DEIXIS USED IN LIVERPOOL FC'S LIVE-TWEETS ON TWITTER.

DEIXIS USED IN LIVERPOOL FC’S LIVE-TWEETS ON
TWITTER
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Inayatul Nur Rosyidah
Reg. Number: A73212115

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

DEIXIS USED IN LIVERPOOL FC’S LIVE-TWEETS ON
TWITTER

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Inayatul Nur Rosyidah
Reg. Number: A73212115

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

ABSTRACT
Rosyidah, Inayatul Nur. 2016. “Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-tweets on
Twitter”. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Key Words: Deixis, Liverpool FC, Live-tweets, Twitter
This research analyzes about deixis. Deixis is reference of an expression
that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking. The
means of pointing and indicating has close relation with how words are put into
the context. In this research, the researcher focuses on deixis used in Liverpool
FC’s live-tweets on twitter. This research tries to answer two research problems.
First, what types of deixis are used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter?
Second, what are the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets
on twitter?
In this research, the researcher uses theory from Stephen C. Levinson
(1983). He stated that there are five types of deixis, they are person deixis, place
deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. This research uses a
descriptive method in analyzing the data because the researcher describes and
explains each type of deixis in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
The result of this research can be stated that there are five types of deixis
used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter. Knowing well about deixis can
avoid misunderstanding and misinterpreting, especially in social media like twitter.
As twitter limits the post only in 140 characters. In this research, Liverpool FC

use deixis to shorten their message in order to make the message enough to post.

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INTISARI
Rosyidah, Inayatul Nur. 2016. “Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-tweets on
Twitter”. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Kata Kunci: Deixis, Liverpool FC, Lini Masa, Twitter
Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang deixis. Deixis adalah referensi dari
sebuah ekspresi yang menunjuk ke waktu, tempat, atau situasi dimana pembicara
berbicara. Cara menunjuk dan menunjukkan memiliki hubungan dekat dengan
bagaimana kata-kata dimasukkan ke dalam konteks. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti
berfokus pada deixis di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter. Penelitian ini mencoba
menjawab dua masalah penelitian. Pertama, apa jenis deixis yang digunakan di
lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter? Kedua, apa interpretasi dari deixis yang
digunakan di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter?

Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Stephen C. Levinson
(1983). Dia menyatakan bahwa ada lima jenis deixis, yaitu person deixis, place
deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis dan social deixis. Penelitian ini menggunakan
metode deskriptif dalam menganalisis data karena peneliti menggambarkan dan
menjelaskan setiap jenis deixis di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter.
Hasil penelitian ini dapat dinyatakan bahwa ada lima jenis deixis
digunakan di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter. Mengetahui dengan baik tentang
deixis dapat menghindari kesalahpahaman dan salah penafsiran, terutama di
media sosial seperti twitter. Sebagaimana twitter membatasi kiriman hanya dalam
140 karakter. Dalam penelitian ini, Liverpool FC menggunakan deixis untuk
mempersingkat kiriman mereka sehingga dapat dikirim di twitter.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

INSIDE COVER PAGE................................................................................................. i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE...................................................................................................ii

DECLARATION........................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION............................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO...........................................................................................................................v
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE............................................................................... vi
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE........................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..............................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................x
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................xiii
INTISARI...................................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study........................................................................................1
1.2 Research Problems................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Research Objectives.................................................................................................5
1.4 Scope and Limitation............................................................................................... 6
1.5 Significance of the Study.........................................................................................6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms..........................................................................................6

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Theoretical Framework............................................................................................8
2.1.1 Pragmatics ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Deixis............................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3 Types of Deixis.............................................................................................. 11
1. Person Deixis.............................................................................................. 11
a. First Person.............................................................................................11
b. Second Person........................................................................................12
c. Third Person...........................................................................................12
2. Place Deixis................................................................................................ 13
3. Time Deixis.................................................................................................14
4. Discourse Deixis.........................................................................................14
5. Social Deixis...............................................................................................15
2.1.4 Twitter........................................................................................................... 16
2.2.Review of the Related Studies............................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Research Design......................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Instruments.............................................................................................. 19

3.3 Data and Data Source..............................................................................................20
3.4 Data Collection........................................................................................................20
3.5 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings....................................................................................................................23
4.1.1 Person Deixis................................................................................................ 23
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a. First Person............................................................................................... 23
b. Second Person.......................................................................................... 28
c. Third Person............................................................................................. 31
4.1.2 Place Deixis...................................................................................................35
4.1.3 Time Deixis...................................................................................................40
4.1.4 Discourse Deixis...........................................................................................43
4.1.5 Social Deixis................................................................................................. 46
4.2 Discussion................................................................................................................48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Suggestion................................................................................................................53

REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 55
APPENDIX

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, research problems, research
objective, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
Spoken or written language sometimes can be ambiguous to a hearer or a
reader. Some people deliver their utterances with direct meaning, but others may
deliver their utterances by using the words that cannot be understood directly. Some
people may deliver utterances to convey a certain meaning but, the others interpret it
with different meaning. People might become misinterpret about what speaker says.

Such cases deal a lot with pragmatics.
Pragmatics studies about intended meaning of the utterances which is not
obviously spoken. Pragmatics focuses on utterance meanings which are used in
communication between a speaker and a hearer. The speaker suggests a meaning, and
the listener assumes the correct intention. Leech (1983:1) said that pragmatic is about
how language is used in real or actual communication. It also can be defined as the
study of how utterances have meaning in certain situations.
In certain situations, words can have a certain meaning. Meaning is the idea
that delivered to convey what the speaker says. Getting meaning is an important thing
in order to understand the speaker’s intention. Sometimes the meaning of words and

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2

phrases can be understood directly but, sometimes it cannot be understood directly
and should be interpreted well in order to get the goal of the context used.
One of the cases above is often related to deixis. Deixis is reference of an

expression that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking.
The use of reference in an utterance that is not clear or lacking of description often
makes a hearer confused or even makes a hearer do not understand the conversation.
Unclear reference can cause the ambiguity of the utterance that will make the
conversation becomes misunderstanding and the message of the conversation could
not be achieved.
Deixis refers to the situation which needs contextual information in
understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance. Levinson
(1983:54) stated that deixis means pointing or indicating. The means of pointing and
indicating has close relation with how words put into the context. It is often and best
described as verbal pointing, that is to say pointing by means of language. For
example, I want this dish, this dish, and this dish. To interpret this utterance, the
writer must have information about who I refers to, about the time at which the
utterance is produced, and about what the three noun phrases this dish refer to.
It is easy to understand a context of discourse if the reference is clear, but it is
difficult to comprehend if the reference is not clear. A hearer occasionally is not
familiar with expression used by speaker. Sometimes the speaker assumes that the
hearer understands about what is talked about, meanwhile the hearer doesn’t
understand clearly that it makes misunderstanding between them. Deixis analyzes the

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3

words in the situational terms, related to the context of the participants such as
temporal, spatial, social and so on in communication process. It makes it easier to
view the thought of the speaker that is being delivered in the communication.
Deixis is not only found in spoken language but also in written language. In
the past, people have a conversation by direct contact. Nowadays, people do not only
communicate with each other face to face. Since the development of the technology
in this global era, people can communicate through the screen of their gadgets.
Almost all people have mobile phone that allows them to speak with somebody
whenever and wherever they want. They do not have to meet to communicate and
talk about what they want to share. They simply log into their social media account
and have a chat with their friends and families.
Social media is a trend and very popular these days, often described as what
people post on sites and applications which is required an internet connection like
facebook, twitter, instagram, snapchat, line, and others. Social media does not just
give people information, but interacts with others while giving that information.
Almost all people these days have a social media account that allows them to connect
and communicate with all the people around the world no matter how far apart they
are.
One of the social media sites where many deictic expressions are found is on
twitter. Twitter is one of the most popular social networks in the world today. People
use it to talk with friends and to be update with the news over the world. Twitter
limits the post only in 140 characters, it calls tweet. They usually post live-tweets

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4

which is status update that posted during ongoing event such as in a football match,
press conference, TV show, etc. Sometimes the live-tweets that contain deixis cannot
be understood directly and should be interpreted to avoid misunderstanding. This
research has done to analyze live-tweets in one of the football club official account,
namely Liverpool Football Club.
The study of deixis has done several times before. There are many researchers
did this research on the same field, yet they had different subjects and different or
similar theories. The study of deixis was conducted by Yuliawati (2009). The purpose
of her study was to identify the deixis in poems. She found that deixis often used in
poems to make the lyrics more beautiful. Ali (2012) also has done a research about
deixis and found that there are three types of personal deixis, they are first personal
deixis, second personal deixis and third personal deixis. Afiyah (2014) found five
types of deixis in Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The mostly type that
appears in the novel is person deixis. Meanwhile, Zulkarnaen (2014) found 87 deictic
expressions in Editor’s Choice of the Jakarta Post Online Edition. His study was
conducted to find out deixis types contained in sentences of the article and
interpretations of deixis in sentences of the article.
This current research is different with other researches because this research
used the data from social media. Social media facilitates people with the new way to
communicate without meeting physically. This research focused on the deixis used in
Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter. Liverpool FC is a football club based in
Liverpool, England. They usually post live-tweets to inform their followers about

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5

what happen during the football match or the club event. As twitter only allow their
user to post in 140 characters, Liverpool FC usually shorten their message to make a
post appropriate with the character limit. It will make the posts ambiguous and will
not be understood without a clear explanation.
1.2 Research Problems
After reading the live-tweets, the researcher concludes that there are many
deictic expressions in the live-tweets of Liverpool FC. The researcher can illustrate
the problems of the research:
1.

What types of deixis are used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter?

2.

What are the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter?

1.3 Research Objectives
The Objectives of the research are:
1.

To find out the types of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.

2.

To describe the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter.

1.4 Significance of the Study
By doing the research, the researcher hopes that the study would have both
theoretical and practical values. Theoretically, the results of the study will give
contribution to develop the study and analysis on linguistics studies. Practically, it

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6

will be a reference for the next researcher who is interested in analyzing deixis. For
English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching deixis and giving
examples. Significantly, this research will help the reader to understand clearly about
deixis that used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets based on its context. Since, the written
language sometimes is quite different with the spoken language.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research focused on analyzing the types of deixis and its interpretations
in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets. To make the research manageable, the researcher
limited the data only on Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter from May 2016.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Deixis

: a word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then)
that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is
speaking. i.e. I lived in Surabaya for five years. I love that city
so much. The underlined word is place deixis that explains the
specific place in speech.

Live-tweet

: status update that posted on twitter during ongoing event such
as in a football match, press conference, TV show, etc.

Liverpool FC

: Liverpool Football Club; premier league football club based
in Liverpool, England

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Twitter

: an online social networking service that enables users to send
and read short 140-character messages called "tweets".

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents several theories related to this research. Those are
definition of pragmatics, definition of deixis, types of deixis which consist of five
kinds, as follows person deixis, time deixis, person deixis, discourse deixis and social
deixis, and related studies to support the analysis.
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a study about meaning of utterances that uttered by the speaker
and interpreted by the listener. It means that pragmatics concerns with how the
listener concludes or interprets what the meaning of utterance that uttered by the
speaker. Hansen and Visconti (2009:5) stated pragmatic concerned with the
redefinitions of the respective roles of speaker or writers and addressee or readers in
the process of innovation. When the speaker says something, it is important to the
listener to know what the speakers meant by the utterance. Because there is some
interpretation by the listeners or readers and it needs to be understood what the
speaker means exactly.
Pragmatics studies about intended meaning of the utterances which is not
obviously spoken. Pragmatics focuses on utterance meanings which are used in
communication between a speaker and a hearer. The speaker suggests a meaning, and

8

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9

the listener assumes the correct intention. In addition, Crystal (1997:301) said that
pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, especially of the
choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social
interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of
communication. It also can be defined as the study of how utterances have meaning in
certain situations in communication.
From the explanation above, pragmatics can be defined as the study of
meaning that concerns to interpret the meaning of someone’s utterance in order to
understand the intended meaning of it. In everyday language, the meanings of words
and phrases are usually not directly spoken. In certain situation, words can have a
certain meaning which is quite different with another situation. Pragmatics studies
how words can be interpreted in different ways based on the situation.
2.1.2 Deixis
The word deixis is derived from the Greek word “Deicticos” means to point
or to indicate. The means of pointing and indicating has close relation with how
words put into the context. It is often and best described as “verbal pointing”, that is
to say pointing by means of language. Deixis is used to refer to elements in language
that referred directly to the situation. According to Levinson (1983:54), deixis
concerns the ways in which language encode or grammatical features of the context
of utterance or speech event. It also concerns the way in which interpretation of
utterance depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. It relates to utterance of

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10

word, phrase or sentence which point who is speaking, the time or place of speaking,
the gesture of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.
The function of deixis is to point or indicate something, identification of
person, objects, events, processes, etc. Richards (2010:75) stated that deixis is a term
for a word or phrase which directly relates an utterance to a time, place, or person. It
is also related to the use of certain referring device, such as demonstratives. For
example, this book, that woman, these fruits, etc. Fromkin (1998: 199) added that in
all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference relies entirely
on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these
circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis. From the explanation above,
the researcher concludes that deixis refers to the phenomenon where in understanding
the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual
information.
Examples of deixis:
a) I am very happy
b) I found this in the house
In the first utterance (a), the word “I” refers to the person who uttering the
sentence. In example (b), there are two deixis in one utterance. The first word “I” is
used to refer to the speaker who utters it and the second word “this” refer to a certain
thing that has found by the speaker who utters it.

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2.1.3 Types of Deixis
There are several opinions about types of deixis based on linguist. In this
research, the discussion is focused only on five types of deixis by Stephen Levinson
(1983), include:
1.

Person Deixis
Levinson (1983:62) stated that person deixis concerns with the
encoding of the role of participants in the speech event in which the
utterance in question is delivered. Yule (1996:9-10) described that person
deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in a basic threepart division they are:
a. First Person (I)
First person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both
speaker and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in
singular pronouns (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us,
ourselves, our, ours). The singular pronoun is represented to the
person or speaker in speech event. Meanwhile, the plural pronoun is
represented to a group of speaker or more people in speech event.
Example: I am sitting in the living room
The use of word “I” is the first person and as a person who uttering
the sentence. It can be said that the word “I” is to point the writer
herself in the sentence.

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12

b. Second Person (You)
The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or
persons identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves,
your, yours. In other word, second person deixis is a person who
takes direct contact with the first person and being a listener.
Example: You love me everyday
The use of word “you” is the second person and person who take
direct contact with the first person or person whom the first person
talk with.
c. Third Person (He, She, It)
Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent not identified as
the speaker or addressee in the speech event. It also can be singular
or plural. The example of singular pronoun such as he, his, himself,
she, her, herself. Whereas for plural pronoun such as they, them,
themselves. The pronoun he/she can be indicated as gender
distinction in which He represents as male while pronoun She
represents as female.
Example: He comes from England.
The use of word “He” is the third person and as a person who is
being talked by first person and second person.
Renkema (2004:122) added that person deixis is realized with
personal pronouns. The speaker as the first person (I) direct the utterance to

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13

the listener as second person (You), and could be talking about a third
person (He, She, and It). In other words, person deixis is described as
expression in which to refer to person who the speakers intend to refer.
2.

Place Deixis
Levinson (1983:79) stated that place or space deixis concerns with
the specification of locations in the speech event and typically the speaker,
and there are two basic ways of referring objects by describing or naming
them on the one hand and by locating them on the other.
Example: Fina was born in Surabaya. She lived there for 10 years.
The underlined word of sentence above is place deixis in which explains the
specific space of the speech event happen.
Renkema (2004:123) added that in place deixis a speaker can refer
to something that is in the vicinity or further away: this, these as opposed to
that, those. Place deixis also can be realized not only by the use of
demonstrative pronouns, but also by the use of adverbs of place: here,
there.

3.

Time Deixis
Time deixis is also called as temporal deixis. Renkema (2004:123)
stated that time deixis is a reference to time relative to a temporal reference
point and it is typically the moment of utterance. While, Grundy (2000:31-

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14

32) stated another important time deixis is tense system. In fact, almost
every sentence makes reference to an event time. Often this event time can
only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance. Moreover, Yule
(1996:14-15) said that the basic type of temporal deixis in English is in the
choice of verb tense.
Example: Today is my birthday
The underlined word of the example above is the time deixis. It is
shown the special time of the speech event happens. In other words, time
deixis is an expression in relation to point to certain period when the
utterances produced by the speaker.
4.

Discourse Deixis
According to Levinson (1983:85), Discourse deixis deals with the
orientation in the text through the writer or the speaker, the relation of the
text passages to the current utterance. In other words, discourse deixis is an
expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as
a signal and its relation to surrounding text.
Example: I buy a new book. This is the expensive one.
From that example, the word “this” refers to specific one. It refers to
the book in which the cost is expensive.

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5.

Social deixis
Levinson (1983:90) stated that social deixis concerns with the
aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or determined by certain
realities of participants or the social situation in which the speech event
occurs. Social deixis does not deal with three main components (person,
place and time) of the coordinate system of subjective orientation, but they
show how different social rankings and the participants of communication
utter relationships within society via language.
According to Levinson (1983: 90-91) the relational social deixis is
manifested through this certain relationship:
1.

Speaker and referent (addressee honorifics by referring him)

2.

Speaker and addressee (addressee honorifics without referring him)

3.

Speaker and bystander (bystander of audience honorifics)

4.

Speaker and setting (formality level or social activity)
He also adds that there are two basic kinds of social deictic

expression that can be encoded in language around the world, they are
relational and absolute.
a.

Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social
characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking of referents
deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and
addressee. For example: my husband, teacher, etc.

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b.

Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in
certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the
ranking of the speaker and addressee. For example: your honoured, Mr.
President, etc.

2.1.4 Twitter
Twitter is an online social networking service that enables users to send and
read short 140-character messages called "tweets". Registered users can read and post
tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them. Users access Twitter
through the website, SMS or mobile device application. It was created in March 2006
by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass and launched in July
2006. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with more than 100 million
users posting 340 million tweets a day in 2012. As of March 2016, Twitter has more
than 310 million monthly active users.
The posts on twitter called tweets. Tweets are publicly visible by default, but
senders can restrict message delivery to just their followers. Users can tweet via the
Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or
by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. Users may subscribe
to other users' tweets. This is known as "following" and subscribers are known as
"followers" or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps. Individual tweets can be
forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". Users can
also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.

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Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags. It is words
or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign. Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username
is used for mentioning or replying to other users. To repost a message from another
Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button
within the Tweet. In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it
possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors.
Users sometimes post live-tweets on twitter. It is is defined as posting on
Twitter during an event in an ongoing way. For example, an actor live-tweeting about
what they see at the Academy Awards. Live-tweets can be a trending topic on twitter
when the users use hashtag in posting their live-tweets. Trending topics become
popular either through a concerted effort by users, or because of an event that
prompts people to talk about a specific topic. These topics help twitter and their users
to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it.
2.2 Review of the Related Studies
The study of deixis has done several times before. There are many researchers
did this research on the same field, yet they had different subjects and different or
similar theories. The study of deixis was conducted by Yuliawati (2009). The purpose
of her study was to identify the deixis in poems. She found seven kinds of deixis by
William Wordsworth poems include 14 person deixis, 2 time deixis, 3 place deixis, 7
social deixis, 2 discourse deixis, 0 gestural deixis and 0 symbolic deixis. She found
that deixis often used in poems to make the lyrics more beautiful. Hayati (2016) in

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“The Little Mermaid’ Fairy Tale of Disney’s Princess Treasury Book” found that
there are also five types of deixis. Person deixis are dominant appear with 55,1 % of
the whole data.
Afiyah (2014) found five types of deixis in Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell
to Arms. The mostly type that appears in the novel is person deixis. Ali (2012) also
has done a research about deixis and found that there are three types of personal
deixis, they are first personal deixis, second personal deixis and third personal deixis.
Meanwhile, Zulkarnaen (2014) found 87 deictic expressions in Editor’s Choice of the
Jakarta Post Online Edition. His study was conducted to find out deixis types
contained in sentences of the article and interpretations of deixis in sentences of the
article. Siswanto (2016) analyzed deixis in Thomas hardy’s “The Return of the
native”, his analysis of place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis showed that
every word in the sentence of target language is translated into equivalent concepts in
the target language to give accurate of meaning.
Over all previous research, this research explained more about deixis that
found in the object of study. The writer is not only identifying each type of deixis, but
also showing the readers the results in the diagram and table and also the
interpretations of each type of deixis that happened in the data source: Liverpool FC’s
Live-Tweets on twitter.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter discusses the method used in the study which includes
research design, research instruments, data sources, data, data collection and data
analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This research used a descriptive approach in analyzing the data because
the researcher described and explained each type of deixis in Liverpool FC’s livetweets. Descriptive research is a method which involves observing and describing
the data. The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question,
design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive research
is primarily concerned with finding out "what is”.
Glass and Hopkins (1984:65) stated that descriptive reserach studies in
which the researcher does not interact with the participant include observational
studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection using
existing records. The researcher concerned on the interpretation and analysis on
the object with some helps of library research. Thus, the researcher applied
descriptive research method based on library research.
3.2 Research Instruments
In this research, the researcher was the main instrument. The researcher
read the text, collected and analyzed the data. To make it easier, the researcher

19

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also used some supporting instruments such as smartphone and the captures of the
live-tweets.
3.3 Data and Data Source
The data source of this research was Liverpool Football Club’s live-tweets
from May 2016. The researcher captured the live-tweets via computer. The
captures were taken from Liverpool Football Club official account on twitter
namely @LFC. Data of this research focused on sentences in Liverpool FC’s livetweets that contain five types of deixis include person deixis, time deixis, place
deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.
3.4 Data Collection
The researcher collected the data in some steps. They are:
1.

The researcher logged in to twitter and went to Liverpool FC account, then
captured the live-tweets from Liverpool FC from May 2016 via smartphone.

2.

The researcher printed the captures and read the sentences from live-tweets
carefully to find out the data which is going to be analyzed.

3.

The researcher underlined the words that include person deixis, place deixis,
time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. The function of this step is to
make easy in classifying the data into the five types of deixis. Here is the
example of the capture of Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter via
smartphone:

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3.5 Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data and answered
the statement of problems by doing these following steps:
1.

The researcher identified five types of deixis that appear in Liverpool FC’s
live-tweets from May 2016 applied it in a percentage by using this formula:
Percentage of each type: X 100 %
x: The frequency of each type of deixis
y: The total number of frequency
after that, the researcher draw a diagram as the example below.

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2.

The researcher categorized which one of deixis found in the data is included
in person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis
and put the results into the table.

3.

The researcher described each types of deixis and intrepreted the reference
meaning of its deixis based on the context used in Livepool FC’s live-tweet.

4.

The researcher concluded the result of the whole data analyzed to answer the
research questions.

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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents about findings and discussion. The purpose of this
chapter is concerned with the analysis of the data in order to answer the statement
of problems presented in Chapter I.
4.1 Findings
After reading Liverpool FC’s live-tweets, the reasearcher found that there
are five types of deixis applied in it. They are person deixis, place deixis, time
deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. All of them will be explained as the
following below.
Types of Deixis in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter

Diagram above shows the number of deixis found in the data. each type of
deixis will be explained as the following below.
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4.1.1

Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns with the encoding of the role of participants in the

speech event. Person deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in
a basic three-part division, they are first person, second person and third person.
a. First Person
First person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both speaker
and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in singular pronouns (I,
me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours). The singular
pronoun is represented to the person or speaker in speech event. Meanwhile, the
plural pronoun is represented to a group of speaker or more people in speech
event.
The researcher found that there are 32 first person deixis in the data. First
person deixis is usually used to indicate the speaker directly. Some speakers
speak to represent themselves, but sometimes they speak to represent many people.
Discussions below are first person deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter.
Table 1: First Person Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter.
No

First Person

Sentences

1

We

We need to be clever enough

2

We

We don’t have 20 minutes, we have 90 minutes

3

We

We’re disappointed to concede in last minute

4

We

We need to be patient

5

We, our

We will have our chances

6

I

I believe in this team

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7

Us

It’s a wonderful oppotunity for us

8

Our

Our league position isn’t fixed

9

We

We will try everything for sure.

10

We

That’s what we’re doing

11

We

We’ll use these experiences next year

12

We

We came together into the final

13

I

I hope I have to make difficult decisions

14

We

we’ll try to find a line-up to win at West Brom

15

We

we need to be good in the final

16

Us

It’s an outstanding opportunity for us

17

We

We will be ready 100 per cent

18

We

we’ve had great atmospheres

19

We

as long as we lift that trophy

20

I, me

I don’t care if it’s me or no

21

I

That’s what I believe

22

We

We will see. We have two more sessions.

23

Us

you can watch us in training

24

We

We have to prepare like normal

25

I

When I came here

26

I

I don't feel pressure. I feel opportunity

Most of first person used is “we” because the data were taken from
Liverpool FC live-tweets which usually discussed about Liverpool FC team so
that when they talk about Liverpool FC they use “we” to represent the whole
Liverpool FC team.
Here are some examples of first person deixis in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets.

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Example 1
Klopp: “When I came here some people doubted these players. Now they have the
opportunity to achieve something special. Let’s try it. (posted on May 17, 21:52)
The sentences above talk about Klopp’s opinion. Klopp is Liverpool FC
head coach. He spoke at press conference before Europa League final match
against Sevilla. He told about his experience of what people think about Liverpool
FC players. Many people doubted Liverpool FC players can play well, but then
Liverpool FC players proved that they are not like what people think as they reach
the final and they want to win it. The word I is classified as first person singular
which refers to Klopp as the speaker. Here, Klopp used the pronoun I to indicate
himself as the speaker.
Example 2
Klopp on @DivockOrigi: “We will see. We have two more sessions.
Unfortunately you can watch us in training after this press conference. (posted on
May 17, 21:48)
The sentences talk about Klopp’s statement on one of Liverpool FC player
Divock Origi in press conference. He told about Origi’s condition and he added
that the reporters who came can watch the players include Divock Origi in
training after the press conference. The word we is classified as first person plural
which refers to the whole Liverpool FC. Whereas, the word us is object pronoun
of the first person plural which also refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. Klopp
used first person plural because he spoke to represent the whole Liverpool FC
team as he is Liverpool FC head coach.

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Example 3
Klopp: “It’s not about next Thursday. If you think about that now then we have no
chance on Sunday. We always respect the @premierleague.” (posted on April 29,
19:02)
The sentences above are about Klopp’s statement in press conference. He
told the reporters that Liverpool FC will focus on premier league match on
Sunday. They do not think about Europa League match on next Thursday at this
moment because the match they will face first is premier league match. The word
we is first person plural which refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. Klopp used
pronoun we because he represented the whole Liverpool FC team as he is the head
coach of the team.
Example 4
Lovren: “We were disapppointed to concede in last minute. We need to be
patient. We will have our chances. I believe in this team. (posted on May 4, 21:12)
The data above is about Lovren’s statement in press conference. Lovren is
one of the Liverpool FC players who plays as a defender. He told that Liverpool
FC was disappointed toward the result of the game, but he was sure that the team
will improve their performance. The word we is first person plural which refers to
the whole Liverpool FC team. Meanwhile, the word our is possesive adjectives of
the first person plural which refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. And the last,
the word I is also first person singular which refers to Lovren as the speaker. Here,
Lovren used first person plural and singular at the same time. He used first person
plural we to represented the whole Liverpool FC team because he was the one

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who took place in press conference. Whilst, he used first person singular I to
stated about his own opinion in press conference.
Example 5
Dejan Lovren on facing @VillarealCF: “We need to be clever enough. We don’t
have 20 minutes, we have 90 minutes. Anything is possible.” (posted on May 4,
21:10)
The sentences above are Dejan Lovren’s opinion about Liverpool FC next
match against Villareal in Europa League. He said that Liverpool FC need to be
clever enough in the match. It means that they should use the strategy to win the
match. He added that they have 90 minutes in the game. It is a long time so that
they can win it. The word we at those sentences is first person singular. It refers to
the whole Liverpool FC team. Dejan Lovren used first person plural because he
was the one who took place in press conference as a representative of Liverpool
FC.
b. Second Person
The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or persons
identified as addressee, such as you, yo