THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS IN FIRST 100 DAYS OF OFFICE OF JOKOWI-BASUKI.
THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS IN FIRST 100 DAYS OF OFFICE OF JOKOWI-BASUKI
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of FPBS UPI in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Sarjana Degree Assignment
By:
Fira Nursya’bani
0906856
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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PAGE OF APPROVAL The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki
A Research Paper By
Fira Nursya’bani 0906856
Approved by
Main Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. NIP. 196706091994031003
Co-Supervisor
Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd NIP. 197008032005011002
The Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby certify that the research entitled “The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki” comprises only my original work. It contains no material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university except where due reference acknowledgement is made in text.
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iv PREFACE
Praise to Allah the almighty, the Most Graceful and Merciful. I can finish the paper due to the opportunity and encouragement given by Him.
The study entitled “The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki” is submitted to the English Education Department of UPI with the purpose of fulfilling the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree.
I realize that this research is far from perfect; therefore any suggestions and constructive criticisms are gladly welcomed to improve the further research on critical discourse analysis.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, be to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful for giving me the strength, perseverance, and patience in accomplishing this study. This study would not have been completed without the assistance and support of several people who tirelessly provided constructive criticism and also guidance in the preparation and completion of this study.
First and foremost, my greatest gratitude to Mr. Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. as the main supervisor and Mr. Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd. as the co-supervisor, whose sincerity and assistance are always encouraging me. Furthermore, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed, the head of English Department UPI, for his support and guidance. I also wish to thank all of the lecturers and staff in English Department UPI for the help and kindness.
I wish to express my gratitude to my best friend, Arizal, and my Tagony friends, Meyza, Riestia, Prita, Luci, and Alfiani, for their support and contribution during the preparation of this study.
I owe my loving thanks to my family: my parents Mamah Dida and Bapak Sapidi, without their encouragement and understanding, it would have been impossible for me to finish this study. My special gratitude is also due to a loving supports from my sister, Fidyast, and my brother, Farhan.
Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the study.
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ABSTRACT
“The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki”
Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A Co-Supervisor: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd
This study presents the analysis of how the national mass media deliver their ideological point of view to the readers in their online articles regading a political issue in Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama first 100 days of office. It was aimed at investigating the way social actors are represented in the text and to uncover the ideologies underlying the representation. The data were obtained from ten online articles from different nationwide media published in 22 January 2013. A qualitative method was employed to analyse the selected data. The data were analysed based on the sociosemantic approach proposed by Van Leeuwen (2008). The findings showed that Jokowi as the governor of Jakarta was dominated the occurrences as an active participant. Moreover, different impression was shown where the active roles were always associated with Jokowi and the passive roles were always associated with Jakarta. The findings also revealed that the possible ideologies that can be inferred from the representation were democracy and Jokowi as the “city rescuer.”
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ABSTRAK
“The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 Days of Office of Jokowi-Basuki”
Pembimbing I: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A Pembimbing II: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos, M.Pd
Studi ini mengemukakan analisis mengenai bagaimana media masa nasional menyampaikan sudut pandang ideologi tertentu kepada pembaca dalam artikel online mengenai isu politik yaitu 100 hari pertama Joko Widodo dan Basuki Tjahja Purnama di Pemerintahan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti bagaimana aktor sosial direpresentasikan di dalam teks dan untuk membongkar ideology yang mendasari representasi tersebut. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini diperoleh dari sepuluh artikel online dari sepuluh koran online berbeda yang semuanya diterbitkan pada 22 Januari 2013. Metodologi kualitatif dipakai dalam studi ini untuk menganalisis data yang telah dipilih. Data dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan sociosemantic yang dikemukakan oleh Van Leeuwen di tahun 2008. Studi ini menunjukan bahwa Jokowi, sebagai gubernur Jakarta, mendominasi kemunculan aktor sosial sebagai partisipan yang aktif di dalam teks. Selain itu, kesan lain terlihat ketika peran aktif selalu dikaitkan pada sosok Jokowi, sedangkan peran pasif selalu dikaitkan pada Jakarta. Studi ini juga menyatakan bahwa ideologi yang dapat disimpulkan dari representasi tersebut adalah demokrasi dan Jokowi sebagai “penyelamat kota.”
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TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ABSTRACT ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF DIAGRAMS ... x
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ... 2
1.3 Research Questions ... 3
1.4 Aims of the Study ... 4
1.5 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.6 Methodology ... 5
1.6.1 Research Design ... 5
1.6.2 Data Collection ... 5
1.6.3 Data Analysis ... 6
1.6.4 Research Processes ... 7
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8
2.1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis ... 8
2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ... 9
2.3 Media Discourse ... 10
2.4 Representation ... 11
2.5 Van Leeuwen’s Sociosemantic Approach ... 12
2.5.1 Exclusion ... 13
2.5.2 Inclusion ... 14
2.5.2.1 Role Allocation ... 14
2.5.2.2 Personalization and Impersonalization ... 15
2.6 Halliday’s Transitivity System ... 19
2.6.1 Material Process ... 21
2.6.2 Mental Process ... 22
2.6.3 Relational Process ... 24
2.6.4 Behavioural Process ... 25
2.6.5 Verbal Process ... 26
2.6.6 Existential Process ... 27
2.7 Ideology, Power, and Critique ... 30
2.8 Previous Studies ... 31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 34
3.1 Research Questions ... 34
3.2 Clarification of Key Terms ... 34
3.3 Research Design ... 35
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3.5 Data Analysis ... 39
3.6 Data Presentation ... 41
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 45
4.1 The Representation of Social Actors ... 45
4.1.1 Inclusion ... 47
4.1.1.1 Role Allocation ... 47
4.1.1.2 Personalization ... 53
4.1.1.3 Impersonalization ... 60
4.1.2 Exclusion ... 63
4.2 Ideologies Underlying in the Representation ... 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 68
5.1 Conclusions ... 68
5.2 Suggestions ... 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 72 APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Sources of Data ... 6
Table 2.1 Typical Function of Group and Phrase Classes ... 20
Table 2.2 Verb Realization of Material Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 22
Table 2.3 Verb Realization of Mental Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 23
Table 2.4 Verb Realization of Relational Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 24
Table 2.5 Verb Realization of Behavioural Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 25
Table 2.6 Verb Realization of Verbal Process in Bahasa Indonesia ... 26
Table 2.7 Types of Process in Transitivity System ... 27
Table 2.8 Types of Circumstantial Elements ... 28
Table 3.1 List of Selected Articles ... 36
Table 3.2 Example of Transitivity Analysis ... 41
Table 3.3 Example of Sociosemantic Analysis ... 42
Table 4.1 The Frequency of Inclusion and Exclusion ... 46
Table 4.2 The Frequency of Role Allocation ... 48
Table 4.3 The Frequency of Strategy of Personalization ... 54
Table 4.4 The Frequency of Strategy of Impersonalization ... 61
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LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 2.1 The Social Actor Network ... 12 Diagram 2.2 The Grammar of Experience: Type of Process ... 21
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I Sociosemantic Analysis Appendix II Transitivity Analysis
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the research which covers the background of the study, the reason for choosing the topic, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, research methodology, and the organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
Technology advancement provides easy and fast access to people in getting recent news. Nowadays, news has become a daily need; it is essential and worthy to people as truthful information that is up to date and objectively presented (Molek-Kozakowska, 2013). However, one thing that people do not notice is that news has a function as a meaning-maker. Less educated people might not realize the fact that news is constructed socially, culturally, and ideologically.
Since news from newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the Internet affect public opinions (Bonyadi, 2010), it tends to be manipulated by some people to control over other people. This manipulation may involve power abuse and inequality; hence, there are an ample opportunity to manipulate and convey ideologies through the mass media. As Van Dijk (2006:361) said, “manipulation is being exercised through text, talk, and visual messages.” Thus, the language use of the media or media discourse makes a significant involvement to the construction of social reality or social life (Richardson, 2007).
This study uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a theory and method to analyse the articles. CDA was chosen because it relates to social issues and social practices. The language use and social practices will create representation of elements of social practice, such as social actor as participant of social practices and social action as a core of social practice (Van Leeuwen, 2008).
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CDA can be employed to analyse newspapers discourse; such analysis can be found, for example, Rashidi & Rasti (2012) and Hodge (2012). The study conducted by Rashidi & Rasti (2012) used Theo Van Leeuwen's (2008) approach in representing the social actors to show the way Western news gave an untrue notion of Iran‟s nuclear activities. Their study has revealed ideological biases in
representing the Iran‟s side as the social actor, in which the Western news gave a different way of treating to Iran. Moreover, the second study conducted by Hodge (2012) used a different method of analysis. He used an ideological-complex theory to examine some contradictions that appeared in newspaper articles about anti-muslim racism. By analyzing the ideologies, identity, and interaction,
Hodge‟s (2012) study revealed that the articles were full of contradictions. These contradictions might strengthen or weaken the racism issue in those articles; it depends on how they are managed.
The current study aims to analyse how the national mass media deliver their ideological point of view in political context to the readers in their online articles. The data were taken from ten articles from online sources that relate to a political issue in Indonesia, namely first 100 days of office of Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama as a new governor and vice governor of Jakarta. In their first 100 days of office in 22 January 2013, some national print and online media made special edition report to evaluate what was already achieved by Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama in governing Jakarta. Meanwhile, Jokowi stated that he had never planned a 100 day-programme (Majalah Detik, 21-27 January 2013).
1.2 Reason for Choosing the Topic
Joko Widodo (also known as Jokowi) is a newly elected governor of Jakarta, elected in 15 October 2012. Together with Basuki Tjahja Purnama as a vice governor, they are ruling Jakarta with some innovations. They become extremely popular and their news has always become headlines in print and online media. The way Jokowi and Basuki rule Jakarta by directly meet the citizens or
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commonly called blusukan, much appreciated by Indonesian people, especially in Jakarta. Some people respond it well, while others consider it only as a self-image improvement. The national media generally represent them in positive way. They are often reported as the leader who should be examples for other leaders.
Jokowi with his popular image is very interesting to become a research topic because he is known as a phenomenal leader and completely different to other provincial governors in Indonesia or even the earlier governors of Jakarta. At a glance, the ideology which is delivered in news about Jokowi involves democracy. Democracy is characterized by the participation of the citizens in decision-making processes carried out by the government (Suyatmi & Hendrastuty, 2011). In this case, Jokowi is currently able to attract sympathy of the citizens with his way of working which prefers to find out people‟s voice by visiting them.
To see more details on the way social actors in the articles regarding Jokowi and Basuki‟s first 100 days of office are represented and also on what exactly are the ideologies behind such representations, this study provides Van
Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic network and Halliday's (1985) systemic
functional linguistics (SFL). The use of transitivity system of SFL in exploring the role of participants in clauses is expected to provide a deeper understanding through some types of processes occurred in the clauses.
1.3 Research Question
Because of the growing interest, this paper attempts to address two questions:
a. How are social actors represented in the articles? b. What are ideologies underlying the representation?
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1.4 Aims of the Study
The aims of this study are as follows:
a. To reveal the presentation of social actors in the articles. b. To identify ideologies underlying the representation.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to analysing the representation of social actors in articles that relates to Jokowi-Basuki‟s first 100 days of office and unpack ideologies behind such representation. This study focuses on inclusion and exclusion categories proposed by Van Leeuwen (2008) to reveal the way social actors are foregrounded or omitted in the text. The articles used in this research were limited to ten articles published in Tuesday, 22 January 2013 or the coincided date of first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki‟s governorship. The ten articles were selected because such articles were most frequently accessed by readers, which reached more than 3000 viewers in its publication day and were at the top of the Google search engine. The selected online articles were also from trusted national online media which were often reporting Jokowi-Basuki‟s activities in Jakarta.
The analysis is limited to the level of clause. Since the data were from Bahasa Indonesia, the clauses that analysed were only major clauses. There are 210 simple clauses and clause complexes from the whole articles which contain particular social actors, where the social actors in this analysis were included Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama as new governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Jakarta, citizen of Jakarta, Jakarta Provincial Government, and several social actors that accompany Jokowi-Basuki‟s actions in the clauses.
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1.6 Methodology 1.6.1 Research Design
In order to reveal the way social actors are represented in the articles, this study was conducted by using a qualitative data analysis. The data were analysed by applying the combination of Theo Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic network and Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system as the main tools. Thus, these approaches were appropriate to be used in this study to help answering the research questions because sociosemantic network and transitivity system are approaches that aim to show in which context the participants in text are represented sociologically and linguistically.
1.6.2 Data Collection
The data were in the form of online articles. The articles chosen were about first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki‟s governorship in Jakarta. There were ten articles used in this study. Those were taken from different national online articles, published on Tuesday, 22 January 2013. The data are as follows:
Table 1.1 Sources of Data
No. Title of the articles Downloaded from:
1. Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari
http://majalah.detik.com/cb/7cd2bc5e f766c8b4a1df8cd2eae8ef2d/2013/201 30121_MajalahDetik_60.pdf
2. Pengamat: Jokowi Harus Mulai Blusukan dalam Sistem
http://lipsus.kompas.com/topikpilihan
list/2133/1/100.hari.jokowi-basuki/read/xml/2013/01/22/2313024 7/Pengamat.Jokowi.Harus.Mulai.Blu sukan.dalam.Sistem
3. 100 Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Tunda Segalanya
http://edsus.tempo.co/konten-berita/balaikota/2013/01/22/456101/ 12/100-Jokowi-Ahok-Banjir-Tunda-Segalanya
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4. Jokowi: Kerugian akibat banjir Rp 20 triliun
http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/joko wi-kerugian-akibat-banjir-rp-20-triliun.html
5. 100 Hari Jokowi-Ahok, Warga: Mereka Pemimpin yang Baik
http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nas
ional/jabodetabek- nasional/13/01/22/mh0zoc-100-hari-
jokowiahok-warga-mereka-pemimpin-yang-baik
6. Ini Hasil Kerja Jokowi-Ahok di 100 Hari Pertamanya
http://news.liputan6.com/read/49418 9/ini-hasil-kerja-jokowi-ahok-di-100-hari-pertamanya
7. Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali
http://politik.kompasiana.com/2013/0 1/22/kado-100-hari-jokowi-wasiat-bang-ali-526779.html
8. 100 hari ... Jokowi biasa saja, Ahok pusing
http://www.antaranews.com/berita/35 4472/100-hari--jokowi-biasa-saja-ahok-pusing
9. 100 Hari, Jokowi Launching 3 Program
http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/detil /berita/117433/100-Hari-Jokowi-Launching-3-Program
10. Memasuki 100 Hari, Basuki Apresiasi Pegawai
http://www.metrotvnews.com/metrone ws/video/2013/01/22/5/169353/Mema suki-100-Hari-Basuki-Apresiasi-Pegawai-DKI
1.6.3 Data Analysis
This study employs Theo Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA examines language that constructs and is constructed by social relationship and the language may also contain ideologies. Paltridge (2006:179) said that CDA aims “to help reveal some of these
hidden and „often out of sight‟ values, position, and perspectives.” Thus, inclusion and exclusion in sociosemantic theory proposed by Van Leeuwen (2008) was chosen because the concept of this theory is compatible in revealing the representation and hidden perspective in discourses. He offers some classification of social actor in his sociosemantic inventory in order to make researchers easier to classify people and to find the ideological effect from the classification
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(Machin & Mayr, 2012). This study also employs Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system as a tool to assist the analysis of representation of social actors in the text. Transitivity system can help to explore the function of the clauses; who does what in what situation.
1.6.4 Research Processes
In conducting this research, several steps have been taken. The first step was to read the text in order to understand the text comprehensively. The second step was to divide the text into simple clauses and clause complexes. The third step was to identify the function of the social actors in the text by using Haliday‟s (1985) transitivity system. Then, the fourth step was to classify the data into inclusion and exclusion and to analyse the types of inclusion and exclusion in the clauses. The next step was to quantify the data, and the last step was to construe the data in order to reveal the representation of the social actors and to formulate ideologies.
1.7 Organization of the Paper
This research is organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents introduction, which includes the background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the research, the scope of the study, a brief explanation of research methodology, and the organization of the paper. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework. It explains the theories and concepts that were used in this research. The third chapter contains the research methodology, the research questions, and the clarification of key terms. It also elaborates the research design, data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The fourth chapter presents findings and discussion of the research. Then the last is the fifth chapter, which contains conclusion of the analysis and several suggestions for future research.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology of the research. It contains the research questions, the clarification of key terms, research design, data collection, data analysis, and data presentation.
3.1 Research Questions
This study is conducted to answer the following research questions: a. How are social actors represented in the articles?
b. What are ideologies underlying the representation?
3.2 Clarification of Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the following is the clarification of key terms used in this study:
a. Discourse relates to “the world in which the interlocutors
communicate”. (Renkema, 2009:2)
b. Critical Discourse Analysis refers to “a study of the relation between
discourse, power, dominance, social inequality and the position of the discourse analyst in such social relationships” (Van Dijk, 1993:249). c. Representation is therefore “central to the processes by which
meaning is produced” (Hall, 1997:2).
d. Social Actor is “an element of social practices. It has a number of roles in its participation in practices, such as „agents‟ (doers of action), „patients‟ (participants to whom actions are done) or beneficiaries (participants who benefit from an action)” (Wodak & Meyer, 2009:149).
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e. Ideology refers to “a coherent and relatively stable set of beliefs or
values” (Wodak & Meyer, 2009:8) 3.3 Research Design
This study was guided by a qualitative research method in revealing the representation of social actors in articles. A qualitative method was applied in this study because the sources of data gathered from articles which consist of text analysis (see Creswell, 2002; Caudle, 2004). However, a quantitative method was also applied to support the percentage of data analysis, especially for tendencies of data that appear in the analysis.
The aims of this study were to discover the way social actors are represented in the national mass media. It also aimed to reveal the ideology behind the representation. Some studies of representation of social actor in the media had been conducted, for instance, Farelly (2009), Post (2009) Sahragard & Davatgarzadeh (2010), and Rashidi & Rasti (2012). Therefore, the use of Van
Leeuwen‟s (2008) approach to CDA was appropriated since it focuses on
representation. In addition, Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system was also used to assist the analysis of the representation.
The notion of Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) approach to CDA is that discourses are recontextualization of social practices. It focuses on investigating social actors in the text as the crucial element of social practices. Thus, Van Leeuwen (2008) introduces the sociosemantic approach which provides several classifications in order to make researchers easier to classify people and to find the ideological effect from the classification (Machin & Mayr, 2012). In constructing the social actor networks, present study was assisted by Halliday‟s (1985) transitivity system. Types of process in transitivity can help to explore the way social actors are played their role in the discourse.
The analysis was either in the level of simple clauses and clause complexes. Some previous studies assumed that transitivity system can only be applied in major clause in Bahasa Indonesia (Sujatna, 2012). Major clauses are
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clauses which the predicate is in a finite verb form, a non-finite verb form, and other forms that have function as a verbal predicate. It can be both dependent and independent clause. There are 210 clauses from the whole articles which contain particular social actors. The social actors analysed in this study include Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama as new governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Jakarta, citizens of Jakarta, Jakarta Provincial Government, and several social actors that accompany Jokowi-Basuki‟s actions.
3.4 Data Collection
The data were collected from online sources in the form of articles. The articles chosen were about the newly elected governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama, in their first 100 days of office. The ten articles used in this study were published in 22 January 2013.
Table 3.1 List of Selected Articles
Publishers Title of the articles Direct links Authors
Majalah Detik
Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari
http://majalah.detik.co m/cb/7cd2bc5ef766c8b 4a1df8cd2eae8ef2d/20 13/20130121_Majalah Detik_60.pdf M. Rizal, Isfari Hikmat, Monique Shintami, Evi Tresnawati Kompas Pengamat: Jokowi Harus
Mulai Blusukan dalam Sistem http://lipsus.kompas.co m/topikpilihanlist/2133 /1/100.hari.jokowi-basuki/read/xml/2013/0 1/22/23130247/Penga mat.Jokowi.Harus.Mul ai.Blusukan.dalam.Sist em Alfiyyatur Rohmah
Tempo 100 Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Tunda Segalanya
http://edsus.tempo.co/k onten-berita/balaikota/2013/0 1/22/456101/12/100- Jokowi-Ahok-Banjir-Tunda-Segalanya
Sutji Decilya, Tri Artining Putri
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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Merdeka Jokowi: Kerugian akibat
banjir Rp 20 triliun
http://www.merdeka.co m/jakarta/jokowi- kerugian-akibat-banjir-rp-20-triliun.html Muhammad Sholeh
Republika 100 Hari Jokowi-Ahok, Warga: Mereka Pemimpin yang Baik
http://www.republika.c o.id/berita/nasional/jab odetabek-nasional/13/01/22/mh0 zoc-100-hari- jokowiahok-warga- mereka-pemimpin-yang-baik
Alicia Saqina, Heri Ruslan
Liputan 6 Ini Hasil Kerja Jokowi-Ahok di 100 Hari Pertamanya http://news.liputan6.co m/read/494189/ini- hasil-kerja-jokowi- ahok-di-100-hari-pertamanya Edward Panggabean
Kompasiana Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali
http://politik.kompasian a.com/2013/01/22/kado -100-hari-jokowi- wasiat-bang-ali-526779.html
Shendy Adam
Antara 100 hari ... Jokowi biasa saja, Ahok pusing
http://www.antaranews .com/berita/354472/10 0-hari--jokowi-biasa-saja-ahok-pusing
Deny Yuliansari
Wartakota 100 Hari, Jokowi Launching 3 Program
http://wartakota.tribun news.com/detil/berita/1 17433/100-Hari- Jokowi-Launching-3-Program Catur
Metro TV news
Memasuki 100 Hari, Basuki Apresiasi Pegawai
http://www.metrotvnew s.com/metronews/video /2013/01/22/5/169353/ Memasuki-100-Hari- Basuki-Apresiasi-Pegawai-DKI Unidentified
The choice of articles was due to several reasons. Firstly, when he was a mayor of Solo, Jokowi was crowned as the third world best mayor by The City Mayors Foundation in World Mayor Project 2012 (VOA Indonesia, 11 November 2013). Nevertheless, as reported in pilpres-2014.com, 4 August 2013, in the midst of his leadership as mayor of Solo in the second period, he decided to fix Jakarta;
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rapidly his desire had been public spotlight. Thence, he won the election and officially became governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until five years later. On the other hand, Jakarta is widely known as a city with thousand problems. Adolf Heuken, a keen observer of Jakarta life, as reported in The Jakarta Post, 8 July 2013, said that there will be no governor that can solve Jakarta‟s problems because it had been neglected too long. However, Jokowi is expected to unravel the problems one by one. Many who support him and praise his uncommon steps, but not a few who sneer him and consider his action as action of imaging (Kompasiana, 22 January 2013). Further in this study, Jokowi, a man over the controversial decision to fix Jakarta, became the main social actor analysed.
Secondly, the nationwide online articles had been chosen because the news about Jokowi has become national news. The selected online media were media that often reported Jokowi and Basuki‟s activities in Jakarta. Furthermore, several selected online media, i.e. Majalah Detik, Kompas, and Tempo, made Jokowi and Basuki‟s first 100 days of office special edition which reported what already achieved by Jokowi and Basuki in their first 100 days of governorship. In addition, the ten online articles used in this study were retrieved in most frequently accessed site and were in the initial sequences of the Google search engine. This shows that the selected articles might be having a great influence on the readers.
Thirdly, news from the media is always packed with meaning and pictures that can affect the political views of the readers (Altheide, 2007). Likewise the articles above, the selected articles are relevant to this study because before Jokowi reached his first 100 days, the media always reported Jokowi in positive way, so that it gave a positive overview and influence to the readers. Thus, this study was curious about how Jokowi as the newly elected governor of Jakarta are represented after he ruled for 100 days. The positive image of Jokowi was shown in his different style of leading compared with the previous leaders of Jakarta.
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In conducting this study, several processes had been taken. The first, doing internet research to collect the data in several online media and undertaking library research in order to find relevant sources to support this study. Online sources were chosen because nowadays online news sites are already rife and can easily access by people.
The second, deciding the issue that relates to political issue in Indonesia. That was the representation of social actors and the ideologies of the representation in ten national online articles regarding first 100 days of office of newly elected governor and vice governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo and Basuki Tjahja Purnama, published in 22 January 2013. The issue was decided in order to reveal how Joko Widodo and his government in Jakarta are represented in the media and what ideologies underlying the representation after he ruled Jakarta for 100 days.
The third, gathering the data that relate to the issue. The data used in this study were in form of article. Ten articles were selected from different online sources and were carefully read in order to gain comprehensive understanding.
The fourth, dividing the text into simple clauses and clause complexes, and identifying the social actors in each clause. In addition, simple clause only consists of independent clause; independent clause is clauses that can stand alone; it contains both a subject and a verb, e.g. Anak itu tersenyum dengan bahagia (the child smiled happily) (Sujatna, 2012:144). Meanwhile, clause complex can consist of two or more independent clauses or consist of independent and dependent clauses. Two or more independent clauses can be joined by coordinators such as and, but, yet, so, and or, e.g. Sebagian besar memuji langkah
yang tidak umum ini, tapi ada juga yang mencibir sebagai aksi pencitraan (Most people praised this uncommon step, but there is also who sneered it as imaging action.) (taken from “Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali” article). Moreover, dependent clause is clause that cannot stand alone and should be attached to independent clause; it requires subordinators such as what, where,
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why, how, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, whether, that, and if; while in
bahasa Indonesia, the subordinator usually expresses by yang, e.g. Blusukan yang
sering dilakukan sejatinya adalah upaya dari Pak Joko untuk membangun kembali kepercayaan publik terhadap pemerintah (Blusukan that frequently did is
Mr. Joko efforts to rebuild public trust to government.) (taken from “Kado 100 Hari Jokowi: Wasiat Bang Ali” article).
The fifth, analyzing the function of the social actors in the clauses. The clauses were identified by using Transitivity system in which it sees clauses as representation (Gerot & Wignell, 1994). It provides three linguistic features i.e., participant, process, and circumstance. The social actors can be asserted as foregrounded if the trend shows that the participants frequently appear in the analysis of transitivity. The social actors can also be identified whether they are activated or passivated through the placement of the participants, as agent or patient. The clauses were categorized based on the types of transitivity process i.e. material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. Every process relates to participants and circumstances. There are 12 participants which are directly involved and 13 participants which are obliquely involved, and there are also 9 types of circumstantial elements in transitivity process. Therefore, the transitivity system can identify the way social actors engage to the roles.
The sixth, categorizing the way social actors is included or excluded in the text. The included social actors mean, in the clause, the role of the social actors are shown to the readers, so that the readers can determine who they are intended. The excluded social actors refer to the omitted social actors in the clause, so that it can carry the readers‟ attention to the other social actors. This study endeavored to quantify the tendency of the included and excluded social actors in the text. Van Leeuwen (2008) provides two main categories in sociosemantic network i.e., inclusion and exclusion. This step involves several subcategories of exclusion and inclusion i.e., suppression and backgrounding; activation, passivation, personalization, and impersonalization. Social actor in each clause was
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categorized and identified by means of any realization, such as nominalization, parataxis, the use of proper name, the use of possessive adjective phrase, etc. The realizations were able to show whether the social actors belong to inclusion or exclusion. It revealed the amount of each category of social actors in the text.
The seventh, measuring and discussing the result of the categorization of social actors from the social actors network. The attempt of uncover the ideologies behind the representation was interpreting the finding of the previous analysis. It was used to answer the research questions entailed in this study. After the results were measured and discussed, the analyses were concluded. The conclusion was derived from the finding and discussion. Meanwhile, a suggestion was also created for sustaining the next better research.
3.6 Data Presentation
To get the clear presentation of how the analysis was undertaken, the examples of the analysis were given below:
1. Transitivity Analysis
Table 3.2 Example of Transitivity Analysis [Masalah
penanganan banjir ini] pun
menjadi
salah satu program utama
Jokowi
saat bersaing menjadi orang nomor satu di ibu
kota. Token Process: relational:
identifying: possessive Value
Circumstance of time (location)
The flood solving has become one of the major programs of Jokowi while competing to be the number one in the capital city.
(taken from “Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang
Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari” article)
The example above displays one of transitivity process namely relational process. Relational process is a process of being or having; it divides into two types: identifying and attributive. Relational process also can be classified
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whether it is intensive, possessive, or circumstantial. From the example, the word
menjadi (has become) indicates identifying process, because it establishes the
identity of the first participant. It also belongs to possessive, because it shows the ownership of the participant.
Relational process above provides two participants, namely token and value. Token is what is being defined and value is which defines. From the example, token can be shown in Masalah penanganan banjir ini (The flood solving), while value can be shown in salah satu program utama Jokowi (one of the major programs of Jokowi). It means that in the clause, the identity of
masalah penanganan banjir ini as a token is a part of salah satu program utama Jokowi, as a value which defines the token. A circumstance was also identified in
the clause. The phrase saat bersaing menjadi orang nomor satu di ibu kota (while competing to be the number one in the capital city) indicates circumstance of time because of the use of word saat (while) as an answer to such question as when.
2. Social Actor Analysis
Table 3.3 Example of Social Actor Analysis
No Clause s/Clause
Complexes
Social
Actors Strategies Realizations
1. Jokowi mengaku
sebetulnya sudah berupaya
mengantisipasi banjir itu.
Jokowi Inclusion
Activation Participation Personalization
Specification Individualization
The social actor is
located as active
participant or as sayer in verbal process. It is represented in informal form due to the use of nickname. It is also represented as specific individual by singularity and the use of proper noun.
2. Ia ikut
bahu-membahu membenahi tanggul dibantu Kementerian PU dan TNI/Polri.
Ia Inclusion
Activation Participation Personalization
Specification Individualization
The social actor is considered as active participant or as actor in material process. The use of subjective pronoun indicates the use of individualization strategy.
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dibantu Kementerian PU dan TNI/Polri.
Inclusion Activation
Circumstantialization Personalization
Determination
Association
The social actor is represented actively within circumstance. It can be inferred from
circumstances of
accompaniment in
material process
dibantu.
This clause uses
strategy of association and treated this social actor as active role who assisted the main social actor (ia)
3. Sayangnya
hingga Kamis
malam, para
pengungsi
mengaku belum
menerima
bantuan apa pun
dari Pemprov
DKI Jakarta.
Pemprov DKI Jakarta.
Inclusion Activation
Circumstantialization Personalization
Specification Individualization
The social actor is activated in the clause. It is represented within circumstance by the use of Prepositional circumstantial (dari). The social actor is also considered as specific individual through the use of singularity. 4. Pompa air juga
sudah dikerahkan untuk
menanggulangi
genangan yang
ada di jalan-jalan.
(dikerahkan) Exclusion Suppression
The social actor in this
clause is omitted
through passive agent deletion. It is not clear who is doing the verbal process diisukan. It is considered as suppression because there is no reference related to the social actor in the rest of the clause.
5. Evakuasi
terhadap korban
banjir memang
menjumpai beberapa kendala.
(Evakuasi) Exclusion
Suppression
The social actor in this
clause is omitted
through nominalization. It is considered as suppression because there is no reference related to the social actor in the rest of the clause.
(taken from “Jelang 100 Hari Kerja Jokowi-Ahok, Banjir Bandang
Melanda Jakarta. Mereka Bilang Tidak Pernah Punya Target Program 100 Hari” article)
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The analysis of social actors by using Van Leeuwen‟s (2008) sociosemantic networks are at the level of clauses. Clauses found in each text were classified into simple clauses and clause complexes. The identification of social actors and the analysis of strategy of exclusion and exclusion were made in each simple clause or clause complex. A simple clause or clause complex may have more than one social actor. Each social actor is identified whether they are excluded or included in the text. It also provides the realization to help the identification of the social actor, such as the use of proper name, nominalization, parataxis, the use of possessive adjective phrase, the use of pronoun, circumstance of accompaniment, post modifying phrase, etc.
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the study based on the findings and discussion in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents the suggestion for further study on representation.
5.1 Conclusions
The role of the national mass media is tremendously high in shaping public opinion. It is further stated by Coleman & Karen (2010). They said that the shaping of public opinion can not be separated from political, economic, and cultural constraint. Furthermore, nowadays the most potential media that can be used for spreading recent news is online media, since it is more accessible by people. Online sources were also used in this study as sources of data in the analysis of representation.
This study utilized Halliday’s (1985) transitivity system and sociosemantic network of Van Leeuwen (2008) to reveal the representation of social actors and unpack the meaning behind the representation occurred in the articles by analyzing ten articles about first 100 days of office of Jokowi-Basuki as governor and vice governor in Jakarta. In this analysis I investigated how the social actors are represented in the text. The inclusion and exclusion strategy was considered appropriate to be used in this analysis because these strategies provide categorization of social actor to facilitate the analysis of representation and to find the ideological effect from the categorization (Machin & Mayr, 2012). Meanwhile, transitivity system was used as a tool to determine the function of the social actors, whether it is placed as agent, patient, or beneficiary. In this analysis, the social actors were expected to be recognized which one is highlighted and which one is omitted.
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It certainly affected the readers’ point of view, so that the ideological opinion could be identified through the representations that had been found.
Through the analysis, I had sought to answer the following research questions: how are the social actors represented in the articles? And what ideologies underlying the representation? Through the investigation of inclusion and exclusion, I discovered that every social actor was represented differently. Joko Widodo, as governor of Jakarta, was represented more as a specific individual in comparison with other social actors. Comparison between Jokowi and other social actors cannot be avoided since Jokowi was appeared the most in the text. Moreover, the vice governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahja Purnama, was considered only to be a complement of the actions undertaken by Jokowi, because Basuki was mostly represented through association, where he formed a group with Jokowi as a couple of governor and vice governor.
Furthermore, different representations were seen between Jakarta and Jokowi. Active role is given more to Jokowi, while passive role is given to Jakarta. Besides considered to be a passive participant, Jakarta was also regarded only as a disaster-affected place. It seems like Jakarta did not have its own action and solution in dealing with the disaster that attacked right at the first 100 days of Jokowi-Basuki’s governorship. Thus, the fate of Jakarta relies entirely to Jokowi as governor. Meanwhile, representation of the citizens of Jakarta was inseparable from the figure of Jokowi. The citizens were more actively represented as sayer in verbal process in which Jokowi was treated as verbiage. They were mentioned in the text not only as a specific individual, but also as general. The involvement of the citizens in news about Jokowi and Basuki shows that people in Jakarta also possess active and important roles in Jokowi-Basuki’s first 100 days of office.
Jakarta Provincial Government was represented as active participant. However, the role of the government was not vastly visible because it was not much stated in the text. Despite being in the same party as Jokowi, as
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active participants who perform actions in handling the disaster that attacked Jakarta, Jakarta provincial government was represented differently with Jokowi. Jokowi were more represented through individualization with short-term actions in material process. While, Jakarta Provincial Government’s roles in their short-term actions were always suppressed. The last social actors, social actors who accompany Jokowi actions, were represented through association and work relations. It was not much stated in the text but it still could assume that Jokowi had cooperation with several parties to fix Jakarta.
The ideologies that can be inferred from the representation are democracy and Jokowi as the “city rescuer.” The media were about to show that the democracy happened in Jakarta under the Jokowi’s governorship. The media also wanted to emphasize the roles of Jokowi who were dominating the actions as a person who can rescue Jakarta from various problems.
The conclusion above denotes that the representation produces meaning through the use of language in text. Representation is considered as a crucial element of CDA studies in which it is always influenced by the notion of power, ideology, and critique (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Thus, this analysis proved that the strategy of inclusion and exclusion is appropriate to be used in investigating the representation of social actors. Through this analysis, CDA can assist the way ideological opinion is constructed in the text (Post, 2009).
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Due to the defectiveness of this present study, I would like to suggest that future studies could explore theory of representation proposed by van Leeuwen (2008). In addition to social actors, van Leeuwen also provides other social practices such as social action, time, and space. By exploring the theory, future research on the representation could be more developed. Another possibility however the discourse could not always be taken from news reports. Studies of representation in movie scripts may provide a good topic to investigate.
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The Representation of Social Actors in First 100 D ays of Office of Jokowi-Basuki Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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5.2 Suggestions
Due to the defectiveness of this present study, I would like to suggest that future studies could explore theory of representation proposed by van Leeuwen (2008). In addition to social actors, van Leeuwen also provides other social practices such as social action, time, and space. By exploring the theory, future research on the representation could be more developed. Another possibility however the discourse could not always be taken from news reports. Studies of representation in movie scripts may provide a good topic to investigate.
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Suyatmi, & Hendrastuty, H. (2011). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Jakarta: Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan Kementrian Pendidikan Nasional.
Talbot, M. (2007). Media Discourse: Representation and Interaction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Tomasowa, F. H. (1990). Transitivity in Contemporary Bahasa Indonesia: A Systemic Functional Perspective Using the Verbal Affix-I as A Test Case. 1-11.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 361-383.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discouse and Society, 249-253.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Waluyo, A. (2013, November 11). Jokowi, Raih Penghargaan Walikota Terbaik Ketiga Dunia. Retrieved November 11, 2013, from Voice of America: http://www.voaindonesia.com/content/jokowi-raih-penghargaan-walikota-terbaik-ketiga-dunia/1579686.html
Wang, J. (2010). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama's Speeches. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 254-261.
Weiss, G., & Wodak, R. (2003). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinary. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wenden, A. L. (2005). The Politic of Representation: A Critical Discourse Analysis of an Aljazeera Special Report. International Journal of Peace Studies, 89-112.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE Publications.