ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi
ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG ( Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi
Harto Widodo*, Azizatur Rahmah**, Rina Sri Kasiamdari**
*Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Centre
**Biology Faculty Post Graduate of GadjahMada University
e-mail: hart2wido2@gmail.com
ABSTRAK
Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) merupakan tanaman Indonesia yang memiliki khasiat sebagai afrodi-
siak, diuretik dan tonik. Menurut beberapa literatur, tanaman purwoceng tumbuh hanya di daerah dataran tinggi,
mulai 1.800 sampai 3.500 meter dpl di pegunungan tertentu di Pulau Jawa, yaitu Gunung Semeru, dataran tinggi Di-
eng, dan gunung Pangrango. Saat ini sulit untuk menemukan purwoceng di alam liar, bahkan di gunung Pangrango
dilaporkan spesies ini telah punah. Tanaman ini terdaftar sebagai spesies yang terancam punah dan hampir punah
(Lampiran I) oleh Konvensi Perdagangan Internasional Spesies Langka Liar Flora dan Fauna (CITES). Setidaknya
terdapat enam aksesi purwoceng yang telah dibudidayakan di Gunung Lawu telah ditemukan yang berbeda dari
tetuanya dari Dataran Tinggi Dieng. Mengingat potensi yang sangat tinggi sekaligus untuk konservasi tanaman,
penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan untuk mempelajari hubungan purwoceng yang dikumpulkan dari empat tempat
tumbuh pada fitur morfologi. Total terdapat 91 karakter yang diperiksa dari 13 aksesi yaitu dua aksesi diperoleh
dari Ranupani BTSNP Semeru (RP1 dan RP2); enam aksesi dari Gunung Lawu (GL1, GL2, GL3, GL3, GL4, GL5 dan
GL6); tiga aksesi dari Dataran Tinggi Dieng (GD1, GD2 dan GD3); dan dua aksesi dari Gunung Putri (GP1 dan GP2).
Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan MVSP 3.1 software dan algoritma UPGMA dipergunakan untuk menghasilkan
dendogram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua aksesi memiliki koefisien sederhana pencocokan (SSM)>
82%. Mereka membentuk tiga kelompok dengan SSM> 91%, kelompok pertama terdiri dari semua aksesi dari Gu-
nung Lawu dan aksesi dari Gunung Putri, kelompok kedua terdiri dari aksesi dari Dataran Tinggi Dieng, sedangkan
aksesi dari RanuPani TBSNP-Gunung Semeru dikelompokkan ke dalam kelompok ketiga.Kata kunci: Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb, morfologi, aksesi.
ABSTRACT
Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) is an Indonesian plant which has medicinal properties for aphrodisi-
ac, diuretic and tonic. This plant grows only in high attitude area between 1,800 to 3,500 meters above sea level at
the certain mountains of Java Island, i.e. Mount Semeru, Dieng plateau, and mount Pangrango. Nowadays it is hard
to find P. pruatjan grows wildly, due to its high extinction. Convention on International Trading in Endangered
Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) categorized purwoceng as endangered and nearly extinct (appendix 1).
At least six accessions of cultivated P. pruatjan in Mount Lawu were found which are different from their ances-
tor from Dieng Plateau. Considering the high potential and conservation concern of the plant, the preliminary
research was conducted to study the relationship of P. pruatjan collected from four reported growth locations
based on morphological features. Ninety one of characters were examined for 13 accessions i.e. two accessions
from Ranu Pani BTSNP-mount Semeru (RP1 and RP2); six accessions from Mount Lawu (GL1, GL2, GL3, GL3, GL4,
GL5 and GL6); three accessions from Dieng Plateau (GD1, GD2 and GD3); and two accessions from Mount Putri
(GP1 and GP2). The data were analyzed using MVSP 3.1 software and UPGMA algorithm was utilized to generate
dendogram. The result showed that all accession have simple matching coefficient (SSM) >82%.
They formed three groups with SSM>91%, the first group consisted of all accessions from Mount Lawu and acces-
sions from Mount Putri, the second group consisted of accessions from Dieng Plateau, whereas accessions from
RanuPaniTBSNP-Mount Semeru clustered into the third group.Legend: a. b. Habitus; c. Flower; d. Fruit and seed P. pruatjan is an Indonesian indigenous plant
ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
Previous study on morphological and genetic variations of P. pruatjan disclosed that there are two types of P. pruatjan which have slight differences between them. The first types has green petiole and white flower and the other has purple color both its petiole and flower. Analysis using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers revealed that those two types had genetic variations (Widodo et al., 2012). Further elaborative investigation of the plants grown at
with the altitude of 1.800-3.300 meters above sea level (m asl), and it grow well thrives approximately 2.000 m asl. (Rahardjo, 2005). Cultivating in area lower than 1.700 m asl will decrease productivity of the plant both quantity and quality. Purwoceng has low altitudinal adaptability (Wahyuni, 2009). Cultivating trial in areas with altitude of 600-800 m asl showed that the plant was only able to survive for three months (Darwati and Rostika, 2006).
P. pruatjan can be found at high area
Critically endangered even categorized as Extinct in the wild (Hidayat and Risna, 2007).
which is growing endemically in mountainous area, such as Dieng Plateau in Central Java, Pangrango and Galunggung Mountain in West Java, as well as Tengger and Iyang Highland in East Java (Heyne, 1987). Nowadays, the population of P. pruatjan drecrease dramatically due to a large scale of genetic erosion, even the population in West Java and Mount Pangrango mountainous area in East Java was reported to have perished (Darwati and Rostika, 2006). Research on endangered medicinal plant in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) indicated that P. pruatjan has been classified as
to Apiaceae family, with the following mor- phologycal traits, the leaves in one or more radical rosette, petioled, hairy on both sur- faces, imparipinnate; leaflets 3-11, sessile or subsessile, cordate-orbicular, crenate-dentate, 1-2.5 cm long. It has umbellules 4-8 flowers, and the stem is striate. The plant has strong aroma, with a thick root and numerous ascend- ing flowering stems bearing only poorly de- veloped leaves (Figure 1.) (Becker and Brink, 1963) Figure 1. Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.
Keywords: Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb., morphology, accession
Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb. belongs
cally used as aphrodisiac, diuretic, and tonic (Caropeboka, 1980). P. pruatjan has been used to increase stamina; it also has properties as analgesic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, antibiotic, and anticancer (Rahardjo, 2005).
inella pruatjan Molkenb.). Its root is empiri-
One of Indonesian endemic plants possessing therapeutic importance is Purwoceng (Pimp-
Indonesia is well known as one of mega biodiversity countries in the world. It is esti- mated that the amount of Indonesia flowering plant species is about 35,000 (55% endemic).
INTRODUCTION
Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi Mount Lawu using the basis phenotypic features founded more than two morphological types of
P. pruatjan. This morphological diversity of the
was launched by issueing Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (MHRI) Decree Number 003/Menkes/Per/I/2010 to provide evident based data about the safety, quality and efficacious of Indonesia herbal medicine (JAMU) through service based research. Raw materials of medicinal plants used in that program should be standardized thus medicinal plant, as a row material of Jamu, should be standardized as well. Authentication species of medicinal plants is one of the crucial first steps to obtain standardized medicinal plants.
both from wild habitat and cultivated area were grouped according to their major resemble characters (i.e. leaf, petiole, flower). This traits were distinguishable without any measurement tool. This preliminary groups were determine as accessions. Vegetative part (root, stem, leaf) and reproductive parts (fruits, flowers, and seeds) were observed to determine morphological features of each accession. Ninety one characters were identified. Voucher herbarium of specimens were collected in all accessions and placed in Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Centre (MPTMRDC) Herbarium.
Methods
The map (Figure 2.) figured out the regions in which the study was conducted.
locations of Java Island, i.e.: Mount Lawu (Central Java), Dieng Plateau (Central Java), Mount Putri (West Java) and Ranu Pani BTSNP– Mount Semeru (East Java). This research was conducted from March to December 2012.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials P. pruatjan were collected from four
Based on the above mentioned background discussion, this preliminary research aims to provide data on P. pruatjan diversity and to determine the relationship of the accessions collected from four different growth locations on the basis of morphological features.
Saintifikasi Jamu Program. This program
species might indicate the form of its genetic and environmental interactions.
Simplicia of P. pruatjan is major ingredient for aphrodisiac Jamu formula used at
Morphological characters or external features currently provide most of characters used for practical plant identification and many of those are used for hypothesizing phylogenetic relationships (Judd et al ., 1999). The morphological character recognition plant classification. Classification based on morphological characters can be used as a general reference for precise and rapid preparation of plant diversity maps, especially for Angiosperm. Morphology can be observed with a more convenient and practical compared with other properties (Jones and Luchsinger, 1986).
cultivars (Zhang et al., 2005). To be able to grow well each species of plants has its own optimum temperature, thus its natural growth distribution depends on temperature zone.
Festuca
., 2007). These factors include altitude, precipitation, light intensity, soil pH, soil temperature, and soil nutrients. Environmental factors such as different altitude basically affect in anatomy and morphology characteristics. Study on Festuca sp. Demonstrated that heat- tolerant cultivars had larger cells and more sclerenchyma and collenchyma (supporting tissue) in between the vascular bundle and epidermal cells compared with heat-sensitive
et al
Plant morphological characters were obviously influenced by environmental factors (Pujiasmanto et al., 2007; Stenstrom
Harto Widodo*, Azizatur Rahmah**, Rina Sri Kasiamdari**
ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi
Figure 2.The locations of Pimpinella pruatjan Molk. Colection site
Legend:
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Accession or ecotype is the smallest unit
A. Mount Putri West Java Province with the altitude of 1,623 m. a.s.l. in the population which has a specific genetic character. Morphological characters consist
B. Dieng PlateauCentral Java Province with the altitude of 2,039 m. a.s.l. of the differences and similarities between plants that occur in general. Its value can be
C. Mount Lawu Central Java Province with the measured from the stability, the more stable altitude of 1,800 m. a.s.l.
D. Ranu Pani BTSNP-Mount Semeru East Java character, the better the level of confidence or Province with the altitude of 2161 m. a.s.l. otherwise (Lawrence, 1955).
Based on major morphological resemble
Data Analysis characters, i.e.: leaf shape, the color of petiole,
Morphological dataset representing 13 accessions of P. pruatjan from four observed locations were characterized. The highest each observed characters were encoded 0,1,2,3 and so on, then analyzed by using the Multi diversity found was P. pruatjan from Mount
Lawu that had six accessions where as from Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) Version 3.1 with the Simple Matching Coefficient (SSM). Mount Putri, Dieng Plateau and Ranu Pani Index similarities of many type comparable
BTSNP-Mount Semeru were two, three, and operational taxonomic units (OTU`s) were two accessions, respectively (Table 1.) analyzed and clustered to generate dendrogram
Table 1. Determining accession based on major morphological characters
No Location Type of location Number Accession of accession code characterized1. Mount Lawu Cultivating garden
6 GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4, GL5 and GL6
2. Mount Putri Cultivating garden
2 GP1 and GP2
3. Dieng Plateau Cultivating garden
3 GD1, GD2 and GD3
4. Ranu Pani Natural habitat
2 RP1and RP2 BTSNP- Mount Semeru Harto Widodo*, Azizatur Rahmah**, Rina Sri Kasiamdari** P. pruatjan from Mount Lawu was more These environmental factors can interact.
diverse. This may occur due to environmental Furthermore, Douglas (1981) showed that stress. It was mentioned that P. pruatjan was competition reduced the size of Mimulus progeny of P. pruatjan primuloides plants at low altitudes, while low from Dieng Plateau which have been cultivated in Mount Lawu at temperatures reduced size at higher altitudes MPTMRCD research garden since 2007. At the and consequently the largest plants were found beginning of cultivating trial of P. pruatjan in at intermediate altitudes.
In this study, the characters were research area (1.200 m asl.) onlya few plants were able to survive. Those might have been able determined from vegetative and generative to adapt to the less optimum environment for morphological characters. The characters were their growth through a variety of mechanisms composed of the roots, leaves, stems, flowers and fruit. Thirteen accessions of P. pruatjan were for survival. As mentioned by Vince and Zoltán observed in term of morphological characters
(2011), plants have various mechanisms that allow them to survive and often prosper in covering 91 characters, 41 characters of them the complex environments in which they live. were polymorphic.
The mechanisms may either through genetic changes or just phenotypic plasticity which provide morphological variations.
These phenotypic variations might be due to responds of the plants to the environment in which they grow. Parthasarathy (2010) reported that environment factors were having a high degree influence on morphological as well as biochemical characters of the species.
Grazing and competition can also change plant morphology to a great extent (Pollard, 1986).
Table 2. Similarity index of 13 accessions of Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb. based on morphological characters
GL1 GL2 GL3 GL4 GL5 GL6 GP1 GP2 GD1 GD2 GD3 RP1 RP2
GL11 GL3 0,890 0,912 1 GL4 0,923 0,901 0,945 1 GL5 0,945 0,901 0,923 0,978 1 GL6 0,934 0,934 0,934 0,967 0,945 1 GP1 0,912 0,890 0,890 0,923 0,901 0,934 1 GP2 0,923 0,879 0,923 0,978 0,956 0,945 0,945 1 GD1 0,824 0,846 0,824 0,835 0,835 0,846 0,846 0,813 1 GD2 0,780 0,824 0,824 0,813 0,813 0,802 0,824 0,813 0,956 1 GD3 0,824 0,824 0,868 0,857 0,857 0,846 0,868 0,857 0,934 0,934 1 RP1 0,791 0,769 0,791 0,802 0,802 0,769 0,791 0,802 0,835 0,835 0,879 1 RP2 0,813 0,813 0,835 0,824 0,824 0,813 0,857 0,824 0,857 0,857 0,901 0,912 1
ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi
The accessions collected from Mount Putri (GP), Dieng Plateau (GD), Mount Lawu (GL) and Ranu Pani (RP) have highly morphological similarity. RP1 had a distinct characters compared to other accessions. It had the lowest similarity index of 76,9% to both GL2 and GL6. Based on the taxon-species concept that single individualis was considered as members of one species if it showed a similarity index of ≥70%. It was confirmable that those all accessions are still in the same species.
Clustering analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Mean) algorithm revealed the relationship among 13 accessions of P. pruatjan based on morphological characters (Figure 3.).
Figure 3. Dendogram showing morphological relationship among Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.
accessions using Simple MatchingMethod and UPGMA algorithm Clustering dendrogram with Simple Matching Coefficient (S SM )>91%(Table 2.), showed three groups of the accessions. Group 1 consisted of RP1 and RP2 accessions with S SM 91,2%, originating from Ranu Pani BTSNP- Mount Semeru. These accessions demontrated which had slightly distinctive morphological character to the accessions from other locations. Group 2 comprised of GD1, GD2 and GD3 with SSM 93,4%, accessions from Dieng Plateau. And group 3 clustered among GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4, GL5 GL6, GP1 and GP2, with S SM 91,2%.
Those three groups were formed by the values of closeness between each accession. Similarity index in Table 2. were generated from 91 morphological characters. Accessions showed similarities to join the same group as group 1 and group 2. Group 3 was a combination of GL and GP accessions. Although the geographic distance between Mount Lawu and Mount Putri was far away, GL and GP accessions were the same ancestor. Both GL and GP accessions were from Dieng Plateau. They have the same characters that might be joined to the same group. Ex-situ cultivation at lower altitude than the original habitat resulted in changing of the morphological characters of the offspring.
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ACCESSIONS RELATIONSHIP OF PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Hubungan Fenetik Aksesi Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb.)
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