A STUDY OF FLOUTING MAXIMS FOUND IN TESTIMONY ON DIAN SIDOARJO ONLINE SHOP TAKEN FROM BLACKBERRY MESSENGER.

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Undergraduate Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Delta Surya Ni Wahyu Subiyanti Reg. Number A53212092

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2016

Wahyu, D.S.N. 2016. A Study of Flouting Maxims Found in Testimony on Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop Taken From Blackberry Messenger. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Key Terms: Cooperative Principle, Flouting Maxims, Testimony Dian Sidoarjo

This study is presented to know about flouting maxims. Flouting maxims is a form to brake maxims which is used by the speaker or writer to presenting another meaning by says untrue, says in less or more information than is required, says unclear and sometimes change the topic. Nowadays some of speaker never thought to make effective communication. So, this study showed to devise the types of maxims flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo, to describe the way of flouting maxims in testimony Dian Sidoarjo and to explain the reasons why testimony in Dian Sidoarjo flouting maxims.

This study is designed in descriptive qualitative. The data source in this study is texts of testimony which consist of some utterances in the conversation. The data is taken from the utterances which consisted of flouting maxims in testimony Dian Sidoarjo. The data was collected by printed out testimony from Dian’s BBM Group. In analyzing the data, the writer used Cooperative Principle Theory which developed by Grice.

Based on the findings in this study, the writer found all of maxims which is flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo. Mostly, maxim of quantity in Dian Sidoarjo takes the dominance because Dian wanted to the customer understand more about the product by giving much information and to convey the feeling lazy by giving less information.

Wahyu, D.S.N. 2016. A Study of Flouting Maxims Found in Testimony on Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop Taken From Blackberry Messenger. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Key Terms: Coopeartive Principle, Flouting Maxims, Testimony Dian Sidoarjo

Penelitian ini dihadirkan to mengetahui tentang flouting maxims.Flouting maxims adalah bentuk pelanggaran maksim yang digunakan pembicara atau penulis untuk menghadirkan makna lain; seperti berkata dengan tidak benar, berbicara tidak sesuai kebutuhan, berbicara tidak jelas dan berkata yang tidak berkaitan dengan topik pembicaraan. Saat ini, beberapa pembicara tidak pernah berfikir untuk membuat komunikasi yang efektif. Sehingga, kajian ini dihadirkan untuk menemukan tipe-tipe yang melanggar maksim di testimony Dian Sidoarjo, untuk mendeskripsikan cara melanggar maksims in testimony Dian Sidoarjo dan juga untuk menjelaskan alasan di testimony Dian Sidoarjo melanggar maxims.

Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data dari kajian ini adalah teks di testimony yang terdiri dari beberapa ujaran. Data di kajian ini diambil dari ujaran yang terdiri dari pelanggaran maksims di testimony Dian Sidoarjo. Data tersebut dikumpulkan dengan mencetak testimony dari grup BBMnya Dian Sidoarjo. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan teoriCooperative Principleyang telah dikembangkan oleh Grice.

Berdasarkan penemuan di penelitian ini, penulis menemukan semua maksim dilanggar di testimony Dian Sidoarjo. Kebanyakan, maksim quantity yang dominan di testimony Dian Sidoarjo karena Dian ingin pembeli atau pembaca paham tentang produk yang ada di Dian Sidoarjo dengan memberikan informasi yang terlalu banyak dan mengekspresikan rasa malas dengan memberikan informasi sedikit dari yang dibutuhkan.

Inside Cover Page... i

Inside Title Page... ii

Declaration Page... iii

Motto... iv

Dedication Page...v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page...vi

Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page...vii

Acknowledgments...viii

Table of Contents... x

Abstract... xiv

Intisari... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...1

1.1 Background of the Study... ...1

1.2 Statement of the Problems... ..5

1.3 Objectives of the Study... 5

1.4 Significances of the Study...6

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study...6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...8

2.1 Pragmatics... 8

2.2 Presupposition... 10

2.3 Implicature... 11

2.4 Cooperative Principle... 13

2.4.1 Maxim of Quantity... 14

2.4.2 Maxim of Quality... 15

2.4.3 Maxim of Manner... 15

2.4.4 Maxim of Relation... 16

2.5 Flouting Maxim... 17

2.5.1 Flouting Maxim of Quality... 18

2.5.2 Flouting Maxim of Quantity... 19

2.5.3 Flouting Maxim of Manner... 20

2.5.4 Flouting Maxim of Relation... 21

2.6 Context... 22

2.7 Review of Related Studies... 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD...27

3.1 Research Approach... 27

3.2 Data Source... 28

3.3 Data... 28

3.5 Data Collection... 29

3.6 Data Analysis... 30

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION...31

4.1 Findings... 32

4.1.1 Types of Flouting Maxims used in Testimony Dian Sidoarjo... 32

4.1.1.1 Maxim of Quality... 32

4.1.1.2 Maxim of Quantity... 40

4.1.1.3 Maxim of Manner... 52

4.1.1.4 Maxim of Relation... 55

4.1.2 The Way Maxims are Flouted in Testimony Dian Sidoarjo... 60

4.1.2.1 The Way of Flouting the Maxim of Quantity... 61

4.1.2.1.1 Flouting the Maxim of Quantity in Less Information.... 61

4.1.2.1.2 Flouting the Maxim of Quantity in Much Information.. 63

4.1.2.2 The Way of Flouting the Maxim of Quality... 66

4.1.2.3 The Way of Flouting the Maxim of Manner... 68

4.1.2.4 The Way of Flouting the Maxim of Relation... 70

4.1.2.4.1 Flouting the Maxim of Relation Change The Topic... 70

4.1.2.4.2 Flouting the Maxim of Relation Unnecessary Inform....71

4.1.3 The Reasons of Testimony in Dian Sidoarjo Flouted Maxims... 73

4.1.3.2 To Convey The Feeling... 76

4.1.3.3 To Make Sure The Reader...79

4.1.3.4 To Make The Customer Curious with The Product... 82

4.1.3.5 To Promote The Product... 83

4.2 Discussion... 86

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 90

5.1 Conclusion... 90

5.2 Suggestion... 91

REFERENCES...93

This chapter presents an introduction of the study related to the area of discussion. The discussion includes background of the study, statement of problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Language is a tool for communication. Through communication, people can deliver wishes and commands, tell truths and lies, influence customer, express their emotion, and share ideas and information by uttering words and sentences to send their intention to make other person understand what they mean. It could probably never arise if we had no language (Moulton in Hawgen and Bloomfield 1998:3). The statement above clearly describes how language is really important for society.

Nowadays, language is not only for common communication such as telling truths or lies, express feeling, influencing hearer and expressing emotion but also becomes a commodity to earn money. Most of businessmen very clever in using language by choosing beautiful words in their commercial become beauty

testimony in order to persuade customer to buy some products. Sometimes, in testimony we find unclear words that cause missunderstanding. It could be

occured because speaker and hearer or owner and customer disobey rules of conversation.

Meanwhile, conversation can be successful if people obey the rules of conversation. Such as saying clearly, saying truly, saying in relevant utterances and saying in enough information. If people obey the rules of conversation, the hearer can understand what they mean. Grice (1975) argues that “speakers intend to be cooperative when they talk and people will have a successful conversation if they fulfill the cooperative principles that are related in the four maxims of conversation”

Based on Cooperative Principle there are four maxims of conversation, they are: Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Manner and Maxim of Relevance. As Grice (cited by Grundy,2000:75) explains that the maxims of cooperative principle are maxim of quantity (be brief); this maxim is concern with the amount of information which we expect from any conversational exchange (Finch: 1998:165), maxim of quality (be true); this maxim expect us to say only what we believe to be true and have supported evidence (Grundy, 2000: 74), maxim of relation (be relevant); this maxim expect us to make relevant conversation (Grundy, 2000: 74), and maxim of manner (be clear); this maxim expect us to avoid obscurity, ambiguity, and unnecessary prolixity.

Based on the phenomenon above, the writer was conducting the flouting maxims used testimony in Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop which are focused on the

utterances. So, almost all testimony were found utterances which used uninformative, too much information, disconnected conversation and sometimes untrue. Testimony was made to persuade customers hoping that customer will buy a products through testimony.

The writer uses Testimony in Dian Sidoarjo online shop taken from Blackberry Messenger. The writer interested in analyzing testimony in this online shop because marketing in Dian Online Shop always uses testimony to promote products, such as bag, veil, shoes, dress, shirt and cosmetics besides that she has many testimony in her Blackberry Messenger’s group. Each products has testimony. She also has two kinds of testimony, they are statement by her customer and conversation between Dian and her customer. Testimony purpose to influence customer, even though the utterances often disobey the rule of conversation

The writer was interested in using Testimony as the object of analysis because of linguistically, the utterances in this testimony use beautiful words. Mostly, the choice of words was excessive and each of sentences did not relate. So, the words in testimony can be close to the flouting maxims. Testimony could be spoken and written, but the writer only used written testimony in Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop which was analyzed. The study about flouting maxims in testimony has never done by other researchers. So, the writer took testimony as the data in this study. has already known about it,when promoting their products they relied in testimony. Thereby, the writer took testimony in this study.

The writer was taking testimony from Blackberry Messenger, although testimony in Dian Sidoarjo not only appear in BBM but also in Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp.Hence, Dian Online Shop puts many testimony in BBM and a lot of conversation from Dian and customer in BBM that is always captured by her then published in BBM.

This study has ever been done by some writers who are interested to take same field, but the most interesting of this study than others stated on object of study. If a lot of writers have ever taken their object from movie, newspaper and some advertisement. This study takes testimony as the data because nowadays, testimony is very outstanding. Testimony spreads in mass media such as Facebook, Instagram, Blackberry Messenger and anothers. It means that everyone has already known about testimony. Everyone knew about testimony but they did not understand what the intended meaning in it. So that is why, the writer presented this study in order to make the reader realize what the reason of testimony was delivered.

The writer expected that discuss about flouting maxims can give important contribution toward linguistic study because people certainly do some mistakes in using their words when they inform the information or promote products in an unexpected situation, while what they were saying was unclear, especially words were used in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo. Learning Grice’s theory and studying

the rules of conversation mainly in making testimony. It was supposed if another Online Shop made testimony based on the rules of converstation.

1.2 Statement of Problems

To analyze the flouting of maxims found in Testimony on Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop, the writer formulates three problems :

1. What types of maxims are flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop taken from Blackberry Messenger?

2. How the maxims are flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo from Blackberry Messenger?

3. What are the reasons of flouting maxims in testimony Dian Sidoarjo from Blackberry Messenger?

1.3 Objectives of The Study

The writer has an objectives of the study to answer the problems that analyzed in this study. They are:

1. To devise the types of maxims flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo taken from Blackberry Messenger.

2. To describe the way of flouting maxims in testimony Dian Sidoarjo taken from Blackberry Messenger.

3. To explain the reason why flouting maxims used in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo.

1.4 Significance of The Study

The writer hoped that this study is useful for the readers who are interested to understand deeply about the rules of conversation, after the readers read this study. The writer hoped that the readers can understand more about the rules of conversation, how the maxims used in conversation, how to creat smooth communication and how conversation created normally. This study is presented to help the owner of Online Shop in order to make effective communication in building testimony. Then, this study could be references to present the next research. In Addition, the writer expected that this study is easy to understand in developing knowledge and can creat the new data in flouting maxims.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study is limited to the utterances written in Testimony Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop. The writer focused this study in utterances produced by Dian and her customers, because testimony consists of owner or customer’s statement and conversation. The utterances by Dian and her customers is important thing to influence other customers and argued whether the product is good or bad.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

To make this study clearer, the writer gives more detailed explanations about the source concepts :

Cooperative Principle is the basic principle which explained the way of people interact with one other normally and how effective communication in conversation by society.

Flouting Maxims is a form to brake maxims which is used by the speaker or writer to presenting another meaning by says untrue, says in less or more information than is required, says unclear and changed the topic of conversation.

Testimony is a witness or a statement by a consumer about their satisfaction with a product or service they have purchased.

Dian Sidoarjo is one of Online Shop in Sidoarjo which has many products. Eaches of her products have testimony.

This chapter gives explanation more about Grice’s theory of conversational maxims. Grice’s theory is related to this object research, such as devise types of flouting maxims, the ways of flouting maxims and the reason of flouting maxims. This theory is taken from books and online references in internet. The writer also took previous study conducted relevant with this study, in order to make comparison with the other study.

2.1 Pragmatics

Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. According to Grundy (2000: 3), pragmatics is about explaining how to produce and understand the language which is used in communication everyday but apparently rather peculiar uses of language. Watts in Sell (1991: 26) explains that pragmatics deals with the study of meaning beyond that which is encoded in the linguistic structures themselves. It thus involves the relationship between utterances (rather than sentences) and their users and contexts of use. Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context. It thus involves the relationship between

utterances (rather than sentences) and their users and contexts of use. Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context.

It is a way of investigating how sense can be made of certain texts even when, from a semantic viewpoint, the text seems to be incomplete or to have a different meaning to what is really intended. Leech (1983) stated pragmatics as a study of discussing the speaker meaning linking with discourse situation. He also adds the pragmatics is a study of linguistics communication according to conversational principles.

Yule (1996:3) also adds four definitions of pragmatics. Firstly, pragmatics is the study of speaker’s utterances and the effort of the hearer to interpret those utterances. Secondly, pragmatics is “study of a contextual meaning”. This definition concerns the interpretation of the speaker’s utterance each utterance related to a particular context and how the context influences what the speaker said.In this case, both of the speaker and the hearer have to be aware of the context that follows the speaker’s utterance. Thirdly, pragmatics is a study that explores how the unsaid is recognized as a part of what is communicated. It explores how a hearer can make an assumption on the speaker’s utterances in order to gain at a correct interpretation. The last, pragmatics is a study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the uses of those forms. Based on explanation about definition of pragmatics given by Grundy, Leech, Watts and Yule, it can be concluded that pragmatics deals with intended meaning which is communicated by speaker or writer then interpreted by hearer or reader based on context that happen in the time of speaking. Hence, this study also includes to the

facts of speaker’s intention and the way of speaker does the rules of conversation in order to get good conversation. Thereby , the writer used theory of pragmatics because it relates with the conversational principle. Thus, Pragmatics is useful to analyze data in this study related to the context.

2.2 Presupposition

Presupposition is information which is assumed by hearer about the speaker’s talk. The hearer often catches what the speaker said by assumingwhat is being told by speaker based on the context of situation.

Stalnaker in Brown and Yule (1983:29) argued that presupposition is what is taken by the speaker to be the common ground of the participants in the conversation. Notice that, in both these quotations, the indicated source of presuppositions is the speaker.

This is an example “My uncle will come from Canada tomorrow”. From the example, the hearer may assumed that (1) The speaker has uncle and (2) his/her uncle in Canada now. The writer also illustrates by the following example:

Example:

A: Do you like ice cream?

B: Ice cream is really delicious. Strawberry is more delicious than chocolate. Presupposition:1.B likes ice cream

2.Ice cream is delicious

5.Strawberry ice cream is more delicious than chocolate ice cream 6.B likes strawberry ice cream

7.B maybe likes chocolate ice cream 2.3 Implicature

Implicature is a term in the pragmatics subfield of linguistics, introduced by H. P. Grice, which refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though neither expressed norstrictly implied (that is, entailed) by the utterance. It means, that something in the speaker means but does not say. This explanation also supported by Grace, Implicature is an inferred meaning, typically with a different logical form from the original utterance. Implicature is something implied and means from what is said. For example, "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still bestrictly trueif Mary had her baby after she got married.

Grice claimed that there were two types of implicature. They are Conventional and conversational implicature. A conventional implicature according to Grice , determined by “the conventional meaning of the words used”(1975:44). It means that The conventional implicature happens when the conventional meaning of words used determine what is implicated.

Grice makes a similar point about ‘therefore’:If I say (smugly), He is an Englishman; he is, therefore, brave, I have certainly committed myself, by virtue of the meaning of my words, to its being the case that his being brave is a consequence of (follows from) his being an Englishman. But while I have said

that he is an Englishman, and said that he is brave, I do not want to say that I have said (in the favored sense) that it follows from his being an Englishman that he is brave, though I have certainly indicated, and so implicated, that this is so. I do not want to say that my utterance of this sentence would be, strictly speaking, false should the consequence in question fail to hold (Grice 1989, p. 25).

‘Therefore’ is not the most convincing example, forit seems that the truth of the utterance doesrequire that the second proposition be a consequence of the first. More plausible is Grice’s earlier example involving ‘but’. She is poor but she is honest. Where the putative contrast between being poor and being honest is, he claims, “implied as distinct from being stated” (Grice 1961, p. 127).

WhileConversational Implicatureaccording Grice that is derived from a general principle of conversational plus a number of maxims which speakers will normally obey. Then, this principle called Cooperative Principle which Grice (1975:45) delivered “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Sometimes implicature is produced intentionally by speaker but can be understand or missunderstand from hearer. The writer comes the following example :

Ann: Where does Grice live? Bob: Somewhere in the Bay Area

live in. Thereby, the writer relates implicature to catch the messages if sometimes the speaker or writer implied somtehing.

2.4 Cooperative Principle

Cooperative Principle is outstanding with Grice’s Maxim or Grice’s theory. Grice developed a theory designed to explain and predict conversational implicatures. Through Cooperative Principle can identify how people normally behave in conversation, how people interact with one another and how effective communication in conversation. This principle is formulated by Grice (1975:45) “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage of the conversation at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of direction of the talk exchange in which you find yourself”.

Cooperative Principle are grouped together into four categories, called the Maxims of Conversation: the maxim of quality (truthfulness), the maxim of quantity (informativeness), the maxim of relation (relevance), and the maxim of manner (be brief).According to Grice (1975) that speakers intend to be cooperative when they talk and people will have a successful conversation if they fulfill the cooperative principles that are related in the four maxims of conversation. The categories are :

2.4.1 Maxim of Quantity

1. Make your contribution as informative as is required.

Both of clues should be done by speaker in order to say in brief. These clue expects the speaker says based on the necessary or to contribute as informative as is required and does not expected to say too much and too little information than is required.

Thereby , the speaker supposed to be informativeness as is required. The speaker could not talk in less or more information. If the speaker contributes in maxim of quantity, the speaker and hearer will success in conversation. It’s mean that conversation between speaker and hearer will be understanding one anothers. Example:

Andy : Do you have brother and sister?

Rani : Yes, I have brother and don’t have sister

The example above showed that Rani understand what is talking by Andy. Therefore, Rani answerd informative as required.

2.4.2 Maxim of Quality

1. Do not say what you believe to be false.

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

The speaker is supposed to say based on the clue above. It expects the speaker says true. These mean that the speaker should say what she/he believes to be true and does not say in less evidence.

Thereby, the speaker must be true in conversation. The speaker must say what he/she believes with the evidance. By saying in true one, the conversation will be success. Example:

Antok : Drew, do you know where is the Big Ban Clock Tower is?

Andrew : It’s in London

The example above explained that Andrew fulfill maxim of quality because Andrew does not say what he believes to be false. Factly, Big Ban is in London.

2.4.3 Maxim of Manner

1. Be perspicuous.

2. Avoid obscurity of expression.

3. Avoid ambiguity.

4. Be brief.

5. Be orderly.

The speaker is recommended to say in accordance the contribution above. The speaker are expected to say in easy understand for listeners, say clearly, say the real intention, say briefly and say orderly. These contribution is helpful in creating good communication, likes an example below :

Alika : I will buy an apple

Nisa : How price is it?

Alika : It is about ten thousand

These example, showed the good conversation, where Alika answerd in easy to understand, clearly, briefly and orderly. So, this conversation work perfectly.

2.4.4 Maxim of Relation

This maxim expected the speaker to say in relevant. It means that the speaker’s say must relate and connect with one topic to another topic. It is helpfulin success conversation. Example :

Dony : Where are you now?

Gita : I am on the way.

Based on example above showed that Gita’s answerd is connection with Dony’s question. Gita makes her answerd relate with what is talking by Dony. Gita says on the way because when Dony ask her. She is on the way to see Dony. It will be different if Gita says “sorry, I will come late”.

Thus, all of the explanation above has showed the way of maxims work in Cooperative Principle. Cooperative Principle is useful for speaker or writer creates good communication.

2.5 Flouting Maxims

Based on the explanation about Cooperative Principle above, could be concluded that some of hearer and reader usually catches the assumption about the speaker intention when the conversation happens. Then, some of speakers break Cooperative Principle. It is called Flouting Maxim.

Flouting maxims is done by uttering something absurdly false, uninformative, completely irrelevant and obscurity. Flouting maxims are produced about the speaker literally says is different with the speaker intention. So that, flouting maxims force the reader to understand hard about what the speaker intends to convey. Grundy (2000:78) states that flouting maxim is a particularly salient way of getting an addressee to draw an inference and hence recover an implicature thus there is a trade-off between abiding by maxims. Flouting used always creat conversation become disconnected, too much information, lies and unclear in habitual communication.

Grundy (2000) states that whenever a maxim is flouted there must be an implicature to save the utterance from simply appearing to be a faulty contribution to a conversation.

Another explanation also stated that unlike the violation of maxims, which takes place to cause misunderstanding on the part of the listener,the flouting of maxims takes place when individuals deliberately cease to apply the maxims to persuade their listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances; that is, the speakers employ implicature (S. C.Levinson, 1983)

Thereby, flouting maxim is an utterances that produced by speaker that disobey cooperative principle. Through disobey cooperative principle the conversation will failed. Here are the types of flouting maxim :

2.5.1 Flouting Quality

Flouting maxim of quality occurs when the speaker constributes in untrue utterances. Sometimes, the speaker or hearer does not know about her/his is saying, if is true or not. Some of people also says without the evidance. While, if the conversation obey maxim of quality. The conversation will be success but some of people often missunderstanding about what is talking about. It cause of flouting maxim.

There are some reasons for flouting this maxim (1) To convince the addressee (2) to cover something (3) to hide something. Example:

John : Where is Juanda Airport?

Mingky : Surabaya

John :Then, Abdul Rahman Shaleh Airport is in Jakarta.

The example above showed John flouts the maxim of quality. John says is untrue because Abdul Rahman Shaleh in Malang.

John should say in true then it will make the hearer understand what is talking by him. If the speaker disobey maxim likes the example above. Automatically the conversation is failed.

2.5.2 Flouting Quantity

The reasons of flouting maxim of quantity is to explain more about something; usually someone tries to explain about something by giving much information and expecting that the hearer will understand more about the topic, people use many words when they want to stress something in order to make the intended meaning more clear for the listener to follow, To expect something; Sometimes people act and say more words to show something but factly, the hearer even didn’t understand about the speaker says. Example :

Kanaya : Are you ready with mathematic olimpiade?

Kinara : I do worry. Even though, I have studied almost six hours a day

Based on the example above, Kinara flouts a maxim of quantity, where Kinara says in too much information. Kinara should says “I am ready” it will be better than say in much information. May much information make the hearer difficult to understanding what is said exactly.

2.5.3 Flouting Manner

Flouting manner occur when the utterances is ambiguity, not brave, unclear and obscurity. Example :

Kayana : What will you buy?

Based on example above that Kirani’s answer is unclear because “some fresh” may have another literal meaning. Automatically, kayana misunderstands Kirani’s statement.

Kirani is not supposed to say “Some fresh” only, but Kirani should say “ a glass of lemon tea”, because “Some Fresh” makes the reader or hearer confuseed then the conversation is failed. So, Kirani’s answer indicates flouting manner.

2.5.4 Flouting Relation

Flouting relation occurs when the speaker says irrelevant information. Irrelevant information is created when the speaker says in different topic. Some of reasons why the speaker flouts maxim of relation : first, to change the conversation topic; in a conversation people usually change the topic of conversation to avoid talking about something that is embarrassing or just to end the conversation. These reason is showed in the example below:

Nihay : Hi, Nad. When will you graduate?

Nadan : I am going home

Second, to give unnecessary additional information; sometimes people flout the maxim of relevance by giving unnecessary additional information to the topic being talked about. It is showed by the example below:

Area : Nadin was not in the class, even though there was final test

Jane : Final test will be held early tomorrow. We must come on time.

Third, to avoid talking about something; people usually say about something else when the partner of the conversation does not hear or understand about what they say because they do not want he or she know about it, example:

Anindit :When will you get married?

Arinah : Soon

Anindit : What did you say?

Arinah : I’m finishing the task

Another common example that shows flouting maxim of relation is showed below:

Anindit : When will you get married?

Arinah : I’m still studying

Based on example above that Arinah’s answer is irrelevant with Anindit’s question. Arinah is not expected to answer “I’m still studying” because it isn’t exactly answerd. Arinah should says in period because the question arises with “When”. It could be caused of Arinah does not want to talk about marriage, so she

changes another topic by flouting maxim of relation. Those conversation is not cooperative, because the conversation between speaker and hearer is ineffective.

2.6 Context

Context is characteristic outside of the text. Context helped us to know when the conversation was created and what are the reason of speaker produces her or his utterance. Context is helpful for some of people to catch the literally meaning by speaker’s say. Moreover, some speakers could not produce the utterances without knowing the context. So that why, context is really important in the interpretation of sentence.

Hymes in Wootton(1975:44), states the use of linguistic form identifies a range of meaning. A context can support a range of meaning. When a form is used in a context it eliminates the meaning possible to that context other than those the form can signal: the context eliminates from consideration the meaning possible to the form other than those the context can support.

Nunan states context as a situation that gives rise to a discourse and it is within the discourse. So, different chance means different context.

2.7 Review of Related Studies

This study focuses on the flouting of the conversational maxims. The writer uses Grice’s theory of cooperative principle (1975) as the basic in this analysis.Flouting is deliberate and apparent violation of maxims. Grundy (2000:78) states that flouting maxim is a particularly salient way of getting an addressee to draw an inference and hence recover an implicature thus there is a trade-off between abiding by maxims. Flouting used always creat conversation

become disconnected, too much information, lies and ambigu in habitual communication.

Thereby,based on explanation above the writer relate this study use those filed with some previous study that have similararea but focus of this study is different.

At 2013, Setyoko Cahyo Dwi Putro and Emalia analyzed about Flouting The Quality Maxim In Baby Milk Slogans Shown On Tv Advertisements. Based on cooperative principle in his analysis that study found four reasons for flouting the quality maxim in English baby milk slogans shown on Indonesian TV advertisements ,they are: interestingness, increasing the force of the message(effectiveness), competing goals and politeness. Weakness of this study is only using quality maxim in baby milk slogans. Whereas, this slogan also supported by quantity maxim, manner and relevant.

At 2013, Lailil Julia Afsa doing research entittled Study Of Flouting Maxim Found In Some Cosmopolitan Advertisement Slogans. Based on her research that advertisement does not briefs enough if the readers do not know the context, less informative, lack of evidence, and one of them is no direct relevance to the product. It happens due to the intention of making the slogan short. Consequently, producers sacrifice information, relevance, clarity, and believability. Context is needed in analyzing the hidden meaning of the slogan. Without knowing the context of the slogan, the readers will have a difficulty in understanding the meaning of the slogan related to the product that is advertised.

The hidden meaning of the slogan always brings the intention to promote the product and to persuade the customers to buy it. his study, the writer intends to identify the type of conversational maxims flouted in the advertisement slogans and to find out themeanings of the slogans based on Grice’s implicature theory.

At 2013, Praisya Jovani K. M analyzed about Flouting And Hedging Maxims In Bbc Podcast The English We Speak Taken From Bbc Learning English here are 37 utterances containing flouting maxims, which maxim of quantity takes the dominance as shown in 17 utterances. The speakers benefit from rhetorical strategies, such as irony, metaphor, tautology, overstatement and understatement to communicate the implied meaning. Second, 120 utterances of hedging maxims are found. Most speakers express uncertainty and inexactitude regarding the truth or their utterances so that hedges are used to avoid breaking the maxim also to minimize the imposition that may occur. As a result, 74 utterances are said to hedge the maxim of quality. Overlapping incidence between flouting and hedging maxims also can be found referring that the speaker hopes the listener to interpret the meaning and to feel the speaker’s hesitation all at once so that a proper response can be derived.

At 2013, Niclas Andresen analyzed about Flouting the maxims in comedy: An analysis of flouting in the comedy series Community. This paper explores how flouting of the Gricean maxims isused to create comedy in the television series Community. The aim of the paper is to find out what maxims are floutedthe most to create comedy and what maxims the different characters flout in order to create

inwhat situations the different characters flout the maxims for comedy. The paper is based on transcription of eight episodes of the series. The results show that the maxim of quantity was flouted most often, and some characters used more flouts than others. These results suggest that the use of flouts has to do with their different personalities, which is why some characters did not use as many flouts in order to create comedy, since it would not be in line with their personality.

Based on another researchers that had been defined, study of Grice’s theory used by some research. Most of the object of those studies are TV and newspaper. Meanwhile, this study analyzed different object. It is testimony often used by some online shop to persuade customer. Object in Testimony might become the newest object in this field. Not only the object, this tudy also relate flouting maxim with the four maxims, they are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of manner and maxim of relation.

Then, the related study as in Setyoko only focuses on Flouting maxim of quality, while Lailil Julia only focuses on types of flouting maxim. Praisya Jovani only focused on Flouting maxim of quantity, but her study increase more in hedging. Niclas focused on the maxim that often flouted by some characters. It means, that this study includes all of study above.

In this part, the writer discusses research method. It consists of research approach, data source, data, data collection, research instruments, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

The writer used descriptive qualitative approach. Descriptive in this study is designed to depict object and put all about description in literal meaning. Descriptive involves observing and describing object without influencing it in any way. While, qualitative means that data submitted is not in the form of numbers but script interviews, field notes, personal and official documents. So, the purpose of this qualitative research is reveal a reality deeply, in details and completely.

Thereby, the writer used descpritive qualitative approach in this method to focus on utterances in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo related with flouting maxims. Then, she used Grice Implicature in order to explain the meaning of utterances in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo.

3.2 Data Source

The data source in this research is texts of testimony which consist of some utterances. The text in testimony can be statement by customers and

conversation between Dian and her customers. This text was taken from Blackberry Messenger through Dian Online Shop’s group. The writer is interested in Dian Sidoarjo’s Testimony because the writer is interested in language used in Dian’s testimony. Dian Sidoarjo always spreads her testimony in order to influence customers to buy her products. In her testimony she always uses many beautiful words to persuade customers. Thereby, the writer argued that testimony consist of flouting maxims.

3.3 Data

The data used in this study is qualitative. It means that all data in this study were utterances which consisted of flouting maxims used in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo. The utterances in testimony Dian Sidoarjo taken by the writer are conversation between Dian and her customers and also statements by her customers.

3.4 Research Instruments

According to Johnson and Christensen (2004:33), in qualitative research, the researcher is the instrument of data collection. It means that the researcher is involved in collecting, analyzing, and describing the data.

Thereby, the instrument is the writer. In this study, the writer becomes an important role. Through the writer, this study got as well as possible because throughresearcher’s knowledge. It would be possible in collecting and analyzing data. The writer collected testimony in Dian Sidoarjo and understand the

utterances in conversation and statements testimony based on the context underlying.

3.5 Data Collection

In collecting data the writer used the following steps:

1. The writer printed out the testimony from Dian’s BBM Group.

2. The writer made underline in testimony that consists of conversation and statements in order to understand the language used in the testimony. 3. The writer gave a mark in utterances of testimony which included of

flouting maxims.

3.6 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the writer did several steps:

1. After the writer had collected testimony that has been categorized in flouting maxims, the writer identified the utterances to see what maxim had been flouted.

2. The writer classified the types of maxims in data based on Grice’s Maxim of Cooperative Principle. In this step, the writer made table to categorize the utterances in each type of maxims. Those steps were done to answer question number one.

3. The writer tried to describe the way maxims are flouted. In this step, the writer analyzed the way flouting maxims were used in utterances. Those steps were done to answer question number two.

4. After that, the writer interpreted the meaning in data, in order to gave explanation more about the reason of flouting maxim used in testimony of Dian Sidoarjo. Those steps were done to answer question number three. 5. Then, to achieve conclusion, the writer discussed all data in finding and

discussion. Finally, the writer could draw conclusion based on pragmatics theory and Grice’s theory.

In this chapter the writer delivered findings and discussion that focused on flouting maxims, which was found in testimony Dian Sidoarjo, then it was related with Grice’s theory in order to answer the research problemsof this study.

The findings of this study, the writer focused on the types of flouting maxims, which was produced by Dian Sidoarjo’stestimony, it was done to answer the first question of this study. Then the writer described how the maxims were flouted in testimony Dian Sidoarjo, it was done to answer the second question of this study. Moreover, the writer presented the context underlying of maxims, which was flouted to know the reason of flouting maxims utteranced in testimony Dian Sidoarjo, it was done to answer the third question. Furthermore, the writer classified the analysis regarding the types of maxims. In this finding, the writer also related some verses and hadits in order to decrease flouting maxims of quality, which was implied in the Dian Sidoarjo’stestimony.

In this discussion, the writer presented explanation deeply which came from the finding. Moreover, the result which came from the finding was presented in the discussion.

4. 1 Finding

Table 4.1 The Flouting of The Maxims

Flouting Maxims Data %

Maxim of Quantity 2,8,10,12,16,18,23 26

Maxim of Quality 1,5,7,9,11,13,14,15,19,20,22,24,25,26 53

Maxim of Manner 4,8,16 11

Maxim of Relation 3,6,12,15,17,21 20

4.1.1 Types of Flouting Maxims used in Testimony Dian Sidoarjo

The writer analyzed the utterances in Dian Sidoarjo’stestimony, which is based on the theory of Grice’s maxims. Those utterances were created by Dian and sometimes came from her customers. In this study, Dian Sidoarjo’stestimony flouted the fourth maxims; maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of manner and maxim of relevance.

4.1.1.1 Maxim of Quality

Maxim of quality supposes that the speakers say truthfuly and sincerity or they believe to be true. In other words, the speakers are supposed to say with show some evidences, because some of people argued the information is true if it is supported by evidence but some of them ignored the rules of conversation. The speaker often says what they believe to be untrue and says in lack evidence.

Hence, this case included flouting maxim of quality. Flouting maxim of quality was showed in the following data :

Except Data 1

Customer : Oh iya say, minyak bulusnya cepet banget efeknya buat kulit. Cepet mulus. Bisa ngobatin gatelku yang gak hilang-hilang. Sampek bekas hitam.

Dian :Minyak Bulus siip(Data 2)

The utterances above included Data 2, where the conversation above happened between a customer and Dian. The customer said, “Oh iya say, minyak bulusnya cepet banget efeknya buat kulit. Cepet mulus. Bisa ngobatin gatelku yang gak hilang-hilang. Sampek bekas hitam”. The customer explained that Minyak Bulus was suitable for her. In each of her utterances, she did not give the evidance that her skin has been seamless and her itch was gone. Certainly, these utterances made the reader could not believe with the testimony. It mens that, she is not only showed without evidance, but also she used the hyperbole utterance. Based on Cutting’s (2002) explanation that the way of flouting maxims are sometimes used used hyperbole, metaphor and irony. Thereby, the utterance, was stated by customer, showed flouting maxim of quality.

The customer should show the evidence if her statement was true. Otherwise, if the customer said without evidence, automatically it could create the reader hard to believe with her said. So that, some utterances could be true if it was supported by some evidence. Here, the true one would be known or not.

The conversation above strengthened by the context. The conversation built in the evening at 8:01 when the customer has been using Minyak Bulus which had bought in Dian Sidoarjo. Then, the customer sent BBM to Dian that Minyak Bulus was helpful for her skin. Besides for smoothing the skin, Minyak Bulus also could decrease a itch of skin.

Except Data 2

Customer :Siang sis, aku terlalu kurus pakai apa?

Dian :Pakai Sam Yun Wan ajaa. Tahuu kann?

Customer :Endak, apa sis?

Dian :Terbukti menggemukkan badan lhooo. Aman dan tidak ada efek samping.

Customer :Mau deh sis(Data 8)

The conversation above showed data 8, where the conversation was occured in the afternoon at 12:25, between Customer and Dian. The conversation above showed flouting maxim of quality. This flouting maxim produced by Dian “Terbukti menggemukkan badan lhoo. Aman dan tidak ada efek samping” . These utterance was produced when her customer asked to Dian about the product that those product was beneficial to increase the weight. Based on these utterances, Dian said in lack adequate evidence. She did not show the evidence about the truthness of her product. Even though Dian also said “Terbukti”, automatically Dian should support with evidence. It was difficult to believe her statement, although the customer bought those product. The customer bought it although she or he was doubt, the doubt about those product could be seen from customer said “Mau deh sis”. The word of “deh” means that she was doubtfulness. So, it was not

rare if some of reader argued that it was untrue statement. Thus, these utterances showed Flouting maxim of quality. Flouting maxim of quality occured when the speaker constributed untrue utterances. Based on Dian utterances, she was convinced that she was telling the truth.

Except Data 3

Customer :Sis wajahku jerawat pakai apa ya?

Dian :Simple sis, pakai theraskin ajaa. Banyaak lhoo customerku yang pakai. Terbukti ampuh hilangin jerawat

Customer :Mau deh(Data 10)

The conversation above between Dian and her customer. They discussed about avoiding acne. Data 10 above happened in the afternoon, at 12:12 when the customer consulted about her acne and wanted to use products from Dian Sidoarjo. The customer started to ask Dian“Sis, wajahku jerawat pakai apa ya?”.

The customer hoped that Dian Sidoarjo has a solution for her acne. Then, Dian answered “Simple sis, pakai theraskin ajaa. Banyak lhoo customerku yang pakai. Terbukti ampuh hilangin jerawat” It means that Dian’s answer was suitable with the customer question but based on this utterances could not see the evidence if theraskin could really omit acne. She broke this maxim because Dian recommended Theraskin for avoid her acne. Theraskin is cosmetics that consists of cream and soap.

Through dian’s utterance showed that Theraskin was good product and best seller by said “Banyaak lhoo customerku yang pakai. Terbukti ampuh

hilangin jerawat” , but in every statement she did not show evidence. The evidence about the truthness of Theraskin if those product was good for skin and alot of her customer used theraskin also. By said in lack adequate evidance, some of reader could not believe what she said. Sometimes, some of people argued that it was untrue, although these conversation showed that the customer bought it. Thereby, the conversation above showed that the utterances were produced by dian included flouting maxim of quality.

Except Data 4

Kiki : Siang sisst, aku mau ngasih testi. Bbku turun 4kg lagi sisst, hihihihi. Seneng bangeeeetttt tau gak siihhh. Skrg BB ku 53. Nanti aku pesen lagi yahhh.

Dian :Jadi totalnya brp kg say?

Kiki :11kg loooohhhh, it’s amazing buat aku sisst!!(Data 12)

Data 12 above was stated by Kiki and Dian. This conversation happened in the afternoon at 12:40 when Kiki sent Blackberry Messenger to Dian in order to gave information that Kiki was really happy with Dian’s product. It was called Glucogen. In this conversation, there was flouting maxim that was produced by Kiki as Dian’s customer. Kiki said to Dian “Siang sisst, aku mau ngasih testi. Bbku turun 4kg lagi sisst, hihihihi. Seneng bangeeeetttt tau gak siihhh. Skrg BB ku 53. Nanti aku pesen lagi yahhh”. When kiki stated her utterances, she showed her satisfaction about Glucugen to Dian. In Kiki’s statement showed that she would buy Glucogen again. Then, Kiki invited the reader to buy Glucogen that Glucogen was helpful to decrease the weight. The utterance was produced by Kiki included

flouting maxim of quality. It was occured when Kiki gave her statement in lack adequate evidence and Kiki said what she believe to be false. It could make the reader difficult to believe about Kiki said. It would be different if Kiki said by showing the evidence.

Except Data 5

Dian : Selamat pagii sis/bun. DSC terbukti memutihkan dan menghilangkan jerawat. Wajahmu kencang cantik dan tampak perawatan padahal tidak lhooo. Mauu?. Info:cream saya gak pakek bahan murahhh, masa exp 4 bulan ya.. gak sampek tahunan seperti cream murah lainnya. Flek tebal, wajah susah putih, jerawat bandel? Perawatan pakai creamku yuk, best seller klinik

Customer :Banyak cream sis. Cream apa?

Dian :Cream pemutih only 100rb 1 paket.(Data 16)

This conversation occured in the morning at 11:52. This conversation happened during six minutes. Data 16 above started by Dian when she promoted DSC and cream whitening by Blackberry Messenger. Dian sent in twice: first, she promoted about DSC and second Dian gave information about cream whitening.

Flouting maxim of quality was produced by Dian “Selamat pagii sis/bun. DSC terbukti memutihkan dan menghilangkan jerawat. Wajahmu kencang cantik dan tampak perawatan padahal tidak lhooo. Mauu?. Info:cream saya gak pakek bahan murahhh, masa exp 4 bulan ya.. gak sampek tahunan seperti cream murah lainnya. Flek tebal, wajah susah putih, jerawat bandel? Perawatan pakai creamku yuk, best seller klinik”. This utterances could be concluded that Diandid flouting maxim of quality. In her sentences, she convinced the reader to believe

what she said. This utterances also did not supported by evidence, it was not rare if some of people argued Dian said untrue because she gave information in lack adequate evidence and say what she believe although it was false. Even though, Dian said “Terbukti”, it means that Dian could show those evidence. It would be better if Dian said factly and supported by evidence.

Except Data 6

Dian : “Beautysky Magic Cream” Promo Free Ongkir Jawa Usir Wajah Kusam, komedo dan jerawatmu dengan beautysky magic cream

Adreana :Beneran? Coba deh(Data 18)

The conversation between Dian and Adreana occured in the afternoon at 1:11 P.M . It happened when Dian sent information about discount of “Beautysky Magic Cream” by BBM to her customer. At that time, Adreana responded thoose information.

The first speaker was Dian, she said “ “Beautysky Magic Cream Promo” Free Ongkir Jawa Usir Wajah Kusam, komedo dan jerawatmu dengan

“beautysky magic cream” , she gave those information because she wanted her customer to know that “Beautysky Magic Cream” was being discount. This product also helpful the face became more beautiful. She told all benefits of “Beautysky Magic Cream but”all of her utterance was not supported by evidence. So, these utterance would be difficult to believe the readers. Even, these utterances argued untrue statement. Thus, this utterances were produced by Dian showed flouting maxim of quality. Flouting maxim of quality happened when the

speaker said in lack adequate evidence and the speaker said in certainly wrong. This criteria occured in Dian’s utterance.

After Dian gave information about “Beautysky Magic Cream”, Adreana answered “Beneran? Coba deh” . It was explained that Adreana was dobtful if Beautysky could decrease the dull face, blackheads and acne. Although, Adreana would buy it to prove it.

Except Data 7

Vivian : Mbak wajah kasar pakai apa?

Dian : Tahu sabun beras thailand? Itu terbukti melembutkan wajah lhooo. Aku pakai lhooo(Data 23)

The utterance was produced by Vivian and Dian. This interaction happened in the afternoon, exactly at 1:05. They talked about the dull face and how to decsreased it. Then Vivian sent BBM to Dian in order to get an answer what product was suitable with her problem. Vivian asked “Mbak wajah kasar pakai apa?” . Then Dian answered “Tahu sabun beras thailand? Itu terbukti melembutkan wajah lhooo. Aku pakai lhooo” . This answer showed flouting maxim of quality. Flouting maxim of quality occured when the speaker constributed in untrue utterances. It was called untrue utterances because the speaker did not show the evidence when they said. Some of people certainly did not know if Dian used it or not, so Dian should prove her utterance if she used it and those product was benefits. Here, she did not contribute in some evidence so

that, some of people were difficult to think it was true or untrue. Then, it would be argued true if the speaker supported the evidence.

Based on this explanation, Dian said without support the evidence. Even though, she said “Itu terbukti melembutkan wajah lhoo. Aku pakai lhoo”. She could provide the real picture about her face which used Sabun Beras Thailand. Then, it would be complete maxim of quality. Dian flouted maxim of quality because she convinced to Dian that Sabun Beras Thailand was beneficial to avoid dull face. Dian also expected Vivian to believe her utterances that Sabun Beras was good quality.

Based on Data 23 above that testimony in Dian Sidoarjo Online Shop has been disobey cooperative principle. It was called flouting maxim of quality. There were seven utterances which was close flouting maxim of quality. It was argued flouting maxim of quality because the speaker or writer did not show the evidence when they gave some statement even, they talked as true. Although, all of their statement made sure the reader to believe the speaker or writer said.

4.1.1.2 Maxim of Quantity

This maxim indicates the speaker says as informative as is required and the speaker expects to say in enough information than is required. The speaker supposed to say based on the necessary, so that the speaker does not expect to say in less or more information. Thereby, if the speaker says in less or more information than is required, it is called flouting maxim of quantity. Here are the data which includes flouting maxim of quantity:

Except Data 8

Dian :Uda berapa yang invite say?

Customer : Banyak banget, makasih ya...Sampai sekarang ada aja yang invite, makasih ya...(Data 1)

The context based on the conversation happened in the evening at 5:43 when the customer had bought Jasa Kontak. Then, Dian sent Blackberry Messenger (BBM) to her customer in order to make sure that her customer’s contact has increased. Jasa Kontak is a service which helped the customer/buyer to get alot of BBM contact. So that was why, the utterances were produced by customer showed that alot of BBM contact which have invited the customer. Then, the customer showed that he/she satisfied with Dian services.

Dian asked to her customer “Uda berapa yang invite say?”. Dian implied “Berapa yang invite?” to her customer. It meants that Dian asked the number who had invited the customer. Then, the customer should answer “20, 50, 65, 100,or 350, etc,,”. So, these answer obeyed the rules of conversation that was included maxim of quantity, but the customer did not give the right answer to Dian. The customer said “Banyak banget, makasih ya.. Sampai sekarang ada aja yang invite, makasih yaa.”.Automatically, the customer did not give the right answer and made Dian’s question unclear. Thereby, the conversation between Dian and her customer became misunderstanding. The customer answered more information than was required by Dian’s question. Hence, these conversation above showed flouts maxim of quantity.

Except Data 9

Alika :Sis, harga Sam Yun Wan berapa?

Sis, harga Sam Yun Wan berapa?

Dian :Sam Yun Wan terbukti membantu menggemukkan badan lhooo sis,, disini only 50rb ditempat lain mehong sis.(Data 5)

This conversation between Alika and Dian. Alika asked “Sis, harga Sam Yun Wan berapa?” . Alika meants that she asked the price of Sam Yun Wan. Then, Dian answered “Sam Yun Wan terbukti membantu menggemukkan badan

lhooo sis,, disini only 50rb ditempat lainmehong sis”. Here, Dian did not give the right answer. Her answer was too much information than was required by Alika’s question. Dian should answered “Hanya 50.000, 70.000 or 75.000”. Actually, Dian should answer about price. Although, Alika has already known about Dian said. Thereby, Dian’s utterance showed flouting maxim of quantity.

Those conversation seemed urgent. Hence, Alika sent BBM in twice. It was happened in the morning at 11:33. From the conversation above showed that Alika was really need Sam Yun Wan. She asked the price in the first. It was done by Alika may she wanted to compare the price with anothers.

Except Data 10

Customer :Sis, punya DSC?

Dian : Adaa, DSC whitening acne, normal, gold acne. Disini only 200.000(Data 7)

These utterances happened in the afternoon at 12:19. The conversation was created because the customer would have bought DSC in Dian Online Shop. These conversation was starting by a customer who asked to Dian about DSC.

The customer asked to Dian “Sis, punya DSC?”. It means that the customer asked to Dian if Dian has DSC or not. After that, Dian answered “Adaa, DSC whitening acne, normal, gold acne. Disini only 200.000”. Dian was unexpected to give much information. Dian only should answer “Punya mbak”.

These answer showed maxim of quantity but here, Dian answered in many words. So, Dian’s utterances included flouting maxim of quantity.

Except Data 11

Dian :Mbk, gimana hasil jolen?

Eva :Iya ada hasile dek(Data 9)

The utterance was stated by Dian and Eva, this dialogue happened when Dian asked to Eva about how to use Jolen. Jolen is a cream that make the skin brighter. Then, Eva said “ Iya ada hasile dek” when she had used Jolen in her skin.

Here, Dian asked it because she wanted to know the result after her customer used Jolen. Meanwhile, Eva only answered “Iya ada hasile dek”. Eva’s answer was not expected for Dian’s questions because she gave little information than was required by Dian asked. Eva was expected to tell the result before and after she used Jolen and also showed the result factly. Thus, these conversation

showed flouting maxim of quantity. It would be different if Eva said “Hasilnya bagus dan cocok. Wajahku lebih kencang”, it could be called Maxim of quantity.

Except Data 12

Dian : Gimana yang anti melasma kemarin mbk? Uda kelihatan hasilnya?

Neni Yuliani :Udah, Alhamdulillah(Data 11)

Both of girls above was talking about Anti Melasma which has made the skin brighter. Those product was called “Anti Melasma”. Dian Sidoarjo provided those cosmetic. Their conversation happened on wednesady at 8:45 in the evening. Dian started to ask Neni when Anti Melasma had arrived in Neni

“Gimana yang anti melasma kemarin mbk? Uda kelihatan hasilnya?” . Dian implied that she wanted Neni to explain the result of Anti Melasma when it has been used. Then Neni answered “udah, alhamdulillah”. Dian did not want to Neni answer like that. Dian wanted Neni to give information about the result, so that she asked “Gimana yang anti melasma kemarin mbk?”. Then it was supported by next question “Uda kelihatan hasilnya?” but Neni only answered less information “Udah, alhamdulillah”. It was refer to the last question from Dian but the first question was not answered by Neni. Thereby, the conversation above showed Flouting maxim of quantity. It would be different if Neni answered

“Anti Melasmanya cocok dan gak bikin merah di wajah. Hasilnya udah nampak”, so the utterances included maxim of quantity but here, Neni Yuliani showed flouting maxim of quantity in her answered.

Except Data 13

Dian :Selamat ya, udah berapa lama?

Rara : Udah 2 bulan,, soalnya temenku nanya aku minum apa. Pas saya bilangin cobain Rumput Kebar. Saya langsung keingat kalau saya belum sempat kabarin ke Pak Sandy tentang khasiat Rumput Kebarnya.. Alhamdulillah membawa berkah.(Data 13)

The conversation above was taken from testimony. This conversation happened in the morning at 11:41 A.M when Rara has bought Rumput Kebar in Dian Sidoarjo. Dian asked Rara “Selamat ya, udah berapa lama?”. Dian asked Rara in order to know the benefits of Rumput Kebar. Rumput Kebaris plant that helpful for couple of married who wanted to have a children. Then Rara answered

“Udah 2 bulan,, soalnya temenku nanya aku minum apa. Pas saya bilangin

cobain Rumput Kebar. Saya langsung keingat kalau saya belum sempat kabarin ke Pak Sandy tentang khasiat Rumput Kebarnya. Alhamdulillah membawa

berkah” , this answered was given by much information. Rara did not give right answer. Rara should say “Sudah dua bulan”, it would be enough. Automaticaly, it was called maxim of quantity. Here, Rara said in flouting maxim of quantity because she added much information than was required by Dian asked.

Dian : Pantas, hahaha. Setelah pakek Masker Spirulina ya? Sepupu ayu udah lama pakainya ya?

Ayu : Kira-kira dari bulan April. 10 hari sebelum nikah, nikahnya awal mei.(Data 14)

The conversation above happened between Dian and Ayu. Dian said

“Pantas, hahaha. Setelah pakek Masker Spirulina ya? Sepupu ayu udah lama pakainya ya?”.Dian implied that she wanted to make sure that Ayu’s cousin has been long time used Masker Spirulina. Then Ayu answered“Kira-kira dari bulan

April. 10 hari sebelum nikah, nikahnya awal mei”. It showed that Ayu answered in much information, even though if Ayu said “Iya mbk, pakainya lama sekitar 5 bulan”it would be maxim of quantity and the conversation would be easy for the reader. There, Ayu answered much words than was required by Dian asked. Thus, the conversation above was close with flouting maxim of quantity.

This conversation also strengthened with the context in the testimony. This conversation happened when Ayu has bought Masker Spirulina in Dian Sidoarjo. Those product was used for her cousin before her cousin got married. Dian provided Masker Spirulina to the reader if it was useful for face treatment.

Customer :Yang di DP buat apa sis? Dian :Korset sis, mau?

Gimana pemakaian DSCnya sis? Customer :Lancar sis, makasih.(Data 15)

It was conversation between Customer and Dian. The customer asked to Dian “Yang d DP buat apa sis” mean that she wanted to know the function of those product in the picture. Then Dian answered “Korset sis, mau?”.

Automatically Dian answered in flouting maxim of quantity, because she gave less information. Even though, the customer asked about the function of product.

Her answered was not required by customer question. Dian said “Korset sis”, in the picture showed that it was korset. All of people could see that it was korset but dian should say “Buat mengecilkan area badan yang diinginkan sis”, this utterance would be adequeated more by customer question but there, Dian brakes flouting maxim of quantity.

The conversation was created in the morning at 11:45. It happened when the customer saw Dian’s BBM Picture then asked the function of those product. Dian also asked results of DSC that has ever been bought by her customer. This conversation happened during two minutes

Except Data 16

Kayana :“Bamboo Slimming”ada?

Dian : “Bamboo Slimming” membantu melangsingkan badan anda maksimal. Melalui Bamboo anda dapat mendapatkan ukuran badan yang sesuai dansexy (Data 19)

The utterance above was stated by Kayana and Dian when Kayana asked Dian about Bamboo Slimming.. This conversation happened in the afternoon at 1:18. Kayana asked to Dian about Bamboo Slimming. She asked to dian in order to know Dian sold it or not. Kayana asked like this “Bamboo Slimming ada?”. Then Dian answered “Bamboo Slimming membantu melangsingkan badan anda maksimal. Melalui Bamboo anda dapat mendapatkan ukuran badan yang sesuai dan sexy”. This answer was not expected by Kayana question. Dian’s answer as far from Kayana question. Dian did not give the right answer. Dian should say “

mbk, Bamboo Slimmingnya tidak ada” if there was not Bamboo. This answer would support Kayana question and could be called Maxim of quantity. Here, Dian answered in too much information, while much information made the reader difficult to understand what was said. Thus, this case showed flouting maxim of quantity.

Except Data 17

Kayana :Sis, nambah“grow up”ada?

Dian : “Grow Up” terbukti meninggikan badan, pemakaian maksimal bisa mencapai 10cm lhoo. Okee.(Data 20)

The conversation above between Kayana and Dian. This conversation also showed flouting maxim of quantity. It showed when Dian gave much words in her answer “Grow Up terbukti meninggikan badan, pemakaian maksimal bisa mencapai 10cm lhoo. Okee”. It was produced when Kayana asked firstly “Sis, nambah “grow up” ada?”. This question implied that Kayana made sure if there was grouw up or not. It would be efficient if Dian said “Ada sis” if Dian Sidoarjo provides it, otherwise Dian could say “Maaf sis, “Grow Up” tidak ada” if there was not “Grow Up”. Hence, Dian did flouting maxim of quantity because she wanted her customer understand more about“Grow Up”although Kayana did not expect those answer. Through gave much information, Dian promoted“Grow Up” to the reader.

This conversation occured in the afternoon, exactly at 1:15. Those conversation happened during five minutes. Both of girls talked about Grow Up.

The first speaker was Kayana when she wanted to know if there was Grow Up or not.

Except Data 18

Anton :Cara meninggikan badan pakai apa?

Dian : Pernah tahu “Grow Up”? Di Dian Sidoarjo termurah, tanpa efek samping.(Data 22)

The interaction between Anton and Dian, exactly at 12:35. Both of them talked about“Grow Up”. “Grow Up” is kind of improvement body medicine. At that time, Anton asked to Dian about the product which help to elevate the body. He asked “Cara meninggikan badan pakai apa?”. He asked to Dian in order to find the suitable product. Then Dian answered “Pernah tahu “Grow Up”? Di

Dian Sidoarjo termurah, tanpa efek samping”. Here Dian told in much explanation but her answers was not required by Anton. Dian could say “Pakai “Grow Up” saja”, it would be efficient and completed Anton question. Thus, her utterances lead to flouting maxim of quantity. Flouting maxim of quantity happened when the speaker gives less or much information than is required.

Except Data 19

Vivian :Sis, nambahCreamSari

Dian : Cream sari terbukti memutihkan kulit secara alami tanpa merah diwajah. Termurah disini yaa.(Data 24)

Vivian and Dian talked about Cream Sari. Vivian Sent BBM to Dian because she would buy Cream Sari in Dian Sidoarjo. These conversation happened in the afternoon at 12:48. Then, Vivian said firstly “Sis, nambah Cream Sari” . Vivian implied that she bought Cream Sari. Dian answered “Cream sari terbukti memutihkan kulit secara alami tanpa merah diwajah. Termurah disini

yaa”. Based on this utterance, Dian flouted maxim of quantity. Dian said in too much information, even this answer was not right. Dian should says “Oke sis” it will be better than she said in much words. Says in much words likes the conversation above could make the reader confused to understanding those words.

Except Data 20

Vivian :Tambah DSC juga ya mbak

Dian : DSC terbukti ampuh mengencangkan wajah seperti

perawatan dokter yaa kann? Disini juga murahh.(Data 25)

The conversation above showed Dian Flouts maxim of quantity. Dian answers in much information than is required after Vivian said “Tambah DSC juga ya mbak”. Vivian meants that She also bought DSC because in previous dialogue, exactly in Data 24 showed if Vivian bought Cream Sari. So that Vivian Sent BBM to Dian in order to added her shoping.

This conversation happened in the afternoon at 12:54.Then, Dian answered “DSC terbukti ampuh mengencangkan wajah seperti perawatan dokter

quantity because Dian answer was not right. Actually, it would be right if Dian said“Oke say”then this answer becomes maxim of quantity.

Except Data 21

Santi : Sist,,, sabunnya udah sampai 1 lusin, aku cobain, gilaaaa lembut banget, udah gitu kulitku berubah warna, padahal baru sekali pakai,, moist bgt sist mantaaaapp, aku mau lagi yaaaak 1 lusin besok kirim sist. Udah gitu aku coba pakai ke muka, ihh mukaku kenceng dan putih,, keren sisst, mau lagi.

Dian :Okee(Data 26)

The first utterance is produced by Santi. Santi said “Sist,,, sabunnya udah

sampai 1 lusin, aku cobain, gilaaaa lembut banget, udah gitu kulitku berubah warna, padahal baru sekali pakai,, moist bgt sist mantaaaapp, aku mau lagi yaaaak 1 lusin besok kirim sist. Udah gitu aku coba pakai ke muka, ihh mukaku

kenceng dan putih,, keren sisst, mau lagi.”. Santi explained that she was really satisfied with the product because those product made her skin brighter and her face became taut and white. She also would buy those product again. This utterance explained that the product has successfully made her face and skin brighter but in each of her statement there was not evidence that strengthened her said. Flouting maxim was produced by Dian. After Santi told her statement about those product. Dian answered “ Okee”. Hence, Dian answers in flouting maxim of quantity because Dian answered in less information, even though Santi produced in many words. Actually, Dian’s utterance was not needed by Santi . Dian supposed to be informativeness as is required, likes said “Alhamdulillah

kalau sabunnya cocok ya mbk. Oke 1 lusin ya” . It would be contribute maxim of quantity, where the conversation will be understanding more.

The conversation above happened between Santi and Dian. Santi sent BBM to Dian because the product which had been bought by Santi has come. Santi told that she had used those product and would buy again.

4.1.1.3 Maxim of Manner

This maxim hopes the speaker says orderly, briefly, avoid ambiguity, avoid obscurity and be perspicuous. The spaker must say in clearly and does not expect to say unclear, ambiguity, not brave amd obscurity. Maxim of manner must contributes in ever communication because this maxim help the hearer to easy understand. Here, if the speaker applies unclear information, it includes of flouting maxim of manner, the conversation is difficult to get the hearer. The result of data which based on flouting maxim of manner is in the following below:

Except Data 22

Kinara :Malam sis, hilangin bekas luka gimana?

Dian : Pakai Mailibahenling. Tahu kan? Murah tanpa efek samping. (Data 4)

The utterance is stated by Kinara and Dian. This conversation happened in the evening when Kinara has been wound . Then consulted to Dian what kind of product that must be used to omit the wound.Kinara asked to Dian “Malam sis, hilangin bekas luka gimana?”, then Dian answered“Pakai Mailibahenling. Tahu

89

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsb Bukhari and Muslim). Another Hadits also showed “Rasulullah SAW said: Who

lie in the name of Allah intentionally, prepare your self to live in the hell” (Hadits

Riwayah. Bukhari and Muslim).

This is delivered because the writer wanted the people to avoid flouting maxim of quality. Flouting maxim of quality could make the people, especially moeslem became deceiver. It means, in every the speaker’s life will be argued

✖0

✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✘✛.✜ ✘✢✣✛✤.✥✦.✘✗✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✘✛.✜ ✘✢✣✛✤.✥✦.✘✗✗✘ ✙✘ ✚✘✛.✜ ✘✢✣✛✤.✥✦.✘✗✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✘✛.✜ ✘✢✣✛✤.✥✦.✘✗✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✘✛.✜ ✘✢✣✛ CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The writer used Testimony in Dian Sidoarjo as the object of this study because the utterances in this testimony used beautiful words. Likes choice of words which seduce, although disobey Cooperative Principle. Sometimes the utterance is excessive and each of sentences did not relate so, the words in testimony can be close to flouting maxims. Based on the findings above, the writer concluded this study based on the formulated research problems. First, testimony in Dian Sidoarjo flouted all the maxims; flouting maxim of quality, flouting maxim of quantity, flouting maxim of manner and flouting maxim of relation. There were 30 utterances containing flouting maxims, which maxim of quantity took the dominance as shown in 14 utterances, whille there are 7 utterances flouting maxim of quality, 3 utterances flouting maxim of manner and 6 utterances flouting maxim of relation. Mostly, the utterances are produced by Dian.

Second, the way of maxims were flouted testimony in Dian Sidoarjo has been classified in the findings. It has been showed if there were two ways of flouting maxim of quantity they were less informatioan in 4 utterances and much

information in 10 utterances. Then, the way flouting maxim of quality was done by said in lack adequate evidence and said as true in 7 utterances. While, the way flouting maxim of manner was done by said unclear, ambiguity and difficult to

✧ ★

✩✪✫ ✪✬ ✪✭.✮ ✪✯✰✭✱.✲✳.✪✩✩✪✫ ✪✬ ✪✭.✮ ✪✯✰✭✱.✲✳.✪✩✩✪ ✫✪ ✬✪✭.✮ ✪✯✰✭✱.✲✳.✪✩✩✪✫ ✪✬ ✪✭.✮ ✪✯✰✭✱.✲✳.✪✩✩✪✫ ✪✬ ✪✭.✮ ✪✯✰✭ understand the reader, it has showed 3 utterances. The last, there were two ways of flouting maxim of relation, it was produced by change the topic conversation and gave unnecessary

Third, there were some reasons of testimony in Dian Sidoarjo flouted maxims; to help the customer understand more about the products, to convey the feeling, to make sure the reader about the product, to make the customer curious with the product and to promote the product.

The writer also put some verses and hadits to be additional information in flouting maxim of quality. The writer provides it, in order to know the prohibition of said untrue according to Islamic law. The writer expected to the reader can take the wisdom from those additional information. So that, the speaker are expected to avoid flouting maxim of quality. The writer has not found another invention which can be related with another flouting maxims. Thereby, the further researchers hoped to add some information which related another maxims in order to help the speaker avoid flouting maxims in every conversation.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer expects the reader and the next researchers can understand more about Cooperative principle by Grice theory. It means that the writer wanted to the reader can understand how to interact with one another in the right way and how to make the conversation to be successful. This study also hopes to the reader

✴ ✵

✶✷✸ ✷✹ ✷✺.✻ ✷✼✽✺✾.✿❀.✷✶✶✷✸ ✷✹ ✷✺.✻ ✷✼✽✺✾.✿❀.✷✶✶✷ ✸✷ ✹✷✺.✻ ✷✼✽✺✾.✿❀.✷✶✶✷✸ ✷✹ ✷✺.✻ ✷✼✽✺✾.✿❀.✷✶✶✷✸ ✷✹ ✷✺.✻ ✷✼✽✺ and the further researchers to do research about Cooperative Principle in the new object, which has not been investigated by the previous researchers.

The study about flouting maxim of conversation will remain as interesting discussion because some of speaker do not know how people normally behave in conversation. So that, Grice’s maxim becomes recommended for the next researchers to relate the study with those case. The writer also suggests to relate the study with some previous researchers that have similar area to compare the different topic, although the focus of the study is different.

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❃❄❅ ❄❆ ❄❇.❈ ❄❉❊❇❋.●❍.❄❃❃❄❅ ❄❆ ❄❇.❈ ❄❉❊❇❋.●❍.❄❃❃❄ ❅❄ ❆❄❇.❈ ❄❉❊❇❋.●❍.❄❃❃❄❅ ❄❆ ❄❇.❈ ❄❉❊❇❋.●❍.❄❃❃❄❅ ❄❆ ❄❇.❈ ❄❉❊❇ REFERENCES

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❑▲▼ ▲◆ ▲❖.P ▲◗❘❖❙.❚❯.▲❑❑▲▼ ▲◆ ▲❖.P ▲◗❘❖❙.❚❯.▲❑❑▲ ▼▲ ◆▲❖.P ▲◗❘❖❙.❚❯.▲❑❑▲ ▼▲ ◆▲❖.P ▲◗❘❖❙.❚❯.▲❑❑▲▼ ▲◆ ▲❖.P ▲◗❘❖ Putro, S.C.D & Emalia. 2013. Thesis.Flouting The Quality Maxim in Baby Milk

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