The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective.

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The Phonemic

−

Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and

Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

NOVITA ARSILLAH 0807525

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

BANDUNG 2013

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The Phonemic

−

Syllabic Comparisons of

Standard Malay and Palembang Malay

Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

Oleh Novita Arsillah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Januari 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

The Comparison of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

A Research Paper By

Novita Arsillah 0807525

Approved by

First Supervisor

Dra. Sri Setyarini, M.A. NIP. 196312291990022001

Second Supervisor

Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd. NIP. 197008032005011002

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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ABSTRACT

This study is a historical linguistic investigation entitled The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective which aims to explore the types of sound changes and to reveal the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes found in Palembang Malay. The investigation used a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay. Standard Malay refers to the Wilkinson dictionary in 1908.

The participants of this study are seven native speakers of Palembang Malay whose ages range from 20 to 40 years old. The data were collected from the voice of the participants which were recorded along group conversations and interviews. The voice recordings were then transcribed into voice transcriptions. This study applies the theoretical framework of sound changes which proposed by Terry Crowley in 1997 and Lily Campbell in 1999.

The findings show that there are nine types of sound changes that were found as the results, namely assimilation (42.35%), lenition (20%), sound addition (3.53%), metathesis (1.18%), dissimilation (1.76%), abnormal sound changes (3.53%), split (13.53%), vowel rising (10.59%), and monophthongisation (3.53%). Therefore, the examined sound changes appeared regularly in the data. The analysis results also indicate that words distribution among vowel and consonant phonemes determined based on three types of phoneme positions, namely initial, middle, and final. These positions were decided based on the occurrences of the phonemes.

Keywords: Historical linguistics, standard Malay, Palembang Malay, comparative method, sound change, phoneme.

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian linguistik historis yang berjudul The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective yang bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi jenis perubahan suara dan untuk mengungkapkan distribusi fonem vokal dan konsonan yang ditemukan di Palembang Melayu. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan metode komparatif linguistik historis untuk membandingkan perubahan suara antara bahasa asal yaitu Melayu Standar dan bahasa keturunannya yaitu Palembang Melayu. Melayu Standar pada studi ini mengacu pada kamus Wilkinson tahun 1908.

Para peserta penelitian ini adalah tujuh penutur asli Palembang Melayu yang berumur antara 20 sampai 40 tahun. Data dikumpulkan dari suara peserta yang tercatat selama percakapan kelompok dan wawancara. Rekaman suara kemudian ditranskripskan menjadi suara transkripsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka teori perubahan suara yang diusulkan oleh Terry Crowley pada tahun 1997 dan Lily Campbell pada tahun 1999.

Temuan menunjukkan bahwa ada sembilan jenis perubahan suara yang ditemukan sebagai hasil, yaitu asimilasi (42,35%), lenition (20%), penambahan suara (3,53%), metatesis (1,18%), disimilasi (1,76%), normal suara perubahan (3,53%), split (13,53%), penaikan vokal (10,59%), dan monophthongisation (3,53%). Demikian, perubahan suara tersebut teruji muncul secara teratur dalam data. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa distribusi kata-kata antara fonem vokal dan konsonan ditentukan berdasarkan tiga jenis posisi fonem, yaitu awal, tengah, dan akhir. Posisi ini diputuskan berdasarkan pada posisi kejadian dari fonem pada kata. Kata kunci: linguistik historis, Melayu Standard, Melayu Palembang, metode komparatif, perubahan suara, fonem.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...iii

PREFACE ...iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...v

ABSTRACT ...vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...viii

LIST OF TABLES ...xi

LIST OF FIGURES ...xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...1

1.1 Background of the Study ...1

1.2 The Research Questions ...4

1.3 The Aims of the Study ...4

1.4 The Scope of the Study ...4

1.5 The Research Methodology ...5

1.5.1Data collection ...5

1.5.2 Data analysis ...6

1.6 Clarification of the Terms ...7

1.7 Organization of the Paper ...8

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ...9

2.1 Spelling System in Standard Malay ...9

2.2 Phoneme ...10

2.2.1 The Phoneme of Standard Malay ...11

2.2.2 The Phoneme of Palembang Malay ...13

2.3 Phonetic and Phonemic Change ...16

2.4 Phonetic Symbols and Conventions ...17

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2.5.1 Lenition and Fortition……….18

2.5.2 Sound Addition...19

2.5.3 Metathesis……….……..20

2.5.4 Fusion ……….………20

2.5.5 Unpacking……….……...21

2.5.6 Vowel breaking……….21

2.5.7 Assimilation………..21

2.5.8 Dissimilation………….23

2.5.9 Abnormal Sound Changes………....23

2.6 Other Sound Changes………..24

2.6.1 Monophthongisation………24

2.6.2 Vowel Rising………25

2.6.3 Vowel Lowering………...25

2.7 Some Previous Studies……….26

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………28

3.1 Formulation of Problems………..28

3.2 Research Method………...28

3.2.1 Research Design………..28

3.2.2 Participants………..29

3.2.3 Data Collection………30

3.2.4 Data Analysis………..30

3.2.4.1 Data Reduction………...31

3.2.4.2 Data Display………..….32

3.2.4.3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification………...32

3.2.5 Examples of Data Analysis……….33

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...37

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4.1.1Assimilation………..39

4.1.1.1Partial Assimilation……….41

4.1.1.2Total Assimilation……….43

4.1.2Lenition……….46

4.1.2.1Aphaeresis...………47

4.1.2.2Syncope ……….48

4.1.2.3Apocope ……….49

4.1.3Sound Addition ………..50

4.1.3.1Prothesis ………51

4.1.3.2Phoneme insertion /ʔ/ ...51

4.1.4Metathesis...52

4.1.5Dissimilation………...52

4.1.6Abnormal Sound Changes ………...53

4.1.7Split ………...55

4.1.8Vowel Rising (_*/a/ →[_ə])………...56

4.1.9Monophthongisation ……….57

4.2 The Distribution of The Vowel and Consonant Phonemes in Palembang Malay ...58

4.2.1Distribution of Vowel Phonemes in Palembang Malay…………....58

4.2.2Distribution of Consonant Phonemes in Palembang Malay ………63

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………...72

5.1 Conclusions ...…..72

5.2 Suggestions ...…..74

REFERENCES ...75

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It consists of the background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the research methodology, the clarification of the terms, and the organization of the paper.

1.1Background of the Study

This study classifies into the field of historical linguistics that examines language change and relationship among languages. Campbell (1999) states that historical linguistics is sometimes called diachronic linguistics, which means that linguists are basically concerned with change in languages over periods of time. In this study, the historical linguistics’ main approach is the comparative method which specifically compares the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay. Wilkinson Dictionary in 1904 is used to be the source of Standard Malay spelling system in this study since it is considered to be the first Malay spelling system that is used widely in Malaya, Singapore, and Brunei (Omar, 1989).

As introduced by Sir William Jones in 1786, protolanguage means a set of words that derived from a single original form that provides the idea of parallel development in language (Crowley, 1997). Lewis (2009) through his research called

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Ethnologue: Language of the World had demonstrated that the historical classification of Palembang Malayis started from its protolanguage Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malayo-Sumbawan → North and East → Malayic → Malay

→ and finally Palembang Malay. Therefore, Standard Malay and then Palembang Malay are believed to be a branch of languages that include in the Austronesian language family.

From the viewpoint of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, Adelaar (2004) points out that there is an agreement among Malay historical linguists that the Malay homeland certainly places in Western Borneo rather than in Malay Peninsula or even Sumatra. Before AD 1500 the Austronesian languages belonged to the most common protolanguage in the world with a distribution from Madagascar to Easter Island (Bellwood, Fox & Tryon, 1995:1).Widely, it is predicted that there are between 1000 and 1200 distinct Austronesian languages that exist most or all of the inhabitant populations of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Madagascar and so forth (ibid).

As already stated in the first paragraph, this study examines the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay by using Historical Linguistics’ Comparative Method as the main approach. Lass (1984) cited in Smith(2007) states that a sound change is a phenomenon in the phonological structure of a language which is assumed to occur after there had been a change in the system in which that sound existed. This study focuses on Crowley’s (1997) and Campbell’s (1999) theories that provide some types

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of attested sound changes. These changes are classified into sound changes in Standard Malay that have undergone change to Palembang Malay.

There are a number of studies on Malay. Omar (1989) investigates three ways of Malay spelling reform, namely the standard norm spelling, the practical language development spelling and the Malay spelling in the cultural and linguistic network. Meanwhile, Adelaar (2004) had investigated Malay homeland, migrations and classifications for twenty years. Additionally, there are many hypotheses that emerge from Adelaar’s investigations such as back-migration hypothesis and Borneo hypothesis. At last, Adelaar (2004) points out that the homeland of Malay is located in Western Borneo.

A couple of years ago an anthropologist named David Gil was interested in Malay. His interest is shown by many articles that can be accessed under his name. Gill (2007) wrote one paper entitled ‘A Typology if Stress, and Where

Malay/Indonesian Fits in’, but this time the investigation appears to be more about the position of lexical stress in Malay. Hence, one more previous study that has investigated Malay comes from Mohamed (2006) who demonstrates research about historical and linguistic perspective of Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca. It discusses the appearances of the chetties’ descendents of two ethically and culturally different groups, Indian men from south India and local women of Malacca (Mohamed, 2006). Thus, some preceding studies seem to focus on the study of Malay in general. The present study aims to reveal specifically a historical linguistic

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comparative method perspective of sound changes that have occurred in Palembang Malay.

1.2The Research Questions

The research questions of the study are formulated as follows:

1) What types of sound changes have occurred in Palembang Malay in comparison with Standard Malay?

2) What are the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay used by the participants?

1.3The Aims of the Study

The study aims to explore the types of sound changes found in Palembang Malay used by the participants. It is interesting in how the language has shaped the sounds in order to make variation of languages. It also aims to reveal the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay. Additionally, the investigation uses a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study investigates phonemic and syllabic changes in the context of comparing Standard Malay and Palembang Malay. The comparisons are limited by

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the number of isolated words that were obtained from data collection, which implies that the level of linguistic truth is limited to the analyzed data at the researcher’s disposal. Then, this study examines the use of Palembang Malay in order to categorize and to analyze the data into types of phonetic and syllabic changes. Finally, it covers the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay. The participants of this study were Palembang Malay native speakers. There were seven native speakers whose ages range from 20 to 40 years old.

1.5The Research Methodology

This study primarily employs a qualitative method. It specifically seeks to describe the changes of sounds from Palembang Malay which are considered to be interesting phenomena to analyze. In a similar vein, Creswell (2008) states that a descriptive method investigates detailed interpretation of people, places, or events in a setting in the qualitative method. Therefore, the investigation approach of the study has also affected the field of historical linguistics, especially in the comparative method. The comparative method concerns with the relationship between Standard Malay as an ancestor language and Palembang Malay as a descendent language.

1.5.1 Data Collection

The data were collected from the voices of the participants using Palembang Malay that were recorded in group conversations and group interviews. Within one

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month in Palembang and three months in Bandung, the data observation was done. The observation started from May 2012 to September 2012. This data observation was conducted by analyzing the process of sound changes in Palembang Malay. Voice records and interview notes were used as the data sources and the voice recordings were transcribed into voice transcriptions.

1.5.2 Data Analysis

The data obtained from two techniques were divided into several steps of analysis to answer the research questions. Miles and Huberman (1984) state that there are three steps in analyzing the data, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion (drawing/verifying). Firstly, data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that emerge in written-up field notes or transcriptions (Miles and Huberman 1984). Secondly, after the data were reduced and the important items remain, the next step was to display the data. Miles and Huberman (1984) further suggest revealing the most frequent form of displaying data for qualitative data is in the form of narrative text. There are also some tables that are used to display the distributions of data including the frequencies and the percentages calculation. This study used PhoTransEdit Online application that helped to locate the correct phonetic spelling using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) phonetic symbols. Finally, the study presents conclusions through verifying the data from the observation, the participants’ voice recordings, and the group interviews.

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1.6The Clarification of the Terms

To avoid misunderstandings of the problem in this study, there are several terms that have to be clarified as follows:

 Palembang Malay

Palembang Malay is Malay spoken by about 1.6 million inhabitantsof Palembang – Southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Palembang Malay is highly influenced by Malay and Javanese (Dunggio, 1983).

 Standard Malay

In this study, Standard Malay refers to the Wilkinson system in 1908 which is considered to be the first Malay used widely in Malaya, Singapore, and Brunei. The system was recommended by the Federated Malay States Government in 1904(Omar, 1989).

 Sound Changes

Sound changes in this study means to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay using the historical linguistics’ comparative method.

 Types of Sound Changes

There are some types of attested sound changes that can classify what kind of sound changes one language undergoes, namely lenition and fortition, sound addition, metathesis, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation, dissimilation, and abnormal sound changes(Crowley, 1997).

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1.7The Organization of the Paper

The chapter contains a general introduction that covers background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methodology consisting research design, data collection and data analysis, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

The second chapter employs some related theories which serve as the foundation of the study. It presents theories that were used to answer the research questions. Furthermore, some previous studies that are related to the study are demonstrated in this chapter.

The third chapter elaborates the research methodology, involving statements of the problems in the study and the research method that consists of research design, participants, data collection, and data analysis. This chapter also outlines the procedure of the study and the analysis techniques.

The fourth chapter presents the results of the study. It contains the research findings and discussions. The result analysis and the research questions’ answers are reported in this chapter. Moreover, the explanations of the results are also deeply discussed.

The last chapter contains the interpretation of the results of the study. In addition, this chapter also briefly provides the conclusion and suggestions in accordance with the study.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedures for the subject selection in this study. It is divided into two parts, namely the formulation of problems and the research methodology. The formulation of problems covers the research questions investigated in this study. Afterward, the research method reveals the research design, the participants, the data collection, the data analysis and the examples of data analysis.

3.1 Formulation of Problems

The problems of the research are formulated as follows:

1) What types of sound changes have occurred in Palembang Malay in comparison with Standard Malay?

2) What are the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay used by the participants?

3.2 Research Methodology 3.2.1 Research Design

This study primarily employs a qualitative method. It was conducted to the native local language of Palembang Malay in Indonesia. It is concerned with the details of the kinds of changes that have happened in the language. Wu and Volker (2009) state that a qualitative method is used to understand human intricacy in all natural settings

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they have experienced. Thus, this study tends to be directed to understand everyday human linguistic behavior in a routine situation. In addition, this study specifically seeks to describe the changes of sounds from Palembang Malay which are considered to be interesting phenomena to analyze.

In a similar vein, Creswell (2008) states that a descriptive method investigates detailed interpretation of people, places, or events in a setting in the qualitative method. This study is intended to describe the language change phenomenon in the phonological field when there has been a change in the system in which those sounds exist. Therefore, the investigation approach of the study has also affected the field of historical linguistics, especially in the comparative method. It is interesting to examine the process of how the language shapes the sounds in order to make variations in the languages. In this study, the investigation uses a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay.

3.2.2 Participants

The participants of this study are Indonesian specifically from Palembang native speakerswho are considered Palembang Malay to be their first language. The participants consist of seven native speakers refer to those whose age ranges from 20 to 40 years old must have regularly spoken at least ten years of Palembang Malay. The observations and voice recording were surreptitiously conducted from 15 May to 21 May, 2012. Conducting the observation, voice recordings and group interview

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were conducted several times in order to obtain natural results from participants’ chatting activities.

3.2.3 Data Collection

The data were collected from the voices of the participants using Palembang Malay that were recorded along group conversations and interviews. Even though this study had planned to have individual interviews, it ended up having group interviews with seven participants. The collection of data and the observation of the participants were conducted during May 2012 until September 2012 in Palembang and Bandung.

This observation was conducted by monitoring the process of sound changes in Palembang Malay. Voice records and interview notes were used as the data sources. Alwasilah (2009) argues that the transcription was used in the research to understand how respondents organized their perspectives. Consequently, the voice recordings were transcribed into voice transcriptions.

3.2.4 Data Analysis

The results of the voice recordings were transcribed and used as the main source to be examined. Meanwhile, the observations conducted by the writer were documented in forms of field notes. In this stage, the data obtained from two techniques were divided into several steps of analysis to answer the research questions. Miles and Huberman (1984) state that there are three steps on analyzing

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the data, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion (drawing/verifying). It is described in the following figure:

Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model Source: Miles and Huberman (1984)

3.2.4.1 Data Reduction

Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that emerge in written-up field notes or transcriptions (Miles and Huberman 1984). The analysis of this study was easier to be conducted by reducing several data which were not necessary with the research questions as aforesaid.

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In this study, data reduction was done by coding and categorizing to give a clear picture of which data actually needed. The coding and categorizing process were conducted after the data were obtained from the field notes, the voice transcriptions, and interview transcriptions. Finally, the writer classified those data into categories of sound changes to address the research questions.

3.2.4.2 Data Display

After the data were reduced and the important items remained, the next step was to display the data. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggest that data are frequently displayed in the form of narrative text. In this study, the data were shown not only in narrative text but also in the form of tables. The tables were used to display the distributions of data including the calculation of the frequencies and the percentages. Since the related study about phonological change, phonetic transcription was treated in this study. The study used PhoTransEdit Online application that helped the writer to find the correct phonetic spelling using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) phonetic symbols.

3.2.4.3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification

The third step of Interactive Model from Miles and Huberman (1984) is conclusion drawing and verification. In this study, the researcher made conclusions through verifying the data from the observation, the participants’ voice recordings, and the group interviews. There should be a validation of the data obtained from the

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instruments in order to determine the accuracy of the data. There were many procedures conducted by the researcher to validate the findings. Therefore, by applying three procedures above, the study was expected to have the accuracy of the data.

3.2.5 Examples of Data Analysis

In this study, Standard Malay is believed to be the protolanguage of Palembang Malay. Wilkinson dictionary is used to be the source of Standard Malay spelling system in this study because it is considered to be the first Malay spelling system that was coined by Richard James Wilkinson in 1904 (Omar, 1989).

As have been mentioned in the data collection, Miles and Huberman(1984) introduced the interactive model of data analysis. Hence, this section presents examples of data analysis. The first step of data analysis of this study was data reduction. The data were obtained from the transcribed group conversations and interviews. Then, the data were elaborated by reducing several data. The analysis is presented as follows.

Raw Data: Voice Transcription of Group Conversation in the Kitchen Speaker 1: Yah ngapocakitu Put? Uji kau dikit-dikit, geleran aku dikit bae. Speaker 2: WindotkaubisoWindot!

Speaker 3: Bundo, yang manopisoyang palengtajem? Speaker 4: Yang manobae, cubo yang tengah.

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Speaker 1: Cuboke di perotkauhahaha. Speaker 3: Cubo nah Winhahaha. Speaker 1: Cakmanoiniibuk? Speaker 2: Nahjingok.

Speaker 4: GalonyobekastanganWinda. Speaker 1: OiyaAllohBundo.

Next, data reduction was done by coding to give a clear picture of what data were really needed. The data were obtained from the voice transcription. The important words were indicated by the texts in bold, such as ngapo, dikit, geler, biso, piso, paleng, tajem, mano, cubo, perot, ibuk, jingok, and galo. The selected texts bold are considered as those sounds which have undergone change from Standard Malay into Palembang Malay. In this step, the researcher identified all the data not only by observing the voice transcriptions but also the interview transcriptions and the field notes to obtain the occurrences of sound changes.

After reducing the data, the next step was to classify the data into types of sound changes. Then, the data were analyzed by using phonetic transcription. This study used PhoTransEdit Online application that helped to locate the correct phonetic spelling using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) phonetic symbols. The investigation used a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay.The example of the data is displayed below.

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Table 3.1 Example of Data Display Using Phonetic Transcription

No Standard Malay → Palembang Malay Types of Sound Changes 1 *apa → [ŋapɔ] Split

2 *sadikit → [dikit] Aphrentesis 3 *ɡilir → [ɡeler] Total Assimilation 4 *bisa → [bisɔ] Split

5 pisau → [pisʊ] Monopthongisation

6 *paliŋ → [paleŋ] Partial Assimilation 7 tad ʒam → tad ʒəm] Variation of Phoneme /a/ 8 *mana → [manɔ] Split

9 *tʃoba → [*tʃobɔ] Split

10 *perut → [pərʊt] Partial Assimilation 11 *ibu → [ibʊʔ] Phoneme Insertion /ʔ/ 12 d ʒəŋuʔ] → d ʒiŋɔʔ] Metathesis

13 *ɡəɡala → [ɡalɔ] Aphrentesis

After phonetic transcription was applied in all data collection, the data were shown in the form of tables to display the distributions of data which consisted of the frequencies and the percentages. The example of the calculation is presented as follows.

Table 3.2 Example of Sound Changes’ Distribution

No. Types of Sound Changes Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

1. Assimilation 72 42.35

2. Lenition 34 20

3. Sound Addition 6 3.53

4. Metathesis 2 1.18

5 Dissimilation 3 1.76

6 Abnormal Sound Changes 6 3.53

7 Split 23 13.53

8 Variation of phoneme /a/ 18 10.59

9 Monophthongisation 6 3.53

Total 170 100

The last step was to make conclusions through verifying the data. Furthermore, the entire analyses are given in the chapter four of this study. The rest of

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data displays are shown in the appendices of this study. Many procedures were used by the researcher to validate the findings. By applying several procedures above, the study was expected to obtain the accuracy of the data.Finally, those data were analyzed to address the research questions.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusions

Based on the result of the data analysis, some points can be concluded. Assimilation (42.35%) is likely the most frequent type of sound change used by participants. In Palembang Malay, there are three sound change phenomena are considered to be partial assimilations, namely (_/*i/ → _ [e]), (_/*u/ → _ [ʊ]), and (_/*o/ → _ [ɔ]).Meanwhile, there are three sound change phenomena in Palembang Malay that are considered to be total assimilations, namely (*/i/– */i/ → [e] - [e]), (*/u/– */u/ → [ʊ] - [ʊ]), and (*/o/– */o/ → [ɔ] - [ɔ]).From thirty-four words, the appearances of lenition (20%) in Palembang Malay include aphaeresis, apocope and syncope. An Examples of aphaeresis can be seen in the pronunciation of original features *hiris→ [eres] in Palembang Malay. Apocope is illustrated by the words*muntah → [muta]. Finally, the syncope would be shown by the alternation *darah → [dara] in Palembang Malay.

However, the most common sound addition (3.53%) is the phoneme insertion /ʔ/ (83.33%). Then, it is followed by prosthesis. An example of phoneme consonant (/ʔ/)insertion is illustrated by the Standard Malay words *minta → [mintaʔ]in Palembang Malay. Meanwhile, the only Palembang Malay that was discovered as prosthesis is that [əlap] which is originally pronounced as *lap.There are two metathesis phenomena (1.18%) that were found in Palembang Malay, namely in the

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feature of ʒiŋɔʔ] and[udəʔ-udəʔ] in Palembang Malay was originally pronounced as ʒəŋuʔand*adoʔ-adoʔ by metathesis. Afterwards, there are three dissimilation appearances (1.76%) that were found in Palembang Malay. Those dissimilation was found in the words [aer], [asek] and [aker] in Palembang Malay, descended from Standard Malay*ajer, *aʃikand*axir.

There have been changes of the phonemes*/r/, */l/ and */m/to the phoneme[ʔ] which were considered to be abnormal sound changes(3.53%), such as the alternations of *tidur to [tedʊʔ];*kətʃil to [kətʃiʔ]; and *matʃam-matʃam to [matʃaʔ -matʃaʔ].Then, there is also split (13.53%) from vowel /*a/ in Standard Malay that changed regularly to [ɔ] at word final position, such as *bisa→[bisɔ].Here, there are there examples of occurrences of schwa[ə] which are usually know as vowel rising (10.59%) in Palembang Malay, such as in the changes of ʒəm], [təbəl]and [tʃəpət] which originally came from ʒam, *təbal and*tʃəpat. Besides, there are also twomonophthongisations (3.53%) in the alternation of the original words and*pisau → [sampe] and [pisʊ]in Palembang Malay.

This paper also shows that the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay. From two hundred and fifty words’ distribution, the majority vowel phoneme is the phoneme /a/ (29.03%). It is followed by the vowel phonemes /ɔ/ (18.95%); /ə/ (16.13%); /ʊ/ (13.71%); /e/ (10.48); /i/ (7.26%); and /u/ (4.44%). On the other hand, from three hundred and seventy-seven words’ distribution of consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay, the most regular consonant phoneme that emerged was that the phoneme/t/ (13.53%). Then, it was

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followed by consonant phonemes /p/ (9.55%); /r/ (8.49%); /b/ (7.96%); /ʔ/ (7.43%); /l/ (7.16%); /n/ (7.16%); /m/ (6.63%); /s/ (6.90%); /k/ (5.83%); /ŋ/ (5.04%);/d/ (4.77%); /tʃ/ (3.18%); /ɡ/ (2.92%); /dʒ/ (1.33%); /j/ (0.80%);/ɲ/ (0.53%); /w/ (0.53%) and/h/ (0.26%). Regarding to the distribution of consonant phonemes, three types of initial, middle, and final phoneme positions were determined based on the occurrences of consonant phonemes that were discovered in the data.

5.2. Suggestions

Considering the findings if this research, the writer proposes some suggestions that can raise numerous questions requiring further research. The observations, interviews, and voice recordings have provided data to usage. Further research can enrich the data by using any other data sources, such as video recording or written text conducted by the participant. In addition, the topic of sound changes in Palembang Malay should be addressed more extensively. Although the issue was touched briefly in this final paper, an in-depth study of the phonemic − syllabic comparisons of standard Malay and Palembang Malay using a historical linguistic perspective The results also indicated words’ distribution among positions, namely initial, middle, and final. Thus, this study is important for providing insights into those who are working in the field of linguistics study.

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REFERENCES

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Smith, J. J. (2007). Sound Change and the History of English. New York: Oxford University Press.

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The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusions

However, the most common sound addition (3.53%) is the phoneme insertion /ʔ/ (83.33%). Then, it is followed by prosthesis. An example of phoneme consonant

(/ʔ/)insertion is illustrated by the Standard Malay words *minta → [mintaʔ]in Palembang Malay. Meanwhile, the only Palembang Malay that was discovered as prosthesis is that [əlap] which is originally pronounced as *lap.There are two metathesis phenomena (1.18%) that were found in Palembang Malay, namely in the

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The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical feature of ʒiŋɔʔ] and[udəʔ-udəʔ] in Palembang Malay was originally pronounced

as ʒəŋuʔand*adoʔ-adoʔ by metathesis. Afterwards, there are three dissimilation

appearances (1.76%) that were found in Palembang Malay. Those dissimilation was found in the words [aer], [asek] and [aker] in Palembang Malay, descended from Standard Malay*ajer, *aʃikand*axir.

and*pisau → [sampe] and [pisʊ]in Palembang Malay.

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The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical followed by consonant phonemes /p/ (9.55%); /r/ (8.49%); /b/ (7.96%); /ʔ/ (7.43%); /l/ (7.16%); /n/ (7.16%); /m/ (6.63%); /s/ (6.90%); /k/ (5.83%); /ŋ/ (5.04%);/d/ (4.77%); /tʃ/ (3.18%); /ɡ/ (2.92%); /dʒ/ (1.33%); /j/ (0.80%);/ɲ/ (0.53%); /w/ (0.53%) and/h/ (0.26%). Regarding to the distribution of consonant phonemes, three types of initial, middle, and final phoneme positions were determined based on the occurrences of consonant phonemes that were discovered in the data.