VERBAL-VISUAL APPRAISAL SYSTEM IN NEWS REPORTING THE COLLAPSE OF KARTANEGARA BRIDGE: AN APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF HARD NEWS IN KOMPAS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii

PREFACE…………. ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Research Questions ... 4

1.3 The Aims of Study ... 4

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5

1.6 Research Methodology ... 5

1.6.1 Data Collection ... 6

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 6

1.7 Clarification of Terms ... 7

1.8 Organization of Paper ... 9

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 10

2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics Model and Its Key Tenets ... 10

2.1.1 Stratification, Realization, and Rank ... 12

2.1.2 Axis: System and Structure... 14

2.2 Interpersonal Meaning ... 17

2.3 Verbal Appraisal System ... 20

2.3.1 Attitude ... 21

2.3.2 Engagement ... 26

2.3.3 Graduation ... 32

2.4 New Photography ... 34

2.4.1 Visual Item: The Constituency of News Photos ... 34

2.4.2 Visual Grammar: The Metafunction of News Photos ... 36

2.5 Visual Appraisal System ... 40

2.5.1 Attitude ... 40

2.5.2 Engagement ... 44

2.5.3 Graduation ... 47

2.6 Journalistic keys ... 49

2.6.1 Reporter Voice: Hard News ... 51

2.7 Image-text Relation ... 52

2.8 Previous Studies ... 54

CHAPTER III METHODOLGY ... 57

3.1 Research Question ... 57

3.2 Research Design ... 57

3.3 Data Collection ... 58

3.4 Data Analysis ... 59

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 67

4.1 Findings ... 67

4.1.1 Positive Judgment in Kompas’ Hard News Reports ... 68

4.1.2 Negative Judgment in Kompas’ Hard News Reports ... 71

4.1.3 Graduation Values in Kompas’ Hard News Reports ... 77

4.1.4 Engagement Values in Kompas’ Hard News Reports ... 79

4.1.4 Visual Items and Grammar in Kompas’ News Photos ... 86

4.1.6 Graduation Values in Kompas’ News Photos ... 93

4.1.7 Engagement in Kompas’ News Photos ... 95

4.1.8 Image-text Relation: An Ideational Perspective ... 99

4.2 Discussion ... 103

4.2.1 The Verbal Appraisal in the Hard News Reports ... 104

4.2.2 The Visual Appraisal in the News Photos ... 112

4.2.3 Visual and Verbal Appraisals in Construing Kompas’ Position ... 115

CHAPTER V CONCULSION AND SUGGESTION ... 118

5.1 Conclusion ... 118

5.2 Suggestion ... 120

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 121

APPENDICES ... 132

Appendix I : Hard News Reports ... 133

Appendix II : News Photos ... 137

Appendix III : Front Pages of Kompas ... 133

Appendix IV : Coding for Analysis ... 139

Appendix V : Data Analysis (Verbal Texts) ... 142

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. This section covers the background of study, research questions, aims of study, scope of study, significance of study, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of paper.

1.1 Background

It is incontrovertible that mass media texts play a significant role in the contemporary society. In a democratic country, for example, mass media texts serve a function as public forums (Talbot, 2007) that can act to protect civil rights from the excesses of government and to uphold the veracity (White, 1998). One of the mass media text varieties is newspapers. In daily life, the newspapers report what is going on or events, people, or things around us (Machin, 2008). The journalists or reporters capture those linguistically into written forms. Seen from its genre, the written forms are generally called as “news items” (Gerot and

Wignell, 1994: 200) or “news story” (Martin and Rose, 2007: 74).

There are two types of news items in journalism. Those are soft news and hard news. Soft news, according to Lehman-Wilzig and Seleczky (2010), associates with the news which contains less substantive information like gossip than hard news. By contrast, hard news associates with the news which contains high newsworthiness such as news about crimes, accidents, disasters, and so on. In relation to hard news, journalists or reporters claim that they retain the

objectivity, impartiality, and factuality of their news. News reporters, as Husson and Robert (1991, cited in White, 1998) argue, are neutral and eradicate all subjectivity. They construct texts which only contain the fact.

However, that view has been challenged by researchers especially in the linguistic field. Close analysis of the hard news reveals that there are indications of the subjective presence of the reporters in the hard news at a certain degree (see White 1998, 2000, 2006, 2009; Martin and White, 2005; Thompson et al, 2008). The subjective presence or „speakers‟ opinion‟ in Bednarek‟s (2006) terms is manifested through linguistic resources such as grammatical and lexical choices. Through those lexical choices, for example, the reporters can share their own feelings and values when reporting a certain issue. Simultaneously, the reporters have also indirectly demonstrated their positions toward the issue whether they agree or disagree or enthuse or criticize (Martin and White, 2005). In other words, they are attempting to appraise the issue. As a consequence, the objective tag of hard news decreases.

The phenomenon of subjective presence in the news reports has been a focus of research in the linguistic field for several years (Iedema et al, 1994; White, 1997, 1998, 2000; Martin and White, 2005; Bednarek, 2006). Such research has been conducted using different approaches or methods to analyze the phenomenon and labels the phenomenon differently such as stance (Biber and Finegan, 1999; Hyland, 2005; Du Bois 2007; Gales, 2010), evaluation (Hunston and Thompson, 2000; Benarek, 2006), and appraisal (Martin, 1997, 2000; White,

1998, 2005, 2003, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005). However, their objectives are similar, that is, to investigate the subjective presence of the writers.

Appraisal has been widely used by the researchers to investigate the subjective presence of the writers in the news reports particularly in editorials (commentator voice) and hard news reports (reporter voice). By using Appraisal, the researchers have focused on the news reports to reveal the ideology of the writers or the writers‟ evaluation or position toward the issue presented in the hard news reports (Jullian, 2011) and the way the reporters align with their readers particularly in the editorial news (White, 2003, 2009; Martin, 2004a). In addition, Appraisal had also been used to investigate verbal and visual texts specifically news photos in the news feature story (Economou, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012). By applying Appraisal system to photos, Economou (2008, 2009, 2012) reveals that the news photos can convey a social position and build a reader alignment.

In the present study, the analysis of the verbal and visual Appraisal systems in the hard news reports are undertaken to investigate newspapers‟ appraisal or position. Drawing upon the finding of previous studies, that is, verbal Appraisal system in media texts (Iedema et al 1994; White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2011; Martin and White, 2005), visual Appraisal system in news photos (Economou, 2008, 2009), visual “grammar” (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006), and image-text relations (Martin and Rose, 2007), the study investigates the Kompas’ appraisal toward the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge through the analysis of verbal and visual Appraisal systems. The study also analyzes how verbal and visual

Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue of the collapse of the Kartanegara Bridge.

1.2 Research Questions

The study is geared towards answering the following research questions:

1) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge verbally appraised in

Kompas?

2) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge visually appraised in

Kompas?

3) How do verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue?

1.3 Aims of Study

The aims of this study are

 To investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara bridge is verbally appraised in Kompas.

 To investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara bridge is visually appraised in Kompas.

 To reveal how verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position towards the issue.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The study investigates the Kompas’ appraisal or evaluation toward the

published two days after the accident occurring on 26 November 2011 from

Kompas. The investigation does not only include the verbal texts, but also covers

the visual texts which accompany the verbal texts more specifically news photos. Furthermore, the study also reveals how verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The present study is expected to provide theoretical and practical benefits. For theoretical benefit, the findings of this study are expected to enrich Appraisal studies particularly verbal and visual Appraisal analysis across cultures. For practical benefit, the study and its finding will be useful for the writer and readers on building critical awareness toward language phenomena. The critical awareness of language is one of the requirements to create democratic or effective citizenship (Fairclough, 1992, 1995; Lukmana et al, 2006).

1.6 Research Methodology

The study is conducted largely based on a qualitative method. Since this study is aimed to analyze, describe, and interpret verbal-visual Appraisal systems in Kompas to figure out Kompas’ appraisal, a qualitative method is an ideal method as it is fundamentally interpretative (Cresswell, 1994, 2003) and it is committed to a deep understanding of particular phenomenon such as a process or belief (Gay et al, 2006).

The study employs Appraisal framework both on verbal Appraisal theory (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998; 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White,

2005; Martin and Rose, 2007) and visual Appraisal theory proposed by Economou (2008, 2009). The frameworks are the extension of interpersonal metafunction in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and visual “grammar”. Those focus upon the analysis of discourse semantics by investigating Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. In addition, the study also uses visual “grammar” proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) including the analysis of ideational, interactional, and textual meanings of visual texts as well as image-text relations proposed by Martin and Rose (2007).

1.6.1 Data Collection

The data used in the study are the hard news reports which present the issue of the Kartanegara Bridge‟s collapse taken from Kompas. Those reports

occurred on 28 and 29 November 2011 (retrieved at epaper.kompas.com, 11 January 2012). The reports taken from Kompas are selected on the basis that they have news photos accompanying the news reports. The selected reports are

Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian reported on Monday, 28 November 2011 and Penelitian Fokus pada Material reported on Tuesday, 29 November 2011.

1.6.2 Data Analysis

The data are investigated by using verbal Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007) and visual Appraisal framework proposed by Economou (2009). The frameworks involve the analysis of Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. There are several steps in analyzing the verbal and visual Appraisal systems used by Kompas. The first step deals with the

identification of Attitudes which consists of the analysis of affect, judgment, and appreciation, which appear in the news reports together with their primary targets of appraiser called “emoter” or “trigger”. The next step is analyzing Engagement. It deals with the analysis of voices or the sources of attitudes. The next step is the analysis of Graduation dealing with force and focus.

In addition, the analysis of visual text also uses visual “grammar” (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006). The analysis involves the analysis of representational, interactional, and textual meaning. Furthermore, the study also analyzes the image-text relations using Martin and Rose‟s (2007) framework. The last step is interpreting the findings of the analyses. These analyses will, then, contribute to answer the research problems underlying the present study.

1.7 Clarification of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanation is the clarification of key terms used:

1) Appraisal is a framework which is used to analyze the language of

evaluation (Martin and White, 2005; White 2011). More specifically, it is used to investigate how the writers or speakers express their attitudes or values and how they establish a certain authorial identity (Martin and White, 2005). This framework is developed within Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) theory (see Bloor and Bloor, 2004; Halliday and Mathessian, 2004).

2) Reading images refers to the ways to analyze the structure or “grammar” of visual design including the analysis of color, perspective, framing, and composition (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) 3) Texts refer to “any instance of language, in any medium, that makes

sense to someone who knows the language” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976

cited in Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 1).

4) Verbal texts are defined as texts whose meanings are expressed through

linguistic codes (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006).

5) Visual texts, according to Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), refer to texts

whose meanings are realized through pictures or photographs.

6) Hard news, according to Lehman-Wilzig and Seleczky (2010), can be

defined as news which contains high newsworthiness such as news about crimes, accidents, disasters, and so on.

7) Representational meanings deal with the meaning which describes “the

representation of interaction and conceptual relation between people, place, and things depicted in images” (Kress and van Leeuwen: 114). 8) Interactional meanings, according to Kress and van Leeuwen (2006),

are the meanings in images associating with relationship between the producer and the viewer of the images.

9) Compositional or textual meanings refer to the way both

representational and interactional meanings are organized to form a whole text (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006; Kress et al, 1997).

1.8 Organization of Paper

The study is organized as follows:

1) The first chapter: Introduction

It provides the background of the study, research questions, aims of study, scope of study, significance of study, research methodology in conducting the research, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.

2) The second chapter: Literature Review

It discusses the theories and concepts which are employed to answer every research question.

3) The third chapter: Research Methodology

It deals with the procedures taken in undertaking the study. It also presents the analytical tools and the reason of choosing the procedure. 4) The fourth chapter: Findings and Discussion

It consists of the result of the study and the answer of research questions as well as the discussion and the interpretation of the findings.

5) The fifth chapter: Conclusion

It contains conclusion and suggestion. This chapter also considers several suggestions for future study.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter elucidates the research methodology which is employed in the present study. It covers the research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1Research Questions

The study is geared towards answering the following research questions:

1) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge verbally appraised in Kompas? 2) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge visually appraised in Kompas? 3) How do verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas position

towards the issue?

3.2 Research Design

The present study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Since the study aims to analyze, describe and interpret the data to seek verbal and visual Appraisal systems in Kompas or understand the appraisal of Kompas toward the conveyed issue, a qualitative method is an ideal method. It is because the method is fundamentally interpretative (Cresswell, 1994, 2003). It is also committed to a deep understanding of particular phenomenon such as a process or belief (Gay et

al, 2006).

The present study uses Appraisal theory proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007;

White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Hood, 2010) as an analytical framework to answer research questions. Appraisal provides a powerful tool for a close structured analysis of interpersonal meaning in a context (Martin and Rose, 2007). In the study, it is used to investigate Kompas’ evaluation or stance when reporting the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge. In addition, the study uses visual “grammar” proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), visual Appraisal proposed by Economou (2009) and image-text relations proposed by Martin and Rose (2007) to investigate evaluation in visual texts specifically news photos.

3.3 Data Collection

The data used in this study are hard news reports which report the issue of the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge taken from Kompas. Those reports occurred on 28 and 29 November 2011 (retrieved at 11 January 2012). The reports in Kompas were selected on the basis that they have photos accompanying the news reports. The selected data are Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian reported on Monday, 28 November 2011 dan Penelitian Fokus pada Material reported on Tuesday, 29 November 2011. As a result, the data in the present study consists of two news stories as verbal texts and two news photos as visual texts. The verbal texts make up a total of 1.551 words or 103 clause complexes or sentences and 7 phrases. The visual texts are naturalistic news photos.

The hard news reports that serve as the data have been chosen purposively. The purposive sampling is conducted to help obtain the best information or answer for the research questions which gear the present study (Cresswell, 1994, 2003; Alwasilah, 2000).

3.4 Data Analysis

The collected data are then analyzed into several stages. The first stage was to investigate verbal Appraisal system. The first stage aimed to answer the question how the collapse of Kartenegara Bridge is appraised verbally in the reports. The second stage was to analyze the meaning of visual texts including the analysis of visual Appraisal. This stage aimed to answer the second research question. The third stage was to investigate the image-text relations. Each stage of the analysis consists of several steps of the analysis. Generally, each step consists of the analysis, description, and interpretation of the data. It should be noted that the unit analysis of the study is clause complexes or sentences. The following explanation is the description of the each stage.

In the first stage, the verbal data were analyzed by using verbal Appraisal theory (Martin, 1997, 2000; Martin and White, 2005; White, 2005, 2006, 2011, Hood, 2010). The stage consisted of the analysis of Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. The analysis of Attitude was conducted to reveal the distribution of negative or positive feelings together with its target evaluation in the reports. In the analysis, the clauses, phrases, and words were categorized into affect, judgment, and appreciation. For the analysis of Engagement, the clause complexes were classified into monoglossia and heteroglossia. For the analysis of Graduation, the clauses, phrases, or words were categorized into focus and force. These analyses simultaneously revealed the amount of each category in the reports. The next step was the interpretation of the data that have been categorized.

It should be remembered that the analyses are a product of a compliant reading (see, Martin, 1996; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2005), bottom-up analysis (see, Baxter, 2009; Paltridge, 2006) and double coding (see Rothery and Stenglin, 2000). Since the study aims to investigate the paper‟s evaluation or position toward the issue presented or ideological position, the compliant reading will be suitable. Here a complaint reader does not read critically the naturalized position which is construed by the reports.

As mentioned above, the present study takes bottom-up analysis. That is, the analysis starts with the analysis of evaluative lexis. It is then followed by interpreting the pattern of evaluation (Martin and White, 2005). In addition, the present study also takes double coding when analyzing data. It is because the same lexis can be differently interpreted by different people according to their reading position or it can refer to more than an attitudinal meaning (Xinghua and Thompson, 2009).

The present study uses tables to display the analysis (see Table 3.1 below). The table is set up into several columns. The first column is the number of clause complexes and phrases. The second column presents the clause complexes from the verbal texts. The third column shows the sources of attitude (who is appreciating and judging) which is called “appraiser”. The fourth, fifth, and sixth columns show the analysis of attitude, namely affect, judgment, and appreciation. The seventh column depicts what is being evaluated (who is being appreciated and judged) which is called “appraised”. The eighth and ninth columns present the engagement analysis, that is, whether the clauses complexes are monoglossia or

heteroglossia. The tenth and eleventh columns depict the graduation analysis, that is, force and focus.

Furthermore, the present study also uses coding for Appraisal analysis especially Attitude which is proposed by Martin and White (2005). The coding involves the notation which used to signal invoked attitude, namely the notation

“t” for ideational tokens. It also includes the notation (“) for speech and („) for thought which are annotated in the appraiser column. In addition, it also involves the abbreviations used in the Engagement and Graduation analysis (see appendix for full abbreviations).

To highlight the realization of each category in the text, the present study uses keys as follows

Underlined = the indirect realization of attitude

Bold = the direct realization of attitude

Green highlight = graduation resources Yellow highlight = engagement resources

Table 3.1 the verbal appraisal analysis of a new report – attitude, engagement, and graduation

No Clause Complexes (Sentences) Attitude Engagement Graduation

Appraiser Affect Judgment Appreciation Appraised Monoglossia Heteroglossia Force Focus 1 Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian Reporter - Prop

(Agentless) Suspects Monogloss

2

Senin, 28 November 2011

Korban 5 Tewas, 33 Hilang, dan 40 Luka-luka

Reporter t, -

Hap The tolls Monogloss

Quant: number

3

Tenggarong, Kompas – Runtuhnya Jembatan Kartanegara di Tenggarong Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur, Sabtu (26/11) sekitar pukul 16.15 Wita, dipastikan akibat kelalain.

Reporter - Prop Suspects Entertain Quant:

Extent

4

Kepolisian Daerah Kalimantan Timur kini memeriksa sejumlah pihak untuk kepentingan penyelidikan.

Reporter t, + Ten

East Kalimantan

police

Monogloss Quant:

number

5

Hingga pukul 21.00 semalam, jumlah korban tewas bersama runtuhnya jembatan tercatat 5 orang, korban yang diduga hilang berdasarkan laporan keluarga 33 orang, serta 40 orang mengalami luka berat dan ringan.

Reporter t, -

Hap The tolls Monogloss

Quant: Extent and Number

Notes:

t : Token of Attitude Prop : Propriety -/+ : Negative/Positive Quant : Quantification Hap : Happiness

The second stage was to investigate the visual texts. The starting point for the visual analysis was the analysis of visual items in the news photos. The analysis covered the analysis of figures, elements, and parts of the elements. The second analysis was the analysis of visual “grammar”. It included the analysis of ideational, compositional or textual meaning, and interpersonal meaning which involves interactional and evaluative meaning of the news photos. The analysis of ideational meaning covers the analysis of the participant, process, and attribute (Economou, 2009). The analysis of compositional meaning covers the analysis of silence and framing. The analysis of interactional meaning involves the investigation of social distance (size of frame), power (vertical angle), and involvement (horizontal angle) in the news photos (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006).

Furthermore, the analysis of interpersonal meaning in the news photos involves the analysis of visual Appraisal system. Similar to the analysis of the verbal Appraisal system, the analysis of visual Appraisal system also covers the analysis of Attitude which includes the analysis of affect, judgment, and appreciation, the analyss of Engagement which consists of the analysis of monoglossia and heteroglossia, as well as the analysis of Graduation which involves the analysis of force and focus in the news photos. After analyzing and describing the visual data, the study then interpreted the findings to answer the second research question.

The study also uses tables to display the analysis of visual texts (see Table 3.2 below). The table consists of seven columns. It can be seen as

Table 3.2 the visual appraisal analysis of a news photo – visual Item and visual grammar (Ideational, compositional, interactional, and evaluative/appraisal meaning)

Visual Figure in News Photos 1 Visual Item

Visual Grammar

Ideation Composition Interaction Appraisal (Attitude) Appraisal (Graduation) Appraisal (Engagement) The collapsed bridge (element) Missing part, broken, two poles, cables (parts of

Participant in Visual Relational Process – identifying the collapsed bridge so that the photos can be interpreted as “It is the collapsed

High salience by overlapping placement (in front of the mountain) and visual contrast (sharpness of focus) High involvement (frontal angle) Equal power Medium Affect

The collapsed bridge – Target Editor – appraiser

Evoking negative affect for the tolls via the collapsed bridge

Appreciation

High force – intensification through brightness and repetition through two similar poles

High focus – clarity

Monogloss - unmark news photos (photo presents the materials in the world)

element) bridge” Visual cohesion (taxonomy – two poles referring to the bridge)

distance/ medium shot (social)

The bridge – target

Evoking negative appreciation

Judgement

The contractors – target Editor – appraiser

Evoking negative judgment of social sanction specifically propriety

through camera focus Heteroglossia : Entertain – foregrounding subjectivity via marked expression choice including spatial choice like frontal angle and textural choice such as brightness, vividness, camera focus, and so on The boat and

small boat (element) Small, white and orange, moving, in the center (parts of element)

Material process (no visible human actors) interpreted as „Rescuers search for the toll‟

Highest Salience by foregrounding, overlapping, and centraling placement as well as by visual contrast (color saturation) High involvement (frontal angle) Equal power Long shot (impersonal) Judgment The boat – target Editor – appraiser

Provoked positive judgment via people action in the boat (searching for the toll?) Evoking positive judgment social sanction: propriety „moral‟

High force – intensification through brightness and vividness

The river (element) Blue and huge (parts of element)

The mountains (element) Blue and far (parts)

Circumstance: location

The river – high salience by foregrounding and visual contrast (color saturation - blue) The mountain – low salience (less

sharpness of focus and color saturation)

The river – high involvement, equal power, close shot (intimate) The mountain – low

involvement, equal power, long shot

Affect – evoking negative affect: insecurity

Editor – appraiser

Appreciation – evoking negative appreciation: composition „deep river‟

High force – Intensification through brightness

Low force

The sky blue and bright

Circumstance: time

The third stage was to analyze the image-text relations using Martin and

Rose‟ (2007) framework. In this stage, the news photos were analyzed to seek the logico-semantic relations between the reports and news photos. In addition, the study also investigated image-text boundary and the identification whether texts referred to images or vice verse. After analyzing, the data were then described and interpreted.

The comprehensive findings and discussion will be discussed in the subsequent chapter.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter provides the summary of the findings and discussions briefly, followed by the suggestions for further study relating to Appraisal analysis.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge is verbally and visually appraised in Kompas and how verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue. Based on the findings, it is found that the collapse of the bridge are verbally appraised negative with respect to the action or behavior of the ‘suspects’ and the Works Ministry and positive with respect to action of people who commit to help such as police, rescuers, and investigators. It is reflected from reports which find that negative and positive judgment values of both social sanction and esteem subcategories are foreground and accumulated across the reports. The values imply condemnation and criticism on the suspects and the Works Ministry who caused a danger and cannot recognize the reason for the collapse as well as admiration and praise for people who commit to help.

The verbal evaluations above are co-articulated by evaluations in news photos. Here the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge is visually appraised positive with respect to the action of rescuers and negative with respect to the implied behavior of the ‘suspects’. It is reflected from the photos which indicate that

judgment values are foreground over affect and appreciation values. The rescuers are appraised through the positive judgment value of propriety category which implies praise. Meanwhile, the suspects are appraised by using the negative judgment value of propriety category which implies condemnation.

In this case, the verbal and visual Appraisals construe Kompas’ position toward the issue either negative (condemnation/criticism) or positive (admiration/praise) via the configuration of judgment values, high graduation values of both force and focus and engagement values. The judgment values of both social sanction and esteem subsystems which create the positions indicating condemnation or criticism and admiration are foregrounded. Those values are then enhanced by affect and appreciation values which act as a token of judgment to legitimate the positions. Furthermore, the values are amplified by the graduation values of both force and focus values. As a result, strong positions are formed. Those positions are declared by using monoglossia and heteroglossia especially dialogic contractive values of counter and deny and dialogic expansive of acknowledge and entertain. These engagement values indicate the position of

Kompas and emphasize the positive and negative readers’ alignment.

In addition, the study finds that the photos and reports are ideationally and evaluatively related to each other. Ideationally, the photos and reports are related through logico-semantic relations of expansion in which reports provides further information for photos. Evaluatively, the reports provide the extension of evaluative stance or position in news photos.

5.2 Suggestion

This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the delimitation of the present study. First, this study focuses only upon a newspaper, that is,

Kompas. Further study may conduct a comparative analysis, which means the

study focuses on two different newspapers to see the similarities and differences of Appraisal resources or stances. Second, the present study only deals with news photos and news reports. Further study may consider diagrams or other figures such as tables or charts since those also trigger evaluations (Lemke, 1998). Third, the presents study employs manual text analysis. Further study may utilize Concordance program to help the analysis and check whether the analyses are over or under interpretation as Coffin and O’Halloran (2005) suggest.

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