A study on Maurice`s character development as a homosexual in E.M. Forster`s Maurice.

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S

MAURICE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Regina Rita Sri Maryati Student Number: 061214088

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S

MAURICE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Regina Rita Sri Maryati Student Number: 061214088

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

iv

DEDICATION PAGE

If life gives us rocks, do not sit back and

blame life for that.

At every turn of our life, it gives us choices

which we fail to recognize

So when life gives you rocks,

It’s still your choices whether to build a

wall or to build a bridge.

(pravsworld.com)

Bersyukurlah selalu atas hidupmu dan tetaplah rendah hati…

I dedicate this thesis to:

*

My beloved parents

*

My lovely sister and brother

*

My big family, Trah Gemawang and Trah Karangmojo

*

All my great friends

v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, August 2nd, 2012

The writer

Regina Rita Sri Maryati 061214088

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Regina Rita Sri Maryati

Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214088

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 2 Agustus 2012 Yang menyatakan,

vii

ABSTRACT

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as

a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analysed E.M. Forster’s novel, Maurice. It is an interesting novel because it tells about homosexuality. This study was concerned with Maurice Hall as the main character of the novel. He was described as a homosexual person. He lived with his mother and his two sisters. Maurice had no close friend since he was a child. When he continued his study in Sunnington, a male boarding college, he met Clive. They established a same-sex love. After two years they broke up because Clive decided to marry a girl. At first, Maurice felt so frustrated but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promised to love each other and to be always together.

There were three problems discussed in this study related to the main

character: (1) How is Maurice’s character depicted in the Maurice? (2) What are

the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual person? (3) How does the character of Maurice develop?

This study employed a library study method. There were two kinds of data sources employed in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary data source was the novel Maurice itself which became the object of the study. The secondary data sources were books on literature, psychology, and internet sources that were related to the study. This study used theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality, and theory of character development. In addition, this study applied the psychological approach because this study dealt with the character development of the main character in this novel.

Based on the analysis of the main character, it was concluded that Maurice

was a good looking, lonely, faithful, caring, jealous, and sensitive man. Maurice’s

homosexuality was caused by family pattern. It was also influenced by no father at his home and peers. Maurice was categorized as a secret homosexual. It was because he tried to conceal his homosexuality from his family and friends. Further, the analysis showed that Maurice’s character development was caused by the changes of the significant people. Those people were Clive Durham and Alec

Scudder who were Maurice’s boyfriends.

This study also provided suggestions for future researchers related to other possible studies on Maurice. Future study may analyse the character development of Clive and Alec who are also homosexuals. They may also analyse the conflicts happen among homosexuals and how to solve the conflicts. In addition, this study also proposed a lesson plan for teaching Prose using this novel as the learning material.

viii ABSTRAK

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini menganalisis novel E.M. Forster yang berjudul Maurice. Novel ini menarik karena menceritakan tentang homoseksualitas. Studi ini mengenai Maurice Hall sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Dia digambarkan sebagai seorang homoseksual. Dia tinggal bersama ibu dan dua adik perempuannya. Maurice tidak memiliki teman dekat sejak dia kecil. Ketika dia melanjutkan studinya di Sunnington yaitu sebuah sekolah asrama khusus putra, dia bertemu dengan Clive. Mereka menjalin hubungan asmara sejenis. Setelah dua tahun bersama, mereka putus dan berpisah karena Clive memilih untuk menikahi seorang gadis. Awalnya Maurice sangat frustasi namun ia kemudian menemukan seorang gay bernama Alec. Mereka berjanji untuk saling mencintai dan selalu bersama.

Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini yang berkaitan dengan tokoh utama: (1) Bagaimana karakter Maurice digambarkan di dalam Maurice? (2) Faktor-faktor psychosocial dan sociopsychological apa yang membuat Maurice menjadi seorang homoseksual? (3) Bagaimana karakter Maurice berkembang?

Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber data yang digunakan dalam studi ini: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya adalah novel Maurice. Sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku sastra, buku-buku psikologi dan beberapa situs internet yang berhubungan dengan studi ini. Studi ini menggunakan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, teori homoseksualitas, dan teori perkembangan karakter. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena berkaitan dengan perkembangan karakter tokoh utama. Berdasarkan analisis, Maurice merupakan seorang pria tampan, kesepian, beriman, peduli, pencemburu, dan sensitif. Homoseksualitasnya disebabkan oleh pola keluarga. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi ketiadaan sosok ayah di rumahnya dan pengaruh kelompok. Maurice dikategorikan sebagai seorang secret homosexual karena Maurice berusaha untuk menyembunyikan homoseksualitasnya dari keluarga dan teman-temannya. Selanjutnya, analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan karakter Maurice disebabkan oleh perubahan pada signifikan orang. Orang-orang tersebut adalah Clive Durham dan Alec Scudder yang merupakan para kekasih Maurice.

Studi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti berikutnya mengenai kemungkinan studi lainnya terhadap Maurice. Studi selanjutnya dapat menganalisis tentang perkembangan karakter pada Clive dan Alec yang juga merupakan homoseksual. Mereka juga dapat menganalisis konflik-konflik yang terjadi diantara para homoseksual dan bagaimana mengatasi konflik tersebut. Sebagai tambahan, studi ini juga menawarkan sebuah rencana pembelajaran untuk pengajaran Prose dengan menggunakan novel sebagai materi pembelajarannya.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Lord Jesus

Christ for the blessing, love and strength He has given to me during the

completion of my thesis. I believe that this achievement is nothing without Him. I

also thank Mother Mary who always helps me and sends my prayers to Her son.

My gratitude also goes to Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S. Pd., M. A. as my advisor. I thank him for guiding me in the process of completing this thesis from

the beginning until the end, spending his time to read and give beneficial feedback

for my thesis, and for always giving me encouragement to finish this thesis. I also

thank Henny Herawati, S. Pd., M. Hum. and Drs. Barli Bram, M. Ed., Ph. D. for

giving me the valuable suggestions for my thesis.

I am also indebted to Caecilia Tutyandari, S. Pd., M. Pd. as the chairperson

of English Language Education Study Program, who is never tired to motivate her

students to get the best of their study and to give us opportunity to finish the

study. To all PBI lecturers, I really thank them for being so humble and

enthusiastic to share their knowledge and motivation during my study. I also

would like to express my appreciation for PBI staff, Mbak Daniekand Mbak Tari for their assistance in providing information during my study.

My wholehearted thanks go to my beloved parents Bapak Albertus

Sumaryono and my mother, Ibu Veronika Sri Supartini for their unlimited love,

prayer, support, and encouragement in every step I took since the beginning of my

x

also grateful to my siblings dek Maria Guido Mega Yoganingtyas and dek

Gregorius Galih Bagus Saputra as one of the reasons to reach my dreams. I thank

them for always cheering me up and giving me the beautiful love and affection in

good and bad times.

My gratitude extends to my beloved friends, Benidicta Meivita Sari

Muktiningrum and Brigitta Neti Iswantari who always help, support and motivate

me, especially in worst times. They show me many positive lessons of life and

remind me to be always grateful of my life. I also thank to Bolangers Club, Vika,

Christin, Tata, Satrio, Guntur, Yoga, Adi, and Andre 05 as my great friends who

show me the awesome places through our wonderful travelling. Many thanks are

also addressed to my friends, Pipik, Anin, and Anne for the unforgettable

friendship we have.

My special appreciation goes to my big family. To my grandma “Mae” who takes care of me patiently during my life in Yogya. To my aunt, “Mbak

Ipung” who is never bored in motivating me to finish my study soon and in giving me great experiences in my life. Finally, to my grandparents, Mbah Putri and

Mbah Kakung, who are always waiting for my graduation.

Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be

mentioned one by one, for giving me motivation, suggestions, advice, and

criticism to accomplish this thesis.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Benefits of the Study... 5

E. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ... 8

1. Theories of Critical Approach ... 8

2. Theories of Character ... 10

a. Definition of Characters ... 10

b. Types of Characters ... 10

3. Theories of Characterization ... 12

a. Definition of Characterization ... 12

b. Ways of Characterization ... 12

4. Theories of Homosexuality ... 13

a. Definition of Homosexuality ... 13

xii

b. Causes of Homosexuality ... 14

c. Types of Homosexual ... 17

5. Theories of Character Development ... 19

a. Characteristics of Change in Personality ... 20

b. Condition Responsible for Personality Change ... 21

B. Theoretical Framework ... 25

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ... 27

B. Approach of the Study ... 28

C. Method of the Study ... 29

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Description of Maurice’s Characteristics ... 31

1. Good Looking ... 32

2. Lonely ... 33

3. Faithful ... 35

4. Caring ... 35

5. Jealous ... 36

6. Sensitive ... 37

B. The Factors that Make Maurice a Homosexual Person ... 38

1. Psychosocial Factor ... 38

2. Sociopsychological Factors ... 40

C. Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual ... 44

1. The Development Caused by Clive Durham ... 45

2. The Development Caused by Alec Scudder ... 51

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 55

B. Implications ... 56

xiii

REFERENCES ... 59

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices

Appendices Cover ... 61

Appendix 1. The Summary of E.M. Forster’s Maurice ... 62

Appendix 2. The Cover of E.M. Forster’s Maurice Novel ... 67

Appendix 3. The Biography of E.M. Forster ... 68

Appendix 4. The Picture of E.M. Forster ... 71

Appendix 5. The Lesson Plan of Prose ... 72

Appendix 6. The Teaching Material of Prose ... 78

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the reason for choosing the novel as the subject of the study. The problem formulation describes the questions that will be analyzed later. The objectives of the study deal with the aims of the study. The benefits of the study discuss the advantages of this study to the readers. The last part presents the definition of terms in order to avoid misconception in analysing this study.

A. Background of the Study

Homosexuality has been an exciting discussing topic since it is a complex phenomenon of which its existence is influenced by the causal factors. As stated by Coleman (1976), the causal factors involve the influence of the constitutional factors and psychosocial factors (p. 594). As we know that Ricky Martin’s gay confession became the hot entertainment issue in 2010. In Indonesia, the case of Ryan as a gay from Jombang also preoccupied publics in 2008. There are also some movies with gay theme produced in United States, China, Europe, Thailand, and even in Indonesia. The recent news related to homosexuality is about President Obama who announced that he supported gay’s rights. Those examples of phenomenon show that homosexuality has been a common issue nowadays.

However, the existence of a homosexuality phenomenon has two different reactions. One is in contra side and other is in pro side. The contra sides hold that a man should marry a woman and vice versa. Coleman (1976) adds that society regards a homosexuality as a mental disorder and being a homosexual is considered as a “sick” person in need of treatment (p. 590). In contrast, the pro sides think that being a homosexual is a part of human rights. They think that it is

one’s right to express their sexual behaviour. In addition, Coleman (1976) states that homosexuals may be well adjusted, well educated, and highly successful in their occupations (p. 589). Many homosexuals have made outstanding contributions in music, drama, and other fields.

Generally, every people have their own thinking about homosexuality. If one hears about the word homosexual, the first thinking that might come up is about a man who likes another man. It is because the word homosexual or homosexuality is identically to men. In fact, a homosexual refers to a person who

has a tendency to be sexually and/or romantically attracted to members of one’s

own sex. The terms “gay” for men or “lesbian” for women are considered as the preferred terms today (Huffman, M. W. Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy, 1997, p. 362). In addition, in his book, The Encyclopedia of Human Development and Education: Theory, Research, and Studies, Thomas (1990) states that there has been considerable confusion about homosexuality. It is because not everyone uses the term homosexuality with the same meaning. Thomas proposes the meaning of homosexuality as a preference for companions of the same sex (p. 373). Besides, there is also a disagreement about the causes of homosexuality. It is reasonable

because every homosexual has different factors that cause his or her homosexuality.

In the field of literature, the issue of homosexuality has been a theme in several literary works, one of which is E.M. Forster’s Maurice. As an English novelist in the 1900’s era whose works are widely acknowledged, E.M. Forster presents a story of homosexuals clearly. There are three homosexual characters in Maurice. They are Maurice Hall, Clive Durham, and Alec Scudder. In this study, the writer focuses on Maurice, as the main character of the story. Maurice lives with his mother and his two sisters. His father was dead when he was a child. It leaves him without a figure of a father. Maurice is described as a gay who is good looking and caring. He adopts a gentleman habits and dress.

Maurice meets Clive, his senior, at his college. They become more intimate day after day. Finally, each of them confesses their love desire. Then, they establish the same-sex love. Since being closed to Clive, Maurice loves and cares about him so much. They successfully conceal their gay relationship from their families and friends. After two years, they break up because Clive decides to marry a girl. When Clive left him, Maurice still has a hope that he will come back. However when he knows that Clive really leaves him, he feels so frustrated. He then spends his time with many activities. While working as a stock broker, he also helps to run a Christian mission in his spare time. Actually, Maurice also does some efforts to revert to a normal man by visiting a therapist and a hypnotist to heal him. Unfortunately, his efforts are useless but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promise to love each other and to be always together.

Forster depicts the life of a homosexual explicitly, such as creating three homosexual characters with different characteristics. He also shows the development of the character, especially Maurice, from he is a child until he becomes a man. Forster can describe about homosexuality clearly. It is understandable because E.M. Forster is a homosexual himself. It seems that he puts his personal experiences into the novel. The way Forster shows the relation of Maurice with Clive and even Alec as a homosexual couple is also interesting. It describes the changes in Maurice character in different condition.

Based on the facts described above, it is interesting to find out about the life of homosexuals. Therefore, the writer wants to know about the characteristic

of Maurice who is described as a homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Further, the factors that make Maurice a homosexual and his character development as a homosexual are also interesting to be analysed. Hopefully, this study will contribute another description of a homosexual.

B. Problem Formulation

There are three problems formulated in this study. They are: 1. How are Maurice’s characteristics depicted in the novel?

2. What are the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual person?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aims of this study are first to describe the characteristics of Maurice as the major character of the novel. Second, it tries to find out the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice becomes a homosexual person. Third, it describes the character development of Maurice as a homosexual.

D. Benefits of the Study

This study hopefully can give benefit to the writer and the readers especially who have the interest of the literary works. From the study, the writer can understand the novel better, especially the character of Maurice as a major character. Through the study, the writer will be able to learn the meaning of homosexual and its types, and what factors that make a man can be said as a homosexual (gay). This study is meant to introduce E.M. Forster as a great author who wrote some of his works based on his personal life experience and to give the description of the story Maurice. Through this study the readers hopefully can be more encouraged to discuss and analyse Maurice or other E.M Forster’s works. This study is also meant to enrich the readers with another portrait of homosexual life.

E. Definition of Terms

For a clear understanding of the content of this study and avoiding confusion that might be aroused, there are definitions that need to be clarified: 1. Character

According to M.H. Abrams (1981) in his Glossary of Literary Terms, a character is the person who is presented in a dramatic narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as having a good feature or quality with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what the person says; his or her dialogue, and by what he or she does through the action (p. 23). In this study, a character that will be analysed is Maurice. He becomes the focus of the novel. He always comes out in the story from the beginning until the end of the story. 2. Character Development

Robert and Jacobs (1989) in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing defines the term character as an extended verbal representation of human being, the inner self that determines thought, speech, and behaviour (p. 143). According to Lemme (1995) in Development in Adult, development is “a systematic change in behaviour over time that results from interaction between the individual and the internal and external environment” (p. 8). So, it can be said that character development is a change of a character who is representative of a human being as a result of his personal interaction, other characters’ influence, past life, and or his own past life. In this study, the term of character development refers to the changes that happen in Maurice as the main character as the result of others

character’s influence.

3. Homosexual

According to Huffman, et al (1997), in their book Psychology in Action, homosexual is a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of the same sex (p. 362). It means that homosexual does not only cover men but also

women. The preferred terms today are gay for male homosexual and lesbian for female homosexual. In this study, the term of homosexual refers to Maurice who has sexual attractions to other men, namely Clive and Alec.

4. Homosexuality

According to VandenBos (2006) in APA Dictionary of Psychology, homosexuality is a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex (p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and women. In this study, the term of homosexuality refers to the sexual activity between Maurice and his gay partners.

8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is a review of related theories, while the second part is theoretical framework. In the first part, the writer explains about the theories that are going to be used, and the second part the writer explains the steps in conducting this study.

A.Review of Related Theories

There are some theories that are used by the writer in conducting the study. These theories give the writer valuable information which is very helpful in analysing the novel. The theories used are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality and the last one is theory of character development.

1. Theories of Critical Approach

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) in Reading and Writing about Literature state that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it (p. 3). According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), there are five approaches as means of analyzing a literary work (pp. 6-15). The first approach is the formalist approach. It focuses on the technique and structure that the author uses in his work. This approach only examines the literary work without reference to the author‟s life, genre of the work or to its place in the

development of the work or in literary history and without reference to its social environment.

The second approach is biographical approach. This approach believes that the life of the author is an important point in analysing a piece of literary work. It attempts to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in their attempts to understand his writings. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach leads to analyse a literary work in reference to the civilization or attitudes and action of specific group of people that produce the literary work. The fourth is mythopoeic approach. It tries to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in significant work of art. Recurrent patterns are related to those that are found in ancient myths and folks rites and are so basic to human thought that have meaning for all men.

The last is psychological approach. This approach is the one which the writer uses in this study. This approach leads to analyze the literary work from the psychological point a view of human beings. It is usually related to human motivation, personality and behaviour patterns written in literary objects. Besides, this approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of the human mind, which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the wellspring of man‟s rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behaviour, and the contents of this region of the mind finding expressions in symbolic words, thoughts, and action. The writer uses this approach in order to find out the character development of Maurice as a homosexual. The writer uses the psychological approach because this is the most appropriate approach in order

to know the character development of human being.

2. Theories of Character

To analyse a literary work, a character has an important role to be discussed. As stated by Stanton (1965) in his book An Introduction to Fiction, “through our knowledge of the characters, we understand their actions, we understand the characters” (p. 18). The theories of character used in this study are proposed by Henkle, Abrams, Roberts and Jacobs, and Holman and Harmon. a. Definition of Characters

Abrams (1981) defines a character as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with a moral and disposition qualities, that are expressed in what they say-the dialogues-and by what they do-the action (p. 20). Another definition of character is given by Roberts and Jacobs in his book Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Roberts and Jacobs (1989) define that a character is an extended verbal representation of a human being, the inner self that determines thoughts, speech and behaviour (p. 143). Based on those theories, it can be concluded that character is a person in a dramatic or narrative work who is also a representative of a human being.

b. Types of Characters

Henkle (1977) in his book, Reading the Novel, states that there are two kinds of characters based on the importance: major and minor characters (p. 86). A major character is a centre of the story. It has an important role in a story. The

reader will pay more attention to major character rather than minor character. In order to understand the story, we need to give more attention to the major character. On the other hand, minor character has less important point in a story than major character. It has limited role of action in a story. Minor character has a role as a supporter in the development of major character.

Roberts and Jacobs (1989) divide two types of characters in fiction, namely “round” and “flat” (p. 145). Round character is relatively fully developed by the author. The round character is considered as dynamic as they posses many individual and unpredictable human traits. They demonstrate their capacity to change or grow. As contrasted with round character, flat character is usually minor character, although not all minor characters are flat. Usually they stay the same; they are static, and not dynamic like round characters. They are not developed, and because they are not central to the plot they do not change or grow.

Another theory on round (dynamic) and flat (static) character is taken from Holman and Harmon‟s A Handbook to Literature. Holman and Harmon (1986) classify the type of characters into static and dynamic characters (p. 83). A static character is one who changes little if at all. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing how the character changes in response to the actions. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a character who is modified by actions and experiences, and one objectives of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions.

3. Theories of Characterization a. Definition of Characterization

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) define a characterization as the process by which an author creates a character (p. 20). In addition, according to Roberts and Jacobs (1989), a characterization is the way that an author uses to give information about the characters (p. 147). The theory of characterization is used to explore how the main character acts and how the author describes the main character in the novel. The author can use many ways to make the characteristics of the main character understandable by the reader.

b. Ways of Characterization

Murphy (1972) in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students states that there are nine ways through which an author may reveal the characters‟ personalities and traits to the readers (pp. 161-173). First way is called personal description. The author can describe a character through his appearances and clothes. From the description, the readers are given an image of the character looks like such as his hair, his looking, and his coat. The second way is called characters as seen by another. The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of another. Through another characters‟ judgement toward the other ones, the reader would be able to know the characterization of one another. Third way is called speech. The author can describe the characteristic of a character through the way he speaks to other characters. Whenever the character speaks, involves in conversation with other, or gives opinion, he is actually giving the readers some

insights to his characters. The fourth way is called past life. A person‟s past life would be able to help readers to shape a person‟s characteristic. This would be done by the direct comment by the author, the person‟s thought, his conversation, or through the medium of another person. The fifth way is called conversation with others. The author uses the conversation of other people and the things about a character to know the characteristic of one character. The sixth way is called reactions. The author describes the person‟s characteristic by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Reactions here mean the way that person cries or laughs. The seventh way is called direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person‟s character directly. The eighth way is called thoughts. The author can give the readers a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The last way is called mannerism. The author can tell the readers something about the person‟s characteristic by describing that person‟s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies.

4. Theories of Homosexuality a. Definition of Homosexuality

Homosexuality and homosexual are two things which are closely related to each other. The definition of homosexuality can be drawn from the definition of homosexual itself. According to Huffman et al, (1997) the term of homosexual is used to explain or to show a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of the same sex (p. 362). Whereas, a gay refers to a male homosexual and a lesbian refers to a female homosexual. So, a homosexuality can be defined

as a condition in which a person‟s sexual attraction has a tendency toward members of his or her own sex. Further, VandenBos (2006) defines a homosexuality as a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex (p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and women.

b. Causes of Homosexuality

No one chooses or plans to live as a homosexual since they were born. According to Coleman (1976), there are two factors that make someone becomes a homosexual (pp. 594-596). The explanation of both factors will be drawn below: 1) Constitutional Factors

Constitutional factors refer to factors that are related to biological aspects which can cause homosexuality to someone. The biological aspects tend to be hereditary since people can see one‟ sexual orientation when he was a child. The biological factors play an important role to the developments of human growth. Such factors are genetic, hormonal factor, and hermaphrodite.

Genetic factor refers to one‟s homosexuality that is caused by direct genetic inheritance. Psychologists say that homosexual has a constitutional basis through direct genetic inheritance. In brief, it can be said that it is what you have got from parents.

Hormonal balance also can cause homosexuality. Researchers found that homosexuality resulted from an abnormal androgen-estrogens ratio. However, it is not fairly certain that each hormonal imbalance causes such a thing, because one‟s hormonal balance may shift from homosexual to heterosexual pattern without a

change in hormonal balance. This hormonal balance has no causal significance to homosexuality since some non homosexuals also have the same hormonal imbalance shown by homosexuals.

Hermaphrodite is a condition in which a person has two well-developed sexual organs. Such cases are rarely found and there is an anatomical basis for ambiguous sexuality. The choices of which sex a person should be assigned to, lies heavily on the sex role established during his early development, particularly the first three years.

2) Psychosocial Factors

These factors view the cause of homosexuality based on the concept of the gradual differentiation of sexual behaviour in different society. Psychosocial factors may derive from man‟ social interactions with other persons, love relationship, and pressure from family or group. The factors are divided into four types as follows:

The first is early homosexual experiences and their positive reinforcement. This means that someone‟s early homosexual experience before sexual behaviour is well differentiated into a heterosexual direction or pattern will influence the development of one‟s sexual behaviour, including it may cause homosexuality. Then, if one finds his homosexual experience is pleasurable, he will continue his sexual relationship which will cause homosexuality.

The second is negative conditioning of heterosexual behaviour. This means that certain negative heterosexual behaviours can also cause homosexuality. When a person has negative experiences with heterosexual

behaviours, then he may change his sexual attraction toward the members of his or her own sex. For example, where the boy or girl is ridiculed, rebuffed, and humiliated in his or her effort to approach members of the opposite sex, he or she may turn toward homosexuality as a safer source of affection and sexual outlet.

The third is being reared as a member of the opposite sex. The ways of bringing up children in a family can also cause homosexuality. For instance, a mother who really wants a daughter and in fact has a boy, will rear the boy as if he were a girl. It is because of the mother‟s longing of having a daughter. The mother will inculcate feminine attitudes and interest to her son. The boy must keep his hair long, or has to dress like a girl. Such treatments can change one‟ sexual orientation and cause homosexuality.

The fourth is family patterns. This factors views that a family interaction is the most frequent characteristic of the background of the homosexuals. During the childhood, the boy or girl is very depending on their mother. Typically the mothers are close-binding, controlling, and affectionate; the fathers are detached, rejecting, and often hostile. Neither parent fosters a masculine self-image or identity. As children, the male homosexuals tend to describe themselves as shy, fearful of physical injury, and loners. Further, Bieber (1962) found some evidence that men with overprotective, dominant mothers and passive or absent fathers were slightly more likely to be gay (as cited in Huffman, 1997, p. 376).

In addition, Thomas (1990), in his book, The Encyclopedia of Human Development and Education: Theory, Research, and Studies, divides three theories to explain the cause of homosexuality, namely biological,

sociopsychological, and interactionist (pp. 373-374). Biological theories assume that a person‟s homosexual traits are the result of some characteristics of the physical organism, such as a person‟s ratio of male hormone (androgen) to female hormone (estrogens). In other words, the balance or imbalance of hormones has been caused by gene patterns inherited from parents.

Sociopsychological theories refer to the quality of an individual‟s relationship with other people during childhood and adolescence that determines whether the person becomes homosexual or heterosexual or even asexual (not interested at all in physical lovemaking). The last is interactionist theories which draw upon both biological and sociopsychological factors in the belief that some combination of body chemistry and environmental factors accounts for the development of homosexual behaviour.

c. Types of Homosexual

Homosexuals can be divided into some types. According to the book entitled Abnormal Behaviour: Outline Reference written by Smith (1983), there are six types of homosexuals (p. 139), those are:

1) Blatant Homosexuals

It includes individuals who fit with the popular stereotype of the homosexual; the lisping, limp-wristed, swishing caricature of femininity in the case of the male. Also included in this type are the “leather boys” who advertise their sadomasochistic homosexuality by wearing leather jackets, chains, and often boots. Some TV‟s or transvestites enjoy wearing the clothes and often assuming the behaviour of the opposite sex, are included in this type as well.

2) Desperate Homosexuals

These are males who tend to haunt public toilets (“tearooms”) or steam baths. They are apparently driven to homosexual behaviour but unable to face the strains of establishing and sustaining serious personal relationships in which to practice homosexuality. Humphreys (1970) discovers that “apparently the „tearoom‟ is used by many such individuals in an effort, through the anonymity of these contacts, to conceal their homosexuality from their wives- and perhaps even from themselves” (as cited in Coleman, 1976, p. 591).

3) Secret Homosexuals

They tend to come from the middle and to hold positions that they try protect by concealing their homosexuality; often married, wear wedding rings, and have spouses and employers who never know about their double lives; only a few close friends, lovers, therapists know about their homosexuality. In addition, Coleman (1976) adds that secret homosexuals extremely skilled at camouflage and at “passing” as straight. They generally prefer subdued clothes and maintain a suitably conservative masculine appearance (p. 591).

4) Situational Homosexuals

There are a variety situations in which individuals engage in homosexual behaviour without any deep homosexual commitment. For example, both males and females in prisons and institutions usually engage in homosexual acts, but after release resume heterosexual relationships. It seems that some prisoners act as homosexual prostitutes.

Individuals who are engaged in both homosexual and heterosexual practices during a sustained period are considered “bisexual”, Many “desperate” homosexuals would fit into this category, particularly those who are married. Coleman (1976) adds that the occurrence of bisexuality is not surprising; since homosexuality is not necessary an all-or-nothing pattern and many people have learned to respond sexually in varying degrees to both females and males (p. 591). 6) Adjusted Homosexuals

The last type is adjusted homosexuals. Smith (1983) states that the majority of these homosexuals accept their homosexuals fulfil responsible social roles and closely associate with the gay community. Many adjusted homosexuals establish an intimate and stable relationship with other person. While this is more common among lesbians than among male homosexuals, the pattern is by no means exclusive to lesbians (p. 139).

5. Theories of Character Development

In her book, Personality Development (1974), Hurlock says that personality is often confused with “character”. The two are not synonymous, however, and cannot be used interchangeably. Character implies a moral standard and involves a judgement of value (p. 2). Hurlock (1974) explains that when character is used in connection with personality, it relates to behaviour that is regulated by personal effort and will (p. 8).

Therefore, considering the title and approach used in this study, the writer would like to implement the theory of Personality Development in order to help

the writer in understanding the changes of the character. The presentation of Hurlock‟s theory is divided into three parts. They are characteristics of change in personality, variations in personality change, and conditions responsible for personality change (pp. 120-129). However, in this study the writer only use the first and the third part of the theory.

a. Characteristics of Change in Personality 1) Better versus Worse

Hurlock (1974) states that personality changes for the better and for the worse reflect the kind of life adjustments the individual is making at the time (p. 120). Successful adjustment at any age improves the self-concept and the person inhibits self-confidence and self-assurance. By contrast, failure leads to deterioration in the self-concept and to feelings of inadequacy, defensive reaction, depression, and many other behaviour patterns which lead to even poorer personal and social adjustment. In addition, Hurlock says that in normal people, personality changes for the worse frequently occurs at puberty and middle age and should be recognized as danger signals (p.120).

2) Quantitative versus Qualitative

In qualitative changes, traits already present are reinforced, strengthened or weakened. Hurlock (1974) explains that a person who is shy, self-conscious and modest in social situations may be less so in the presence of intimate friends than in the presence of strangers or those whom he regard as his superiors, but his behaviour is consistent (p. 120). Quantitative changes may create the impression that the person has changed his personality patterns. This impression is correct in

the sense that there have been shifts in the traits, though there is no evidence that the shifts reflect a change in the core of the personality pattern the self-concept.

In quantitative changes, an already-present trait, usually an undesirable one is replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one. People who are always careful of his money become more or less careful when he discovers the social reaction to stinginess and generosity. Hurlock (1974) adds if he is normal, he will probably be somewhat more generous, hoping to win greater social favour. If he is not normal, he may change into spendthrift or extreme generosity or miserliness (p. 121).

3) Slow versus Rapid Change

Hurlock (1974) says that changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all (p.122). Normally, personality changes are slow and gradual. Rapid changes at any age are danger signals. Changes of short duration are usually due to some artificial stimulation, which temporarily causes the person to forget this real self-concept and see himself as he would like to be. Hurlock adds that rapid personality changes which are persistent, are due not to artificial stimulants but to an endocrine or neurological upset. Brain injuries, tumours, and disturbances due to arteriosclerosis, cancer or some other diseases are normally accompanied by such readily apparent personality changes that other people wonder what is the matter with the person is (p.122).

b. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change 1) Physical Changes

Hurlock (1974) says that physical changes may come from maturation, decline, illness, injuries or some other condition resulting from person‟s life pattern but unrelated to the normal changes in the body structure (p.124). Physical change can be an aspect which can trigger a good self-concept in a person‟s mind. When the physical change enables him to approximate his concept of his ideal self, the effect on his real self-concept will be favourable.

2) Changes in Environment

Hurlock explains that changes in either the physical or social environment may produce changes in the person‟s self concept and in his characteristic behaviour (p. 124). A change in environment will not guarantee an improvement in personality. In fact, the change may cause the opposite effect. Moving to a new environment will not automatically improve personality. It depends on how well one is accepted in the new environment and how well the new environment meets one‟s needs.

3) Changes in Significant People

Hurlock (1974) states that when the significant people in an individual‟s life change and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and his attitudes, beliefs, values, and aspiration to theirs, changes in his personality pattern cannot be avoided (p. 126). The person, in order to be similar with these significant people, changes himself. He will change himself into a greater level, if he sees it is necessary.

4) Changes in Social Pressure

increasingly aware that some personality traits are admired while some are disliked. Since everyone normally has a strong desire to be accepted by those who are significant to him, he tries to change any personality trait that will militate against his being accepted (p. 126). Strong social pressure to conform to a socially approved personality pattern thus encourages changes in certain aspects of the personality. She adds that traits which are likely to lead to social rejection, such as shyness, bossiness, aggressiveness and greed are more subject to change than those, which are usually admired, such as affection, ambition, cooperativeness and generosity (p. 126).

5) Changes in Role

Role changes caused the status changes within the group. One‟s role may change because of a change in age. Hurlock (1974) explains that a child changes from being a dependent to being an economically independent person when he is old enough to become a wage earner (p. 126). The changed role will have a favourable or unfavourable effect depends how well it fits to the person‟s needs and whether it has greater prestige in the eyes of the social group than the old role. 6) Strong Motivation

Hurlock (1974) explains that when the motivation to improve the personality pattern is strong enough, changes can be effected (p. 127). A person, who has a character that makes him different from the rest of the community, will try as hard as possible to remove that character because he has a strong motivation to be accepted in that community. Ordinarily, people are most strongly motivated to change those traits, which they believe will improve their social relationships

and earn them greater social acceptance (p. 127). 7) Changes in Self-Concept

A change in self-concept may cause the change in the entire personality pattern. This change is increasingly difficult, as people grow older. Hurlock (1974) says that changing one‟s self-concept requires tremendous self-insight. This means that a person must be able and willing to see himself as he actually is, not as he would like to be or as others perceive him (p. 128).

8) The Use of Psychotherapy

Hurlock (1974) assumes that psychotherapy helps a person to understand his self-concept. It is because in some condition, a certain person needs to be helped in order to change his self-concept, learning to think of himself in a new way, and breaking destructive habit. The use of psychotherapy is based on the assumption that a person who is poorly adjusted can make a better adjustment if he is being helped to develop a more favourable self-concept (p. 128).

The theory of character development is also strengthened by Pikunas in his book Human Development: An Emergent Science. Pikunas (1976) says that parents (family) play the major role at the outset and during the early periods of development (p. 385). The "psychic birth" of most people occurs within the setting and atmosphere of the family. Beginning and continuing life without both parents often results in serious deprivation of proper human models for self-identification.

When the child is highly influenced by the father and the mother, he or she usually develops the qualities and traits pertinent to both sexes. The deepest needs

of the child (affection, acceptance, and security) are gratified through dynamic interaction with the parents. Other influences are largely modifying factors, but a strong relationship with someone outside the family can substitute for either father or mother and in some cases for both.

Supporting the theory proposed by Pikunas, Husband in his book, General Psychology, states the influences of family toward character development. Husband (1947) says that family is the basic social group which in it, the biological, psychological and sociological forces meet in giving the individual his start in life (p. 249). The earliest major determining influence is the mother. The children absorb more of mother‟s personality characteristics, likes and dislikes, attitudes, modes of behaviour than the father‟s. The mother, through her own behaviour and by deliberate teaching, can include desirable habits: self-reliance, conciliation with others, acceptance of responsibility, and neatness.

B. Theoretical Framework

This section summarizes the contribution of the theories mentioned in the analysis of this study. There are five theories which have been explained namely, theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality, and theory of character development. Those theories will support and strengthen the analysis. Each theory will be used to answer the questions that have been formulated in the previous chapter.

As stated by Rohrberger and Woods, the theory of critical approach is classified into five approaches. In this study, the writer applies the psychological

approach as the most suitable approach to analyse the characteristic and character development of Maurice as a homosexual. Theory on character and characterization is also applied to describe Maurice‟s characteristics as the main character of the novel. Meanwhile, theory of homosexuality and theory of character development is used to reveal the factors that make Maurice become a homosexual and to determine what type of homosexual he belongs to. In addition, to analyse Maurice‟s character development, theory of character development is also applied. After all related theories mentioned above are gained, the analysis of this study can be implemented because it already has supporting theories.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology that is employed in conducting this study. This chapter consists of three parts, namely object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first part, object of the study, discusses a brief description of the novel. The second part, approach of the study, presents the critical approach used in this study. The third part, method of the study, presents about the research procedure which discusses the steps done by the writer in conducting the study to answer three formulated problems.

A.Object of the Study

This study deals with the novel Maurice which is written by Edward Morgan Forster or known as E.M Forster, a homosexual. The novel is about the story of homosexual love in the early 20th century in England. This novel was begun in writing in 1913 and finished in 1914. Actually E.M Forster resisted publishing the novel because of public and legal attitudes to homosexuality. He thought that its publication would destroy the public image that his other writing had created (Hodges & Hutter, 1974).

This novel was first published in 1971 after Forster’s death. The novel analyzed in this study was published in 1973 by W.W. Norton & Company. Inc., New York. After its publication, this novel raises some compliments from society and mass media. This novel contains of 234 pages that is divided into four parts.

The first part consists of 57 pages within chapters 1-11; the second part consists of 63 pages within chapters 12-25; the third part consists of 59 pages within chapters 26-36; and the fourth part consists of 55 pages within chapters 38-46.

The first part tells about Maurice’s family background, his preparation

entering college and his first meeting with Clive Durham. The second and third part tells about the relationship between Maurice and Clive as a homosexual couples. Then, conflicts arise between them, including Clive personal conflict. Clive thinks that their homosexual relation can affect his career in the future. Clive chooses to marry a girl which makes Maurice broken-hearted. Being disappointed, Maurice finds a therapist and a hypnotist to cure him. However, all the therapies failed. The last part tells about the new life of Maurice who finds a new love. He meets Alec Scudder, a game keeper. Alec says to Maurice that they cannot be parted no more.

B.Approach of the Study

Since this study focuses more on psychological aspects, therefore, the psychological approach is applied. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), psychological approach is an approach to literature, which “involves the effort to

locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns”, and which refers to a different

body of knowledge, that is Psychology (p. 13). It is applied when the attention is focused on psychological interpretation for enhancing the understanding and

appreciation of literature. Further, Psychology is a study of man’s life together

This study analyses Maurice’s characteristic as the main character in E.M.

Forster’s Maurice as a homosexual. The possible factors which make Maurice become a homosexual person is discussed as well. It means that this study deals

with Maurice’s life together with his mind and behaviour in order to find his character development. Therefore, it is proper to apply psychological approach

because a better understanding of human’s personality development can be

achieved.

C.Method of the Study

The method used in this study was library study. It meant that all the data needed to support this study were obtained mostly from books and other written articles, which are available in the library. E.M. Forster’s Maurice was the primary data.

There were several steps taken to conduct this study. The first step was reading the novel thoroughly and understanding the story. After reading the novel, the next step was to find something in Maurice’s character that was interesting to be discussed. To give direction to the study, the next step was stating the problem formulation.

After defining the problems, the next step was gathering the secondary data. The secondary data were from books on literature theories, psychology, character development and any other related to homosexuality development. The other supporting data were also taken from sites in the internet. The next step was drawing conclusions of the study based on the result of the study. The last steps

were making implications of the study and giving suggestion for further study on the novel.

31

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter consists of the analysis that is meant to answer the questions stated in the problem formulation. The analysis is divided into three parts. The first part reveals the characteristics of Maurice as the major character, which are depicted in the novel. The second part discusses the possible factors that make Maurice a homosexual person. After getting the answers for the first and second questions, the last part will explain Maurice‘s character development as a homosexual.

A.The Description of Maurice’s Characteristics

There is just a single character discussed in this study namely Maurice. Henkle (1977) states that there are two kinds of character: major character and minor character (p. 86). Based on his theory, Maurice is categorized as the major character. It is because Maurice takes the important role in the story. Maurice becomes the centre of the story. He always comes out in the story from the beginning until the end of the story. The reader will give most attention to the major character. Based on the theory of Roberts (1989) and Holman (1986), Maurice can be categorized as a round or dynamic character because he has capability to change. Maurice is also described in details; it is not enough to describe him in a simple phrase.

character in fictional works in order to make the characters life-like to readers. Murphy proposes nine ways of characterization through which characteristics of a character can be depicted. They are personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms.

In revealing characteristics of Maurice, the writer will apply some previously mentioned method. The characteristics of Maurice as the major character are:

1. Good Looking

Maurice is a young British man. He is nearly nineteen when he joins Sunnington. He becomes the only man in his family since his father passed away. Maurice‘s mother, Mrs. Hall, realizes his son‘s charming. Therefore, she arranges a date for his son with a girl named Gladys Olcott. Miss Olcott is one of Mrs. Hall‘s infrequent guests. She is a kind and charming girl. Miss Olcott is very happy with the date plan because she knows that Maurice is an attractive man.

Now Maurice, though he did not know it, had become an attractive young man. Much exercise had tamed his clumsiness. He was heavy but alert, and his face seemed following the example of his body. Mrs. Hall put it down to his moustache---―Maurice‘s moustache will be the making of him‖---a remark more profound than she realized. Certainly the little black line of it did pull his face together, and show up his teeth when he smiled, and his clothes suited him also (pp. 52-53).

From the description above, it shows that Maurice has an appearance as a normal man. He is bodily attractive to woman. Even, his mother and Gladys Olcott confess it.

Clive, his senior. Maurice considers Clive as his lovely smart man. Clive, as Maurice‘s boyfriend, also realizes that Maurice has something that makes people interested to him.

Towards the end of the term he noticed that Hall had acquired a peculiar and beautiful expression. It came only now and then, was subtle and lay far down; he noticed it first when they were squabbling about theology. It was affectionate, kindly, and to that extent a natural expression, but there was mixed in it something that he had not observed in the man, a touch of--impudence? He was not sure, but liked it (p.70).

Maurice and Clive like to share and discuss anything. It can be about their study, family and their relationship. Once, Maurice asks Clive about the things on him that make Clive interested to him. At first Clive denies to answer it but then he admits that he discovers the beauty of Maurice.

―When did you first care about me?‖ ―Don‘t ask me,‖ echoed Clive.

―Oh, be a bit serious—well—what was it in me you first cared about?‖ ―Like really to know?‖ asked Clive, who was in the mood Maurice adored—half mischievous, half passionate; a mood of supreme affection. ―Yes.‖

―Well, it was your beauty.‖ ―My what?‖

―Beauty.... I used to admire that man over the bookcase most.‖ (pp. 89-90). Furthermore, Forster in his Terminal Note that is included in the novel states that he tries to create a character who is completely unlike himself or what he supposed himself to be. He describes Maurice as a man who is handsome, healthy, and bodily attractive (p. 246).

2. Lonely

During his childhood, Maurice has no friend. He just knows George, his gardener boy. However, George left his home when he was not at home. He feels

like someone gone from his life. He feels so sad and it disturbs his sleep.

As he opened his eyes to look whether the blots had grown smaller, he remembered George. Something stirred in the unfathomable depths of his heart. He whispered, ―George, George.‖ Who was George? Nobody-just a common servant. Mother and Ada and Kitty were more important. But he was too little to argue this. He did not even know that when he yielded to this sorrow he overcame the spectral and fell asleep (p. 19).

His loneliness has led Maurice into an imaginative person. This is in line with Husband‘s theory (1947) which says that a lonely child may be forced to play alone and develop an unusual degree of self-reliance and imagination (p. 251). Maurice‘s imagination is seen when he misses George. He is wondering why he is so sad when George left his home. His curiosity makes him dream about when he plays with George.

In the first dream he felt very cross. He was playing football against a nondescript whose existence he resented. He made an effort and the nondescript turned into George, that garden boy. But he had to be careful or it would reappear. George headed down the field towards him, naked and jumping over the wood stacks. ―I shall go mad if he turns wrong now,‖ said Maurice, and just as they collared this happened, and a brutal disappointment woke him up (p. 21).

Since George left his home, Maurice does not have other friend. He meets Clive just after he continued his study in Sunnington. Within his family, Maurice is a mysterious person. He does not talk to them much, especially about his private business. His sister, Kitty states it to Clive when he visited their house.

―....We know even less about Maurice than when you were last here, if you think that possible. He has become a mysterious person....‖

―...He keeps everything so secret...‖ (p. 120).

knows about him. It is because he does not want anybody know about him, especially his homosexuality.

3. Faithful

Maurice is educated in a Christian way. His family surrounding is full of normality. They profess a religion, Christianity, and go to church. His father was becoming a pillar of Church when he died. Maurice and Clive often discuss about Christianity although Clive himself is not a Christian. Even Clive does not believe in any religion.

One day Durham said, ―Hall, why this thusness?‖

―Religion means a lot to me,‖ bluffed Maurice. ―Because I say so little you think I don‘t feel. I care a lot.‖ (p. 45).

From that explanation, we can conclude that Maurice believes in Christ. His father has influenced him to respect all those related to Christianity. Furthermore, he cares a lot about his religion.

4. Caring

Although his father is dead, Maurice still has a mother and two sisters who he loves. His mother, Mrs. Hall and his sisters, Ada and Kitty, also love and care about him. He feels comfortable being in the middle of his family.

Maurice liked his home, and recognized his mother as its presiding genius. Without her there would be no soft chairs or food or easy games, and he was grateful to her for providing so much, and loved her. He liked his sisters also (p.16).

Since entering his college and meeting Clive, Maurice and Clive become so close. They like sharing their ideas. Besides, Maurice keeps communicating to Clive during their vacation by sending letters.

of feeling, Durham made a little of them and said so. His replies were equally long. Maurice never let them out of his pocket, changing them from suit to suit and even pinning them in his pyjamas when he went to bed. He would wake up and touch them and, watching the reflections from the street lamp, remember how he used to feel afraid as a little boy (p. 52).

Clive has expressed his feeling of love to Maurice. At first Maurice rejects him but soon he is aware that he also has the same feeling to Clive. They care for each other. Maurice is as romantic as Clive when showing their caring.

He tried to answer Clive‘s letter. Already he feared to ring false. In the evening he received another, composed of the words ―Maurice! I love you‖. He answered, ―Clive, I love you.‖ Then, they wrote everyday and for all their care created new images in each other hearts. Letters distort even more quickly than silence (p. 81).

From those descriptions above, we can see that Maurice is a caring person. He cares about his mother and his two sisters because they are the only closest family he knows well. He also cares about Clive who becomes his closest friend at first then turns to be his boyfriend.

5. Jealous

The gay relationship of Maurice and Clive has been broken up. Maurice considers that Ada, his sister, is one of the causes that made Clive left him. It is because Clive was with Ada before Maurice meets him. He thinks that Ada has said something to Clive that influences Clive to break up the relation between them. It makes Maurice feels so angry to his sister.

He suffered hideously and before he could stop himself had spoken words that neither even forgot. He accused his sister of corrupting his friend. He let her suppose that Clive had complained of her conduct and gone back to town on that account. Her gentle nature was so outraged that she could not defend herself, but sobbed and sobbed, and implored him not to speak to her mother, just as if she were guilty. He assented: jealousy had maddened him (p.130).

Maurice has heard that Clive will marry a girl. However, Clive has not introduced the girl to him yet. One day, Clive phones him and asks for lunch but Maurice refuses it. Then Clive gives Anne, his girlfriend, change to speak to Maurice, Anne is so nice and introduces herself to Maurice.

―You‘re the eighth friend of Clive I‘ve talked to in this way this morning‖ ―The eighth?‖

―I can‘t hear.‖ ―I said the eighth.‖

―Oh yes, now I‘ll give Clive a turn. Goodbye.‖

Clive resumed. ―By the way, can you come down to Penge next week? It‘s short notice, but later all will be chaos.‖

―I‘m afraid I can‘t do that very well. Mr. Hill‘s getting married too, so that I‘m more or less busy here ‖ (pp. 48-49).

Maurice feels jealous and upset because he becomes the eighth friend of Clive that Anne called that morning. As Maurice knows, he is the closest friend of Clive who should be the first person knowing the good news of Clive‘s marriage. However, Maurice tends to conceal his upset feeling by pretending that he is busy. 6. Sensitive

Maurice is a sensitive person. He is easily touched with a condition that makes him uncomfortable. It can be seen when George, his gardener boy, left his home. George left home when Maurice was not at home. He is so sad and asks his mother about the reasons of George‘s leaving.

―Mother, where‘s George?‖ ―He left last week.‖

―Why did George leave?‖ he asked.

―He was getting too old. Howell always changes the boy every two years.‖ ―Oh.‖

A sob interrupted her. ―Morrie, darling—―

Maurice‘s sensitivity can also be seen through his reaction toward his family. It is found how Maurice reacts to his family who have mispronounced Clive‘s name. Maurice goes home and talks to his family about his friend.

On reaching home he talked about Durham until the fact that he had a friend penetrated into the minds of his family. Ada wondered whether it was brother to a certain Miss Durham-not but what she was an only child-while Mrs Hall confused it with a don named Cumberland. Maurice was deeply wounded. One strong feeling arouses another, and a profound irritation against his womenkind set in. His relations with them hitherto had been trivial but stable, but it seemed iniquitous that anyone should mispronounce the name of the man who was more to him than all the world. Home emasculated everything (p.50).

The quotation shows Maurice‘s reaction toward his family. He is so sensitive and angry when his family mispronounces the name of Clive. He thinks that if Clive heard this, he will be angry too and Maurice does not want it happens to Clive.

B.The Factors that Make Maurice a Homosexual Person

Homosexuality is a complex phenomenon. People can be homosexuals for many different reasons. Many researchers try to investigate why he or she can be a homosexual. Coleman (1976), in his book Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life and Thomas (1990), in his book The Encyclopaedia of Human Development and Education: Theory, Research, and Studies mentions some causes of homosexuality. Based on their theories, the possible factors that make Maurice become homosexual will be explained as follow:

1. Psychosocial Factor

heterosexual behaviour will develop without specific social encouragement, and in societies which have encouraged homosexuality, sexual development has been found to be readily directed toward such homosexual patterns (p. 397). Based on the Coleman‘s theory of psychosocial factor, Maurice‘s homosexuality is influenced by his “family pattern”.

Maurice lives with his mother and two sisters. He becomes the only man in his family. His father is dead when he was child. His grandfather lives far from them. It makes him has no good figure of a man who is close to him personally. Therefore, he is so dependent to his mother who spoils him. He likes his home and recognizes his mother as its presiding genius. Without her there would be no soft chairs or food or easy games, and he was grateful to her for providing so much, and loved her (p. 16). They like to kiss one another and converse aimlessly.

―Morrie...‖ ―Mummie...‖

―Now, I must give my Morrie a lovely time. Now, what shall we do these holidays?‖

―I like here best.‖

―Darling boy...‖ She embraced him, more affectionately than ever. ―There is nothing like home, as everyone finds.‖

―Yes, tomatoes‖, she liked reciting the names of vegetables. ―Tomatoes, radishes, broccoli, onions‖

―Tomatoes, broccoli, onions, purple potatoes, white potatoes,‖ droned the little boy.

―Turnip top—‖ (pp. 16-17).

One of the theories about family influences is also proposed by Husband (1947), he says that children absorb more of mother‘s personality characteristics, like and dislikes, attitudes, and modes of behaviour than the father‘s (p. 250). In addition, as quoted by Huffman (1997), Bieber finds evidence that men with

overprotective, dominant mothers and passive or absent fathers are slightly more likely to be gay (p. 376). Based on the conversation between Maurice and his mother, Mrs. Hall, and supported by the theory proposed, it can be concluded that Mrs. Hall has been a person who influences him to be homosexual. Mrs. Hall is an overprotective mother, especially to Maurice. She also dominates her family since her husband is dead. Further, Maurice tends to have his mother‘s characteristics, which are caring and sensitive.

2. Sociopsychological Factors

Thomas (1990) states that from the sociopsychological perspective, the first influence could occur if there is no father in the home and the boy is raised solely by his mother who becomes the models he copies (p. 374). As said before that Maurice lives with his mother and two sisters. He has no father or other older male which leaves him without a model of masculinity. Even, his grandfather stays in different town and they just visit him rarely.

―You live with your mother, don‘t you?‖ he interrupted, seeing that the boy had gained confidence.

―Yes, sir.‖

―Have you any elder brothers?‖ ―No, sir-only Ada and Kitty.‖ ―Any uncles?‖

―No.‖

―So, you don‘t know many men?‖

―Mother keeps a coachman and George in the garden, but of course you mean gentlemen. Mother has three maid-servants to look after the house, but they are so idle that they will not mend Ada‘s stockings. Ada is my eldest little sister.‖ (p.13).

Thomas (1990) adds that a second influence can be peers, such as fellow students in a male boarding school or in the case of a sailor, shipmates on a long

THEME

MAURICE by E.M Forster (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970)

Read the novel of E.M. Forster’s Maurice a week before the meeting.

In your opinion, what is the main theme of Maurice? Explain your reason(s).

Mention one major character and four minor characters of the novel and also analyze their characteristics.

No.

Character

(Major/Minor)

Characteristics

1.

2.

79

3.

4.

5.

Analyze the setting of the novel based on the clues below.

The geographical location

The time period

The socio-economic characteristics of the location

The specific building, room, etc

SETTING

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CLIMAX

RISING ACTION

FALLING ACTION

INTRODUCTION

DENOUEMENT

Analyze the plot of the story.

81

Identify the conflicts happen in Maurice. Discuss the types of conflicts and the subjects of the conflicts.

Types of Conflicts Who Subjects of Conflicts

Write down you own point a view and/or criticism toward homosexuality. Explain it.

Appendix 6 : The Teaching-Learning Material

CONFLICT

PERSONAL REFLECTION

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vii

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as

a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: English Language

Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analysed E.M. Forster’s novel, Maurice. It is an interesting

novel because it tells about homosexuality. This study was concerned with Maurice Hall as the main character of the novel. He was described as a homosexual person. He lived with his mother and his two sisters. Maurice had no close friend since he was a child. When he continued his study in Sunnington, a male boarding college, he met Clive. They established a same-sex love. After two years they broke up because Clive decided to marry a girl. At first, Maurice felt so frustrated but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promised to love each other and to be always together.

There were three problems discussed in this study related to the main

character: (1) How is Maurice’s character depicted in the Maurice? (2) What are the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual person? (3) How does the character of Maurice develop?

This study employed a library study method. There were two kinds of data sources employed in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary data

source was the novel Maurice itself which became the object of the study. The

secondary data sources were books on literature, psychology, and internet sources that were related to the study. This study used theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality, and theory of character development. In addition, this study applied the psychological approach because this study dealt with the character development of the main character in this novel.

Based on the analysis of the main character, it was concluded that Maurice

was a good looking, lonely, faithful, caring, jealous, and sensitive man. Maurice’s

homosexuality was caused by family pattern. It was also influenced by no father at his home and peers. Maurice was categorized as a secret homosexual. It was because he tried to conceal his homosexuality from his family and friends.

Further, the analysis showed that Maurice’s character development was caused by

the changes of the significant people. Those people were Clive Durham and Alec

Scudder who were Maurice’s boyfriends.

This study also provided suggestions for future researchers related to other possible studies on Maurice. Future study may analyse the character development of Clive and Alec who are also homosexuals. They may also analyse the conflicts happen among homosexuals and how to solve the conflicts. In addition, this study also proposed a lesson plan for teaching Prose using this novel as the learning material.

viii

ABSTRAK

Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as

a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini menganalisis novel E.M. Forster yang berjudul Maurice. Novel

ini menarik karena menceritakan tentang homoseksualitas. Studi ini mengenai Maurice Hall sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Dia digambarkan sebagai seorang homoseksual. Dia tinggal bersama ibu dan dua adik perempuannya. Maurice tidak memiliki teman dekat sejak dia kecil. Ketika dia melanjutkan studinya di Sunnington yaitu sebuah sekolah asrama khusus putra, dia bertemu dengan Clive. Mereka menjalin hubungan asmara sejenis. Setelah dua tahun bersama, mereka putus dan berpisah karena Clive memilih untuk menikahi seorang gadis. Awalnya Maurice sangat frustasi namun ia kemudian menemukan seorang gay bernama Alec. Mereka berjanji untuk saling mencintai dan selalu bersama.

Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini yang berkaitan dengan

tokoh utama: (1) Bagaimana karakter Maurice digambarkan di dalam Maurice?

(2) Faktor-faktor psychosocial dan sociopsychological apa yang membuat

Maurice menjadi seorang homoseksual? (3) Bagaimana karakter Maurice berkembang?

Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber data yang digunakan dalam studi ini: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya

adalah novel Maurice. Sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku sastra, buku-buku

psikologi dan beberapa situs internet yang berhubungan dengan studi ini. Studi ini menggunakan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, teori homoseksualitas, dan teori perkembangan karakter. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena berkaitan dengan perkembangan karakter tokoh utama. Berdasarkan analisis, Maurice merupakan seorang pria tampan, kesepian, beriman, peduli, pencemburu, dan sensitif. Homoseksualitasnya disebabkan oleh pola keluarga. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi ketiadaan sosok ayah di rumahnya dan pengaruh kelompok. Maurice

dikategorikan sebagai seorang secret homosexual karena Maurice berusaha untuk

menyembunyikan homoseksualitasnya dari keluarga dan teman-temannya. Selanjutnya, analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan karakter Maurice disebabkan oleh perubahan pada signifikan orang. Orang-orang tersebut adalah Clive Durham dan Alec Scudder yang merupakan para kekasih Maurice.

Studi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti berikutnya

mengenai kemungkinan studi lainnya terhadap Maurice. Studi selanjutnya dapat

menganalisis tentang perkembangan karakter pada Clive dan Alec yang juga merupakan homoseksual. Mereka juga dapat menganalisis konflik-konflik yang terjadi diantara para homoseksual dan bagaimana mengatasi konflik tersebut. Sebagai tambahan, studi ini juga menawarkan sebuah rencana pembelajaran untuk pengajaran Prose dengan menggunakan novel sebagai materi pembelajarannya. Kata kunci : karakter, perkembangan karakter, homoseksual, homoseksualitas

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