical non-litigation industrial dispute resolution that truly empowers the labors as vulnerable party to have equal access to justice. This kind of dispute resolution model that acknowledges human interdependency and interrelationality, the reality of human corporeal vulnerability and inequalities in human life, the importance of interpersonal relations and dialogue, respect of differences, and the integrated nature of moral problems with the particularity of human self and social contingencies is important to be cultivated in Indonesia in order to actualize the national motto of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. It is by cultivating ethics of care as alternative model of dispute resolution that the social relations that embrace differences without hierarchy, oppression, violence, discrimination, dominance and war can be actualized in Indonesia.

Politicization of ethics of care as public ethics through the advocacy of ethical and democratic social mothering does not only involve the cultivation of caring relations between humans but also with non-humans (i.e. environment). The improvement of human life does not only require the eradication of social injustice and inequality, but also maintaining ecological sustenance. The discussion in this thesis focuses mainly on developing ethical caring relations between human beings to improve industrial relations. For further study, discussion on the cultivation of ethical caring relationship with nature, which has been degraded and exploited for the advancement of civilization and industrialization, may also be done by combining the analysis of feminist ethics of care with ecofeminism to Gaskell‘s North and South and other Victorian industrial novels.

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