Maurice`s self realization of being a homosexual after his conflicts seen in E.M. Forster`s Maurice - USD Repository
MAURICE’S SELF REALIZATION OF BEING A HOMOSEXUAL AFTER HIS CONFLICTS SEEN IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
IMMANUELA LANGGENG SANTINI
Student Number: 034214014
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
MAURICE’S SELF REALIZATION OF BEING A HOMOSEXUAL AFTER HIS CONFLICTS SEEN IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
IMMANUELA LANGGENG SANTINI
Student Number: 034214014
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
. What if I could speak all languages of humans and of angels? If I did not love others, I would be nothing more than a noisy going or a clanging cymbal. What if I could prophesy And understand all secrets and all knowledges ? And what if I had faith that moved mountains? I would be nothing, unless I loved others. What if I gave away all that I owned and let myself be burnt alive ? I would gain nothing, unless I loved others. Love is kind and patient, never jealous, boastful, proud, or rude. Love is not selfish or quick-tempered. It doesn’t keep a record of wrongs that others do. Love rejoices in truth, but not in evil. Love is always supporting, loyal, hopeful, and trusting.
Love never fails Chorinthians 13
Dedicated with gratitude and love to:
My beloved father, Y.R.Sudarso and my amazing mother Maria. A.S
My wonderful sisters, Siska and Angela, and brothers, Titus and Nuel and also my adorable brother in law Peter Hoovield
My beautiful soulmate Hansamu
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the works or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, September 11, 2011
Immanuela Langgeng Santini
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Immanuela Langgeng Santini Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214014 Demi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, sayamemberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
MAURICE’S SELF REALIZATION OF BEING A HOMOSEXUAL
AFTER HIS CONFLICTS SEEN IN E.M FORSTER’S MAURICEBeserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya ke internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa meminta izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 11 September 2011 Yang menyatakan
Immanuela Langgeng Santini
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest attitude to my great savior and merciful Lord, Jesus Christ for his great blessing and greatest love so I can accomplish writing this thesis during my hardest time. His gracious love has been my greatest power to live my life particularly in the hard times of my life. His amazing blessing has encouraged me to complete my study. Last but not least, I would really grateful to him for grants me wonderful and amazing family, lots of sincere friends around me and wonderful man in my life.
I would like to express my deep attitude to Miss Modesta Luluk A.W.,
S.S. as my advisor who gives her sincere heart to provide me precious time,
patience, guidance and gave me great assistance, valuable advise, correction and support my thesis. I really appreciate and am grateful for her wonderful assistance and encouragement that I could completely finish my thesis. I also would like to thank Mr. Tatang Iskana, S.S., M.Hum. for his willingness and patience to give suggestions and inputs as the co-advisor of my undergraduate thesis. I also want to express my gratitude for all lecturers who have passionately taught me and share the knowledge, for all library officers and all the staffs of Department of English Letters for helping me during my study.
My great attitude goes also to my wonderful family. Thanks my Lord that I have amazing father, Y. Rillo Sudarso, to give me sincere and patient heart to love and understand me in every situation that I have especially during my thesis and my adorable mother, Maria Assumpta S, for her struggle and everlasting support thanks for being my great power to live my life. To my adorable brother in law who has sincere heart to give for us thanks for being angel in our family. I really grateful and love you all so much.
Thank you for my best of best friends in my life Septi, Nora, Woro,
Marfie, Monica, mbak Poet, Ratri, Bu Poppy, Fili for the great loves, for tears
and lots of things between us has been shared each others. All of you are the only reason for having best friendship in my life. To my wonderful friends, Lina,
Widhi, Tyas, Prita, Ika,Yayak, Mbendol, Jhony, Jo and Icad thanks for
coloring my life with beautiful smiles. To my inspiring friend Vallone, thanks for your incredible thought that awakes me from my previous life.
Thank you so much to Hansamu for our almost ten years of togetherness. You have taught me about the meaning of betrayal, forgive, hate, angry, suffer, survive, and the greatest of all is how to love and being loved. Your humble and sincere heart makes my life precious.
Last but not least Thanks again to my Lord Jesus for miracles in my life.
Immanuela Langgeng Santini
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………………….. v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………………...vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS………………………… vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................................... 7 C. Objectives of the study ........................................................................................ 7 D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 7CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..................................................... 10
A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................... 10 B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................................. 131. Theory on Character and Characterization ................................... 13
2. Theory on Personality .. ................................................................. 18
3. Theory on homosexuality ............................................................... 20
4.Theory on conflict………………………………………………. 24
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 27
A. Object of the Study ........................................................................................... 27 B. Approach of the Study ...................................................................................... 28 C. Method of the Study ......................................................................................... 29CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................... 30
A. The Characterization of Maurice...................................................................... 301. Being not gentleman……………………………………………... 31
2. Polite……………………………………………………………… 33
3. Not Interested in marrying a woman……………………………… 34
4. Strong desire to be close to man…………………………………. 36
5. Introvert………………………………………………………….. 38
6. Not too religious…………………………………………………. 38
7. Homosexual Potential……………………………………………. 40
B. Maurice’s conflicts of being a homosexual ....................................................... 47
1. External Conflicts ............................................................................ 48
a. Maurice and social value ....................................................... 48
b. Maurice and Mr. Ducie .......................................................... 50
c. Maurice and Clive…………………………………………..51
d. Maurice and his mother……………………………………. 54
e. Maurice and Dr. Barry………………………………………55
2. Internal Conflicts ............................................................................. 56
C. Maurice’s Self-Realization of being a Homosexual after his conflict…….... 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 67 APPENDIXThe summary of E. M Forster’s Maurice………………………………...69
ABSTRACT
IMMANUELA LANGGENG SANTINI. Maurice’s Self-Realization of Being a
Homosexual after his Conflicts Seen in E.M Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta:
Departement of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
Maurice is a novel that tells about a young boy who has potential tendency for being homosexual since his childhood. His meeting with Clive Durham awakes his potential homosexuality in his consciousness. They continue their queer relationship into more intimacy. Thus, the problem appears due to Clive’s decision to follow their society’s point of view about homosexuality. A portrayal of self-realization of being a homosexual after experiences lots of conflicts is revealed through the main character in the novel.
The characterization of the major characters in the novel is the first point discussed in this study. Second, the description of the conflicts of being a homosexual experienced by the major character becomes the main supporter to convey the third problem that is how the major character comes into self- realization of being a homosexual after his conflicts.
Through the portrayal of the major’s character conflicts of being a homosexual, the novel reveals a profound idea upon that condition into self- realization to the readers. Therefore, psychological approach, which supports to identify character’s personality to find out the conflicts experienced by the major character, is applied in this study. The method used library research, including collecting data, reading data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusion.
Conflicts experienced by the major character, Maurice, have leaded him into his complete self-realization of being a homosexual. The conflict between his homosexual desire and his social reality places him face to face with his profound anxiety and longing for the harmony within his life. Clive Durham becomes a way to his homosexuality awakening and influences Maurice with his atheism. Thus, Maurice loses his Christianity. This situation causes conflicts with his surrounding because issue of homosexuality is prohibited in England at that time. Moreover, Clive’s decision to be a normal people puts Maurice into great irrational anxiety toward his abnormality. In his suffering of sexual identity indistinctness, he meets Alec Scudder and falls in love with him. He finally decides to live with him and completes his self-realization of being a homosexual as his real personality.
ABSTRAK
IMMANUELA LANGGENG SANTINI. Maurice’s Self-Realization of Being a
Homosexual after his Conflicts Seen in E.M Forster’s Maurice.Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.
Morris adalah sebuah novel tentang seorang anak muda yang memiliki potensi menjadi seorang homo sejak masih kecil. Pertemuannya dengan Clive menyadarkan hasrat homo nya ke dalam aktualisasi dirinya untuk menjadi seorang homo. Mereka kemudian melanjutkan hubungan terlarangnya secara lebih jauh. Akan tetapi konflik mulai muncul ketika Clive memutuskan untuk menjadi orang normal. Melalui novel ini penulis menunjukkan sebuah gambaran pencapaian akualisasi diri menjadi seorang homo setelah berbagai konflik yang dihadapi.
Hal pertama yang akan dibahas dalam studi ini adalah penggambaran tokoh utama. Kedua adalah penggambaran konflik-konflik yang dihadapi tokoh utama untuk menjadi seorang homo. Melalui konflik-konflik tersebut, hal ketiga yang akan dibahas adalah bagaimana pencapaian tokoh utama dalam aktualisasi dirinya menjadi seorang homo.
Melalui gambaran konflik yand dihadapi tokoh utama untuk menjadi seorang homo, novel ini menyampaikan gagasan-gagasan yang dalam terhadap pencapaian aktualisasi diri bagi para pembaca. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan secara psikologis diterapkan untuk menganalisa kepribadian tokoh utama untuk mengidentifikasi konflik yang dihadapinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, meliputi tahap pengumpulan data, membaca data, menganalisis data, dan menyusun kesimpulan.
Konflik yang dihadapi tokoh utama memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap pencapaian aktualisasi diri menjadi seorang homo. Konflik antara homoseksualitas dan realitas social menyebabkan tokoh utama mengalami kegelisahan dan kerinduan yang dalam di hidupnya. Clive Durham yang menyadarkan tokoh utama untuk menjadi seorang homo telah mempengaruhi Morris untuk menjadi seorang ateis. Banyak konflik muncul karena larangan homoseksualitas di Inggris pada masa itu. Akan tetapi kekhawatiran muncul ketika Clive memutuskan menjadi normal dan mengikuti aturan di masyarakat. Dalam penderitaanya karena ketidakjelasan identitas seksualnya, Morris bertemu dengan Alec Scudder dan jatuh cinta padanya. Morris memutuskan untuk hidup bersamanya dan mencapai aktualisasi diri menjadi seorang homo sebagai kepribadian aslinya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literature simply does not fill readers with pleasure but it offers more than merely filling a pleasure since in some aspects they are similar to the real world. Literature is a kind of an imitation of human life, which is a form of human
reflection. Novel is one of the most interesting and popular forms of literature. It entertains and enriches our experiences of life and draws the reality of human being’s life, which enables the readers to develop and to deepen the reader’s realization toward the meaning of life. In addition, it sharpens a greater awareness and understanding of life as well. As a result, a novel as kind of a literary work, which sometimes covers the human experiences, may influence readers’ broader knowledge about life.
Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book Theory of Literature define the psychology of literature as “the psychological study of the writer as a type of individual, or the study of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its reader (audience psychology)” (1956: 81). Furthermore, they state that psychology can illuminate the creative process of a work of literature. The creative process covers the entire sequences from the subconscious origins of a literary work to those last revisions, which with some writers are the most genuinely creative part of the whole (1956: 85)
Literature and psychology have the same object that is human being. It is appropriate to use psychology as a mean that can be used to understand human being from his psychic condition. It can be concluded that literature has a very close relationship with psychology. The close relationship can be seen from the characters in the literary work. The characters must have the psychological side. The psychological side of a character is one of important element that is used by the writer that leads the readers enhancing their understanding and appreciation of literature.
The specialty of the novel is that the author can talk about his characters as well as through them, or can arrange for us to listen when they talk to themselves, or want to reveal his understanding of something through his work so that the readers have spaces to see in his perspectives.
The novel that will be discussed here is Maurice by E.M Forster. What makes me interested in analyzing the novel is its theme. It concerns young people’s relationship in finding their identity. In their relationship, the writer found an unusual relationship that is homosexuality. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior or attraction between people of the same sex, or to a sexual orientation. The latter refers to a person's enduring identity as disposed to romantic and sexual attractions and relationships with those of the same sex, and not narrowly to their sexual behavior. Homosexuality is contrasted with heterosexuality (opposite-sex attraction), bisexuality (opposite and same-sex attraction) and asexuality (lack of sexual attraction).Homosexuality is absolutely relationship can be accepted. Homosexuality is considered as a negative thing that against the main stream. In other words, homosexuality has no place to exist in society.
According to David Siloughby in his essay of Self-Oppression in the Gay
and Lesbian Community , we were all born and raised in the society that thinks
being gay is bad (or at least that being straight is better). Gays and lesbians, as well as heterosexuals internalize these beliefs. They become part of how we view the world and ourselves. The pressure in the society of what to be good or bad gains the self-oppression. Beliefs and common sense in the society make the homosexuality repress their sexual desire and sexual orientation. Furthermore in our society, homosexuality is often said as an abnormal behavior. Due to their different way of seeing the world, they would have great tendency to alienate themselves from the ordinary world. And that alienation would strengthen homosexuality development to be stiffer.
We know that most of the society sees this phenomenon as bad and sinful. Many opinions about homosexuality have been emerged and have caused pros and cons. Many people think that being homosexual is a normal behavior; however, some people think that it is considered to be a sin or a crime as seen from religious perspective. The perspective of being good or bad imposed by society becomes the moral values that has great role to shape individual’s personalities. People consider these moral values as standard model to be accepted in society. However, sometimes these moral values become a kind of oppression for people when they In the novel, Maurice, the main character who is homosexual, is depicted as an ordinary man. That makes it easier for him to disguise as “normal” (i.e. heterosexual) person. Successively, he experiences a profound emotional and sexual awakening. His first homosexual relation to Clive Durham at Cambridge breaks up when Clive decides to marry. Later, Maurice thinks about overcoming his sexual desires but fails and falls in love with Alec Scudder, the gamekeeper on Clive's country estate. The novel ends happily. Forster wrote that although the happy ending was not plausible, he had not wanted to let the novel end disastrous.
By reading the novel, the writer sees that Maurice experiences lots of conflicts as a homosexual. He has great effort to search his self-realization related to his potential homosexual. Maurice just does not realize his homosexual desire since he does not know the idea of homosexuality till he meets Clive (his first boyfriend). He started to separate himself from his outside world when for the first time his teacher, Mr. Ducie, told him about the mystery of sex before he went to public school. Maurice separated himself from the society’s view that man should marry with woman. Beside that his homosexual desire is influenced by his family, environment and his childhood experiences. It can be seen that in his early life, he lacks of close intimacy with figure of male characters. Through this novel, the writer sees how Maurice deals with his homosexual desire. These conflicts of being homosexual experienced by Maurice are the focus of this study.
From psychological point of view, we can see that someone’s personality of homosexuality has to do with certain pattern in a person’s family background. three major factors in determining the development of the personality pattern: first, the individual's heredity endowment; second, early experience within the family; third, important events in later life out side the home environment. The heredity endowment provides some potential heritage from parents. Whether it will develop as good or bad potentials depends on the family and environment.
The second and the third are the parts of social aspect, the individual personality development is never apart from the social condition around him because family and environment where the individual lives will always have roles in determining one's personality development.
Another fact about Maurice is his experience of weird dreams that disturb his mind. In his first dream, he felt very cross. He was playing football with nondescript figure. And after he made effort, he found the nondescript turned into George, the garden boy. His second dream is more difficult to convey. Maurice just saw a face and heard a voice. From those two dreams, the writer sees that his homosexual desire is begun from his childhood unconsciously. It proves that the latent desire of homosexuality actually exist in his personality and reveal through his dreams.
All dreams are wish fulfillment. Some wishes are obvious and are expressed through the manifest content. Most of wish fulfillment, however, are expressed in the latent content and only dream interpretation can uncover that wish (Freud, 1964: 608).
In other word Freud believed that dreams are formed in the unconscious past both the primary and the final censor. Even during sleep these guardians maintain their vigil, forcing unconscious psychic material to adopt a disguised form. Thus, dream can be a representation of human being’s desire that lives in his unconscious world. The dream itself is the manifestation of the existence of unconscious world in human being.
The other reason in choosing that topic is that sexual abnormality is an interesting topic to discuss. Many people have this kind of abnormality but sometimes they do not recognize it because its symptoms are very soft to be detected and from this novel, the reader can learn how Maurice concern with it, with his conscious and unconscious feeling. Through this novel, the writer finds lots of conflicts that experienced by the main character Maurice. Maurice as the main character in Maurice should deal with his external and internal conflicts. Every one must through the hard times in their lives to find their self-realization; through Maurice’s personal conflicts in finding his self- realization as homosexual we will know how to be wise to accept our self-identity as part of our real personality.
By understanding the character personality development of homosexuality in order to find his self- realization, we can get some description about human in their psychological maturity and indirectly it will bring us into deep understanding of our own psychological development as a human being. Hopefully, this thesis will contribute a new understanding about homosexuals and it can change the wrong perception believed by people so far.
A. Problem Formulation
1. How does the author present Maurice in the novel?
2. How are Maurice’s conflicts of being a homosexual presented in the novel?
3. How is Maurice’s self-realization of being a homosexual after his conflicts at the end of the story?
B. Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to answer the questions stated in the problem formulation. The first objective is to examine how Maurice is presented by the author in the novel. Second objective is to examine the conflicts of being a homosexual faced by the main character Maurice. The third objective is to examine how. Maurice’s self-realization of being a homosexual after his conflicts at the end of the story
C. Definition of Terms
For a clear understanding of the content of this thesis and avoiding confusion that might be arouse, there is a definitions that need to be clarified:
1. Homosexuality
A homosexual person is an individual “whose primary erotic, psychological, emotional and social interest is in a member of the same sex, even though that interest may not be overtly expressed.” A homosexual person’s gender identity agrees with his or her biological sex. That is, a homosexual person perceives him- or herself as male or female, respectively, and feels attraction toward a same- sex person. (Martin and Lyon, 1972: 1).
2. Conflict
Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1986: 383) states that the term of conflict has more than one meaning, they are: a. Fight, battle
- – A competitive or opposing action of incompatible antagonist state or action (as of divergent ideas interest or persons)
Mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, – wishes, or external or internal demands b. The opposition or persons of forces that give rise to the dramatic action in a drama or fiction.
Conflict is a contradiction as a result of incompatibility within the individual (Worchel and Cooper, 1976:460). There are two kinds of conflict stated by Stanton namely, internal conflict and external conflict. Internal conflict is a conflict between two desires within a character.
External conflict is a conflict between characters or between a character and his environment (Stanton, 1965:16). The conflict happens because the opposing desires or values in a character’s own mind and he has to choose the best one for him.
3. Self-Realization
According Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus (2003: 874) states that self-realization is the fulfillment of one’s own potential or abilities. Based on APA Dictionary of psychology, self-realization, also called as self-actualization, is the realization of that of which one is capable.
According to Abraham Maslow, it is the “full use and exploitation of talent, capacities, and potentialities” such that the individual develops to maximum self-realization, ideally integrating physical, social, intellectual, and emotional needs. The process of striving toward full potential is fundamental according to Maslow; however, he posited that self-actualization can only be fully realized if the basic needs of physical survival, safety, love and belongingness and esteem are fulfilled.
CHAPTER
II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies.
The novel is remarkable for its time in describing same-sex love in a fulfilling romantic but also funny way. Forster resisted publication because of public and legal attitudes to homosexuality - a note found on the manuscript read: "Publishable, but worth it?” However, by the time he died both British attitudes and law had changed. One thing that sets Maurice apart from modern gay fiction is the archetypal storyline and three principal characters, which represent different classes and forms of masculinity.(http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Maurice+(novel)).
This novel published in 1971 after his death. The novel is remarkable since it tells about forbidden love in England at that time. What makes Maurice different from others modern gay fiction is how Forster presents three social classes in triangle love. Maurice represents middle class, Clive represents upper class, and Alec represents lower class.
Stephen Da Silva, in Transvaluing Immaturity: Reverse Discourses of
Male Homosexuality in E.M. Forster's Posthumously Published Fiction, stated
that dominant ideology often represents the male homosexual as psychically or mentally arrested, and some of the critical accounts of E. M. Forster's authorial career demonstrate that this stereotype powerfully inflects literary criticism as homosexuality as "immature" distractions from a professional developmental trajectory that reaches its aesthetic telos with A Passage to India. Forster's posthumous texts are both complicit with and resistant to the fiction of the immature homosexual, which so conspicuously informs critical reactions to them.
At various points, Leavis declares that Forster's works are "unmistakably minor," "disconcertingly inexperienced," and "immature."(http://emforster.de/hypertext/link.php3?link=http://www.findarticles. com/cf_0/m2220/n2_v40/20992277/print.jhtml.).
Maurice is a plea for emotional and sexual honesty, and it criticizes the
repressive attitudes of British society. Aware that the publication of that novel would cause a furor, Forster prepared it for posthumous publication adding the line 'Publishable - but worth it?' to the cover of the manuscript. This fact then leads the novel to be performed in a film adaptation. Maurice (1987) was directed by James Ivory, adaptation for film by Kit Hesketh-Harvey et al. By the publication of the novel both by printing media and by its visualization through the film, many critical responses were directed to this Forster’s work. Most of the critics commented on this novel to take Forster as an example of a public figure that did not come out because he claimed a large reputation as a moralist and social commentator. In both the journal entry and in his posthumous stories, Forster draws on the terms of a developmental narrative to conceptualize homosexuality. In contrast to the journal entry, though, which faithfully repeats a denigratory heterosexist developmental narrative, in most of the posthumously youthfulness but attempts to transvalue the implications of youthfulness in order to celebrate male homosexual desire.http://emforster.de/hypertext/link.php3?link=http://www.findarticles.com/c f_0/m2220/n2_v40/20992277/print.jhtml
Thus, Barbara Rosecrance writes of Maurice: "Maurice is a painful book. We must respect the suffering it reveals, but the novel is otherwise largely distinguished by an absence of eloquence and depth that makes Forster a novelist of distinction. ... [Forster] did write another novel--his greatest [A Passage to
India ]--after Maurice."(25) In Rosecrance's account, Maurice is a flawed,
immature, superficial symptom of Forster's "suffering," his homosexuality, but it gives way to Forster's "greatest" novel, A Passage to India. Maurice in this critical story is an unfortunate stage through which Forster passes on his way to the artistic maturity of A Passage to India. Neil Bartlett has described how, as a closeted gay schoolboy, he both internalized and resisted a version of Rosecrance's critical story: while he tried to convince his teacher at school that Maurice was better than the novel assigned by the educational authorities, A
Passage to India , he was simultaneously embarrassed about whether in doing so
he was betraying an excessively "adolescent enthusiasm."(26) In other words, not only does this developmental critical account impose a heterosexist grid on Forster's career, it also works to discipline the taste of Forster's readers http://emforster.de/hypertext/link.php3?link=http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2 220/n2_v40/20992277/print.jhtml.
Forster posthumously published texts draw on many of the same terms that are used to pathologies them: if normative culture equates homosexuality with childishness, these writings too associate realizing homosexual desire with moving back in time or returning to childhood. For instance, Maurice represents the realization of homosexual fulfillment as the recovery of a lost childhood object of desire. At the beginning of the novel, Maurice loses the garden boy George, significantly because George has become "too old" (M 17). Maurice tries to convince himself that this loss is insignificant and to adapt himself to the demands of the heterosexual marriage plot http://www.shvoong.com/books/novel/1616266-maurice/
In this thesis, the writer tries to give a more specific study about the conflicts of being homosexual experienced by the main character. The writer aims to show how the latent desire of homosexual in the main character finally reveals into manifest personality through lots of conflict he has faced as his struggle of his self identity search. The main character is explored since they become the means to deliver the idea of homosexuality. The focus of this study is to reveal Maurice’s self-realization of being a homosexual after his conflict at the end of the story.
B. Review on Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
Character is one of the most important elements in the novel since it makes the story interesting and more alive. The characters often show the human values described in the real world. Thus the creation of characters in a novel helps us to
Abrams (1981: 20) states, “Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral disposition qualities, that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue and by what they do- the action.” It implies that there is a relation between the presentation of a character as well as his personality traits and what the reader gets from his presentation. Therefore the character must be credible, or in the other words, the reader must accept them as a real person.
De Laar (1969: 195) states, “This naturally leads us to the significance of a novelist’s experience of life and his powers of observation.” He further states a novelist must create human beings, put them in human situation and make them behave like actual humans. A novelist should make his characters interesting and make them do interesting things or at least do ordinary things in an interesting way. One of the ways is developing the characters. There must be development.
The character should move forward in line with the development of the story and plot. Action and incident spring out of the characters and they will make some changes so that there are some differences from what it was at the beginning of the novel.
E.M Forster, in Aspects of the Novel (1972), introduces popular new terms for an old distinction by discriminating between flat and round characters. A flat character (also called a type, or “two-dimensional”), Forster says, is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately describe in a single phrase or sentence. A subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of surprising us.
Standing on the same idea, according to Abrams, there are two types of character (1981: 20); flat character and round character. A flat character is a ‘single idea or quality’ and is presented in outline and without much individualizing detail. It means a flat character has few dominant traits and even has no desires, motivations, or conflicts. Therefore a flat character is easy to remember since the character is a simple or static character. It is presented without much in individualizing detail and can be described in a single phrase or sentence. By seeing a part of a person’s character, the reader can get the description of the whole character. Since the character does not experience the changes from the beginning until the end, the readers will easily memorize it as well.
On the other hand, a round character has many dominant traits and complex desires, motivations and conflicts. Because of these traits, he tends to be complex and to change his character from the beginning to the end of work. Therefore a round character is difficult to be described and to be remembered and in many cases acts differently from what the reader has come to expect.
Personality is very important in a novel. A character or an emotion at times may be sufficient to give a work its essential unity. As Blair and Gerber (1948: 52) state, “Knowing of people’s interest in human nature and fascinated themselves by it, authors as a rule make personalities- characters-their qualities and feelings, important elements in their work.” M.J Murphy (1972: 161-173) states that there are nine ways in which the author presents his character. Those ways are: a. Personal Description
The person’s appearance can be the description of the build, face, skin, eyes, and so on (1972: 161). The author describes his characters through their appearance and clothing. The author uses some adjectives to tell the readers the details of the character’s appearance in describing the characters.
b. Character as Seen by Others “Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him or her through the eyes and opinions of another (1972: 162). The author describes a character’s personality by letting the other characters in the story tell what they see of the characters they encounter.
c. Speech “The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person say whenever a person speaks, whenever he or she is in conversation with another, whenever he or she puts forward an opinion, he or she giving us some clues as to his or her character (1974: 164).”The reader will gain some clues to a person’s character through the character’s own words and their opinion.
d. Past life “By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life, the author can give us a clue to events that helped to scope a person’s character (1972: events or experiences about the characters past life where some relates with his present life. It can be done through some direct comment from the author himself through the character’s mind, through his conversation with other characters or through the means of another character.
e. The Conversation of Others “The author can give us clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him (1972: 167).” The author gives the readers clues to a character’s personality from the other character’s conversation about the character.
f. Reactions “The author can give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various events (1972: 168).” The character’s personality is described through his reaction to different situations and moments thus the reader may know the quality of the character in dealing with situations and moments encountered by the character.
g. Direct Comment “The author can describe or comment on a person’s character direction
(1972: 170).” The character’s personality is described explicitly by giving his opinion and commentating about the character.
h. Thought “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about (1972: 171).”The author lets the readers know the character’s personality i. Mannerism “The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies that may also tell us something about his character (1972: 172).” The character’s personality can be described through the character’s behavior and also their habit either positive or negative ones.
2. Theory on Personality
According to Cole, in Theories of Personality, one’s personality is not fixed by heredity. It grows, shed some traits, acquires others, sometimes supported by environmental pressures and sometimes wrapped by them, and is quickly affected by illness, decease, or unusual emotional strain (1956: 156). Furthermore, the emotional strain is explained further by Ruch in his book Psychology and Life. According to him, through a process called repression, a person can eliminate conscious awareness of both the stimuli and the responses in emotion if they cause him psychological pain. In addition, he states that people’s external behavior, and even their internal physiological responses, are often influenced by emotion of which they themselves are entirely unaware (1948: 163).
In his book Pattern and Growth in Personality, Allport states that from all determinants that are possible to determine one’s personality, environments seem to take the biggest contribution. Environments give more complex contribution to one’s personality. Therefore, Allport acquired the situation and the role as the determinant factors to determinate one’s personality. Each factor has its own contribution in forming one’s personality (1970: 165).
Hurlock in her book entitled Personality Development stated that an individual’s personality pattern is the product of learning during the course of social relationships with people both within and outside his home. Furthermore, she describes that there are three major factors, which determine the development of one personality pattern. The first is the individual's hereditary endowment, the second is the early experiences within one's family, and the third is important events outside one's home environment. Thus one’s personality pattern is not product of learning exclusively or hereditary exclusively. However it comes from an interaction of the two, in other word, behavior learned in childhood may later be changed by direct training or by altering one's environment (1974:19).