Perencanaan Produk Fakultas Program Stud
MODUL PERKULIAHAN
Perencanaa
n Produk
Kajian Paten
Fakultas
Program Studi
Teknik
Teknik Mesin
Tatap Muka
04
Kode MK
Disusun Oleh
13039
Darwin Sebayang
Mohd. Fahrul bin Hasan
Abstract
Kompetensi
Modul ini berisi contah kajian paten
berkaitan dengan produk
Sesudah mengikuti modul ini
diharapkan mampu menerapkan modul
ini pada projek
Kajian Paten
1. Pendahuluan
2. Review of Available Patented Apparatus in the Market
The several of manufacturing methods and apparatus on the previous patents are reviewed
and summarized in the following section. The revision are consists of method used,
background of the invention and manufacturing processes.
2.1 Apparatus for Producing a Honeycomb Body (Park, Moon & Kim, 2004)
The apparatus of this invention is producing a honeycomb body, which can produce precise
dimensions to insert into a metal outer shell accurately. The spiral shaped honeycomb body
is made by folding a flat and corrugated sheet metal into a roll. The invention is to prevent a
separating between the honeycomb body and the metal outer shell if the outer diameter of
the honeycomb body is less than the inner diameter of the metal outer shell. On the other
hand, if the outer diameter of the honeycomb body is larger than the inner diameter of the
metal outer shell, it is impossible to insert without damaging the shape of honeycomb body.
The apparatus includes a roll part for supplying a thin metal flat sheet via several rolls, a part
for measuring the length of the flat sheet metal, a part for supplying a corrugated sheet metal
via several rolls, a winding roll of a honeycomb body which is made by folding the
overlapping flat and corrugated sheet metal into a roll, a part for measuring the rotation
angle of winding roll and a control part which controls the amount of winding in a roll of a
honeycomb body. Figure 2.3 illustrates an apparatus for producing a honeycomb body.
Figure 2.3: Illustration of an apparatus for producing a honeycomb body [Park, Moon
& Kim, 2004].
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2.2 Methods for Manufacturing by Heat Treatment of Metals (Solntsev et al.,
2000)
The invention relates to monolithic metal oxide structures made from metals and
methods for manufacturing the spiral catalyst substrate by heat treatment of metals.
This method was attempt to manufacture because of there is a need for metal oxide
structures which are of high strength, efficiently and inexpensively manufactured in
environment benign processes. There also is a need for metal oxide structures which
are capable of providing refractory characteristics such as are required in demanding
temperature and chemical environment and having a variety of shapes and wall
thicknesses.
The manufacturing process of this method is starting with the disk comprises
a first flat sheet of steel adjacent a second corrugated sheet of steel, forming a
triangular cell (mesh), which are rolled together to form a disk of suitable diameter.
Then, the metal containing spiral structures were heated to a temperature below the
melting point of metal to form a monolithic metal oxide structure having substantially
the same shape. Figure 2.4 shows the drawings of the invention.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.4: (a) is a side view of an assembly suitable for processing metal structures
according to process of the invention; (b) is a plan view of an exemplary metal
structure shaped [Solntsev et al., 2000].
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2.3 Multi-point Welding Method (Matsuo et al.,1995)
The invention relates to a method of welding multi-points to be welded for a short
time for producing a spiral catalyst substrate. In the catalyst structure, the flat sheet
metal needs to be welded to the corrugated sheet metal for preventing separation of
layers. This method also provide a multi-point welding method wherein multi-points
to be welded are certainly welded for a short time.
An alternately laminating a flat and corrugated sheet metal were formed into
approximately cylindrical base body as a beginning of manufacturing process of this
method. Then, the laminating of a sheet metal is wound in a spiral shape. An
electrode apart is mounted from one end surface of the base body. Finally, the
electric discharges are generated to fuse and join the contact points of the flat sheet
to the corrugated sheet. Figure 2.5 shows the drawings of multi-point welding
method.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.5: (a) is an explanatory view showing a forming process of flat and
corrugated sheet metal; (b) is an explanatory view showing a welding process by
electric discharges [Matsuo et al.,1995].
2.4 Apparatus for Shaping a Spiral Catalyst Support (Retallick, 1987)
The spiral structure is simple to build, but it has suffered from a major disadvantage
which has limited its use for catalytic converters. The disadvantage is the layers of
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the spiral structure telescope outwardly, due to the pulsating exhaust of the
automobile. Therefore, the apparatus for shaping a spiral catalyst support was
invented to solve this problem, which the invention able to prevents telescoping of
the layers of the spiral catalyst support so that the invention does not require brazing
of the sheet metal.
The catalyst support is made by first winding a flat and corrugated metal strips
to form a spiral shaped structure. Then, the strips are wound together on a mandrel,
which is removed after the winding to leave an axial hole. The structure after being
inserted into a cylindrical tube is flattened at each end and to provide a continuously
tapered catalyst support. Finally, the tapers in the support insure that the layers of
the spiral cannot telescope outwardly in either direction. Figure 2.6 shows the
drawings of the invention.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.6: (a) is an end view of a metal catalyst support before it has been flattened,
also showing the layers in fragmentary form; (b) is a side view of the apparatus used
in the method of making the catalyst support of the invention [Retallick, 1987].
2.5 Spiral Catalyst Substrate Produced by the Previous Inventions
The manufacturing processes of spiral catalyst substrate on the previous inventions
which had discussed above are compared according to the material and geometries
of the spiral catalyst substrate and are summarized as in Table 2.1.
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Table 2.1: Review of catalyst substrate produced by the previous patented
X = unspecified
2.6 The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Previous Inventions
The patents have advantages and disadvantages of their invention which can be
seen the summarization in Table 2.2. From these summaries, the process can be
easily understood in order to recognize the gap in the literature.
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Table 2.2: Review of patented apparatus and methods of manufacturing a spiral catalyst substrate
Year &
Inventor
The
Invention
Advantage
1. Presented a new apparatus for
producing a catalyst substrate.
2004
Park et al
[36]
Apparatus
for
producing a
honeycomb
body
2. Can produce precise dimensions
for accurately inserting the
substrate into a metal outer shell.
3. Can supplying a several rolls of
flat and corrugated sheet metal.
Disadvantage
1. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
2. The invention is not specified
the geometry of spiral catalyst
substrate.
4. Have a control part for measuring
the length of the sheet metal and
rotational angle of winding roll.
2000
Sointsev
et al [35].
1995
Matsuo et
al [34]
Methods for
Manufacturi
ng by Heat
Treatment
of Metals
Multi-point
welding
method
1. Introduced a new method for
metal oxide structures for
manufacturing the structures.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Provide a metal which are
capable to operate in demanding
temperature and chemical
environments.
2. The method does not show the
invention functionality.
1. The invention provides a new
technique, multi-point welding
method.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Capable to weld a flat sheet with
a corrugated sheet for a short
time.
2. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
1. Capable to prevent telescoping of
the layers of a spiral catalyst
substrate.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Does not require brazing of the
metal. Any types of metal
materials.
2. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
1987
Retallick
[33].
Apparatus
for Shaping
a Spiral
Catalyst
Support
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3. The process is complicated to
understand.
3. Have a method of making a metal
3. The invention is not specified
catalyst
substrate.
the geometry of spiral catalyst
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substrate.
Daftar Pustaka
[1] B.L. Lester, "Implementing technology-forcing policies: "The 1970 clean air act
amendments and the introduction of advanced automotive emissions control in the
United States," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 72, 2005, pp. 761778.
[2] V.T. Martyn, "Roles of catalytic oxidation in control of vehicle exhaust emissions,"
Catalysis Today, vol. 117, 2006, pp. 407-418.
[3] T. Shamim, and H. Shen, "Effect of geometric parameters on the performance of
automotive catalytic converters," International Journal of Science and Technology, vol.
14, 2003, pp. 15-22.
[4] R.M. Heck, and R.J. Farrauto, "Environmental catalysis into the 21 st century," Catalysis Today,
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
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2
vol. 55, 2000, pp. 179-187.
M. Valentini, G. Groppi, C. Cristiani, M. Levi, E. Tronconi, and P. Forzatti. "The deposition of γAl2O3 layers on ceramic and metallic supports for the preparation of structured catalysts,"
Catalysis Today, vol. 69, 2001, pp. 307-314.
D. Betta et al. at R.E.Hayes and S.T. Kolaczkowski. Introduction to Catalytic Combustion.
Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1997.
X. Wu, D. Weng, S. Zhao, and W. Chen. "Influence of an aluminized intermediate layer on the
adhesion of a γ-Al2O3 washcoat on FeCrAl," Surface & Coating Technology, vol.190, 2005, pp.
434-439.
R.M. Heck and R.J. Farrauto, "Automobile Exhaust Catalyst Applied Catalysis," A General
vol.221, 2001, pp. 443-457.
B.B.Gosh, P.C. Roy, P.P.Gosh, M.N. Gupta, and P.K.Santra, "Control of SI engine exhaust emission
using ZSM-5 supported Cu-Pt bimetals as a Catalyst," SAE International, 2002-01-2147, 2002
Higashiyama,K., Nagayama,T., Nagano,M., Nakagawa,S., Tominaga,S., Murakami,K. and
Hamada,I, "A catalyzed hydrocarbon trap using metal-impregnated zeolite for SULEV systems,"
SAE International, 2003-01-0815, 2003.
D. Sebayang, P. Untoro, Y. Putrasari, Y.H. Soon, M.Hashim, and M. Ghomma, “Influence of
difference deposition technique of nickel on FeCrAl metallic monolith," Malaysian Metallurgical
Conference, 2009.
R.A. Searles, "Contribution of automotive catalytic converters," in Material Aspects in
Automotive Catalytic Converters, H. Bode, Ed. Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2002, pp. 3-16.
R. Bruck, "Development status of metal substrate catalyst," in Material Aspects in Automotive
Catalytic Converters, H. Bode, Ed. Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2002, pp. 19-30.
Quadakkers, W.J., and Bennet, M.J. (1994). Materials Science and Technology, 10, pp.126-132.
Amano, T., Watanabe T., and Michiyama, K., (2000). Oxidation of Metals, 53, Nos. 5/6, pp. 3035.
S. Rajadurai, S. Jacob, C. Serrel, R. Morin, and Z. Kircanski, "Wiremesh substrate for oxidation,
TWC and SCR converters," Advanced Propulsion & Emissionet, 2006, pp.97-105.
K. Oouchi, K. Shibata and K. Nishizawa, "Development of thinnest wall catalyst substrate," SAE
Paper, 2002-01-0358, 2002.
Kolb-Telieps, J. Klower, R. Hojda, and U. Heubner, "A new production technique for FeCrAl," in
Material Aspect in Automotive Catalytic Converters, H. Bode, Ed, WerkstoffInformationsgesselschaft, 1997, pp.99-104.
K. Solntsev, E. Shustorovich, S. Myasoedov, V. Margunov, A. Chernyavsky, Y. Buslaev, and R.
Montano, "Thin-walled monolithic metal oxide structures made from metals, and method for
manufacturing such structures, United States Patent, No. 6,051,203, 2000.
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[20] H. Bode, "Lifetime predictions of uncoated metal-supported catalysts via Modelling and
simulation, based on reliable material data," in Material Aspects in Automotive Catalytic
Converters, H. Bode, Ed. Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2002, pp. 134-143.
[21] Y. Miyairi, T.Aoki, S. Hirose, Y. Yamamoto, M. Makino, S. Miwa, and F. Abe, "Effect of cell shape
on mass transfer and pressure loss," SAE Internationals, 2003-01-0815, 2003.
[22] M. Chen, J. Aleixo, S. Williams, and T. Leprince, "CFD modelling of 3-way catalytic converter with
detailed catalytic surface reaction mechanism," SAE Internationals, 2004.
[23] S.H. Aminordin, "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for a catalytic converter design,"
Thesis (M. Eng), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia, 2008.
[24] D. Sebayang, P. Untoro, A.R. Hamimah, C.T. Lim, and M.I.S. Azizan, "The application of natural
zeolite to reduce harmful gases from exhaust system," 5th International Materials Technology
Conference and Exhibition, 2006, Malaysia: Institute of Materials Malaysia (IMM).
[25] D. Sebayang, S.H Amirnordin, P. Untoro, and A.R. Hamimah, "Current status on the
development of catalytic converter project. 1st," Malaysian Technical University Colleges Annual
Conference on Engineering and Technology (MUCET), 2006.
[26] A.R. Hamimah, K.F. Shahrudin, R.A. Ainun, and B. Hatijah, "Development of SiC-zeolite Porous
ceramic. Conference on applied sciences, 2006, Malaysia: UiTM.
[27] A.R. Hamimah, R.A. Ainun, B. Hatijah, and F.S. Khairul, "Influence of additive and sintering
temperature on porous ceramic properties," International Conference on Solid State Science
and Technology, 2006, Malaysia: KUSTEM.
[28] I. Garrn, C. Reetz, N. Brandes, L.W. Kroh and H. Schubert, "Journal of the European Ceramic
Society," vol. 24, 2004, pp. 579-587.
[29] A.R. Hamimah, and C.G. Yap, "Preparation of ceramic foam by simple casting process," PSU-UNS
International Conference on Engineering and Environment (ICEE-2007), 2007.
[30] R. M. Heck, R.J. Farrauto, and S.T. Gulati, Catalytic Air Pollution Control Comercial Technology 2nd
ed, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002, pp. 79-80.
[31] US Patent, "NiO Catalyst Configuration, Methods for Making NOx Adsorbers, and Methods for
Reducing Emissions," No. US6,930,073B2., Aug. 16, 2005.
[32] ThyssenKrupp VDM, Aluchrom Yhf, Material Data Sheet No. 4049, March 2008 Edition,
Germany.
[33] W.J. Quadakkers, and L. Singheiser, Materials Science Forum, vol. 77, 2001, pp. 369-372.
[34] D. Naumenko, Effect of Metallurgical Chemistry and Service Condition on the Oxidation Limited
Life Time of FeCrAl-based Components, PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen, 2001.
[35] P. Untoro, M. Dani, H.-J. Klaar, J. Mayer, D. Naumenko, J.C. Kuo, and W.J. Quadakkers, "The effect
of trace amounts of Mg in fecral alloys on the microstructure of the protective alumina surface
scales", Proceeding of MACC, 2001,pp. 271-277.
[36] M. F. Hassan, D. Sebayang P. Untoro, "Conceptual design of a spiral catalytic support",
International Conference on Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (ICME 2008), 2008.
[37] M. F. Hasssan, D. Sebayang , P. Untoro, "Apparatus for producing a spiral shape of corrugated
sheet metal for substrate of catalytic converter", ICAME 09, Malaysia, 2009.
NOMENCLATURE
BATAN Badan Tenaga Nuklir Indonesia
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CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics
CO
carbon monoxide
CO2
carbon dioxide
FeCrAl ferum chromium aluminium
HC
hydrocarbon
NOx
nitrogen oxide
O2
oxygen
OSC
oxygen storage capacity
Pd
paladium
Pt
platinum
Rh
rhodium
rpm
revolution per minute
SiC
silicon carbide
TWC
3-way catalyst
UTHM
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
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Perencanaa
n Produk
Kajian Paten
Fakultas
Program Studi
Teknik
Teknik Mesin
Tatap Muka
04
Kode MK
Disusun Oleh
13039
Darwin Sebayang
Mohd. Fahrul bin Hasan
Abstract
Kompetensi
Modul ini berisi contah kajian paten
berkaitan dengan produk
Sesudah mengikuti modul ini
diharapkan mampu menerapkan modul
ini pada projek
Kajian Paten
1. Pendahuluan
2. Review of Available Patented Apparatus in the Market
The several of manufacturing methods and apparatus on the previous patents are reviewed
and summarized in the following section. The revision are consists of method used,
background of the invention and manufacturing processes.
2.1 Apparatus for Producing a Honeycomb Body (Park, Moon & Kim, 2004)
The apparatus of this invention is producing a honeycomb body, which can produce precise
dimensions to insert into a metal outer shell accurately. The spiral shaped honeycomb body
is made by folding a flat and corrugated sheet metal into a roll. The invention is to prevent a
separating between the honeycomb body and the metal outer shell if the outer diameter of
the honeycomb body is less than the inner diameter of the metal outer shell. On the other
hand, if the outer diameter of the honeycomb body is larger than the inner diameter of the
metal outer shell, it is impossible to insert without damaging the shape of honeycomb body.
The apparatus includes a roll part for supplying a thin metal flat sheet via several rolls, a part
for measuring the length of the flat sheet metal, a part for supplying a corrugated sheet metal
via several rolls, a winding roll of a honeycomb body which is made by folding the
overlapping flat and corrugated sheet metal into a roll, a part for measuring the rotation
angle of winding roll and a control part which controls the amount of winding in a roll of a
honeycomb body. Figure 2.3 illustrates an apparatus for producing a honeycomb body.
Figure 2.3: Illustration of an apparatus for producing a honeycomb body [Park, Moon
& Kim, 2004].
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2.2 Methods for Manufacturing by Heat Treatment of Metals (Solntsev et al.,
2000)
The invention relates to monolithic metal oxide structures made from metals and
methods for manufacturing the spiral catalyst substrate by heat treatment of metals.
This method was attempt to manufacture because of there is a need for metal oxide
structures which are of high strength, efficiently and inexpensively manufactured in
environment benign processes. There also is a need for metal oxide structures which
are capable of providing refractory characteristics such as are required in demanding
temperature and chemical environment and having a variety of shapes and wall
thicknesses.
The manufacturing process of this method is starting with the disk comprises
a first flat sheet of steel adjacent a second corrugated sheet of steel, forming a
triangular cell (mesh), which are rolled together to form a disk of suitable diameter.
Then, the metal containing spiral structures were heated to a temperature below the
melting point of metal to form a monolithic metal oxide structure having substantially
the same shape. Figure 2.4 shows the drawings of the invention.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.4: (a) is a side view of an assembly suitable for processing metal structures
according to process of the invention; (b) is a plan view of an exemplary metal
structure shaped [Solntsev et al., 2000].
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2.3 Multi-point Welding Method (Matsuo et al.,1995)
The invention relates to a method of welding multi-points to be welded for a short
time for producing a spiral catalyst substrate. In the catalyst structure, the flat sheet
metal needs to be welded to the corrugated sheet metal for preventing separation of
layers. This method also provide a multi-point welding method wherein multi-points
to be welded are certainly welded for a short time.
An alternately laminating a flat and corrugated sheet metal were formed into
approximately cylindrical base body as a beginning of manufacturing process of this
method. Then, the laminating of a sheet metal is wound in a spiral shape. An
electrode apart is mounted from one end surface of the base body. Finally, the
electric discharges are generated to fuse and join the contact points of the flat sheet
to the corrugated sheet. Figure 2.5 shows the drawings of multi-point welding
method.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.5: (a) is an explanatory view showing a forming process of flat and
corrugated sheet metal; (b) is an explanatory view showing a welding process by
electric discharges [Matsuo et al.,1995].
2.4 Apparatus for Shaping a Spiral Catalyst Support (Retallick, 1987)
The spiral structure is simple to build, but it has suffered from a major disadvantage
which has limited its use for catalytic converters. The disadvantage is the layers of
201
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Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
the spiral structure telescope outwardly, due to the pulsating exhaust of the
automobile. Therefore, the apparatus for shaping a spiral catalyst support was
invented to solve this problem, which the invention able to prevents telescoping of
the layers of the spiral catalyst support so that the invention does not require brazing
of the sheet metal.
The catalyst support is made by first winding a flat and corrugated metal strips
to form a spiral shaped structure. Then, the strips are wound together on a mandrel,
which is removed after the winding to leave an axial hole. The structure after being
inserted into a cylindrical tube is flattened at each end and to provide a continuously
tapered catalyst support. Finally, the tapers in the support insure that the layers of
the spiral cannot telescope outwardly in either direction. Figure 2.6 shows the
drawings of the invention.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.6: (a) is an end view of a metal catalyst support before it has been flattened,
also showing the layers in fragmentary form; (b) is a side view of the apparatus used
in the method of making the catalyst support of the invention [Retallick, 1987].
2.5 Spiral Catalyst Substrate Produced by the Previous Inventions
The manufacturing processes of spiral catalyst substrate on the previous inventions
which had discussed above are compared according to the material and geometries
of the spiral catalyst substrate and are summarized as in Table 2.1.
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Table 2.1: Review of catalyst substrate produced by the previous patented
X = unspecified
2.6 The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Previous Inventions
The patents have advantages and disadvantages of their invention which can be
seen the summarization in Table 2.2. From these summaries, the process can be
easily understood in order to recognize the gap in the literature.
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Table 2.2: Review of patented apparatus and methods of manufacturing a spiral catalyst substrate
Year &
Inventor
The
Invention
Advantage
1. Presented a new apparatus for
producing a catalyst substrate.
2004
Park et al
[36]
Apparatus
for
producing a
honeycomb
body
2. Can produce precise dimensions
for accurately inserting the
substrate into a metal outer shell.
3. Can supplying a several rolls of
flat and corrugated sheet metal.
Disadvantage
1. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
2. The invention is not specified
the geometry of spiral catalyst
substrate.
4. Have a control part for measuring
the length of the sheet metal and
rotational angle of winding roll.
2000
Sointsev
et al [35].
1995
Matsuo et
al [34]
Methods for
Manufacturi
ng by Heat
Treatment
of Metals
Multi-point
welding
method
1. Introduced a new method for
metal oxide structures for
manufacturing the structures.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Provide a metal which are
capable to operate in demanding
temperature and chemical
environments.
2. The method does not show the
invention functionality.
1. The invention provides a new
technique, multi-point welding
method.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Capable to weld a flat sheet with
a corrugated sheet for a short
time.
2. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
1. Capable to prevent telescoping of
the layers of a spiral catalyst
substrate.
1. The manufacturing process
does not include a simulation
phase.
2. Does not require brazing of the
metal. Any types of metal
materials.
2. The process does not
considering the formability of
metal.
1987
Retallick
[33].
Apparatus
for Shaping
a Spiral
Catalyst
Support
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3. The process is complicated to
understand.
3. Have a method of making a metal
3. The invention is not specified
catalyst
substrate.
the geometry of spiral catalyst
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substrate.
Daftar Pustaka
[1] B.L. Lester, "Implementing technology-forcing policies: "The 1970 clean air act
amendments and the introduction of advanced automotive emissions control in the
United States," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 72, 2005, pp. 761778.
[2] V.T. Martyn, "Roles of catalytic oxidation in control of vehicle exhaust emissions,"
Catalysis Today, vol. 117, 2006, pp. 407-418.
[3] T. Shamim, and H. Shen, "Effect of geometric parameters on the performance of
automotive catalytic converters," International Journal of Science and Technology, vol.
14, 2003, pp. 15-22.
[4] R.M. Heck, and R.J. Farrauto, "Environmental catalysis into the 21 st century," Catalysis Today,
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
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vol. 55, 2000, pp. 179-187.
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NOMENCLATURE
BATAN Badan Tenaga Nuklir Indonesia
201
2
9
Nama Mata Kuliah dari Modul
Dosen Penyusun
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics
CO
carbon monoxide
CO2
carbon dioxide
FeCrAl ferum chromium aluminium
HC
hydrocarbon
NOx
nitrogen oxide
O2
oxygen
OSC
oxygen storage capacity
Pd
paladium
Pt
platinum
Rh
rhodium
rpm
revolution per minute
SiC
silicon carbide
TWC
3-way catalyst
UTHM
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
201
2
10
Nama Mata Kuliah dari Modul
Dosen Penyusun
Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning
http://www.mercubuana.ac.id