S PGSD 1200672 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR HAK CIPTA
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ............................................................................. i
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH .......................................................................... ii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang ................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian .............................................................. 6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................. 6
D. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................... 7
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA
A. Pendekatan Kontekstual ...................................................................... 9
1.
Definisi Pendekatan Kontekstual .................................................. 9
2.
Karakteristik Pembelajaran Kontekstual ....................................... 11
3.
Prinsip Pembelajaran Kontekstual ................................................ 12
4.
Komponen Pembelajaran Kontekstual .......................................... 14
5.
Penerapan Pendekatan Kontekstual dalam Pembelajaran IPA ..... 16
6.
Kelebihan Pendekatan Kontekstual ............................................... 18
7.
Kekurangan Pendekatan Kontekstual............................................ 20
B. Aktivitas Belajar .................................................................................. 21
1.
Definisi Aktivitas Belajar .............................................................. 21
2.
Jenis-jenis Aktivitas Belajar .......................................................... 23
3.
Indikator Aktivitas Belajar ............................................................ 24
C. Hasil Belajar ......................................................................................... 25
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PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
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vii
1.
Definisi Hasil Belajar .................................................................... 25
2.
Jenis-jenis Hasil Belajar ................................................................ 25
3.
Indikator Hasil Belajar .................................................................. 27
D. Pembelajaran IPA di SD ...................................................................... 27
E. Penelitian Terdahulu yang Relevan ...................................................... 29
F.
Kerangka Pikir Penelitian..................................................................... 30
G. Definisi Operasional ............................................................................. 31
1.
Pendekatan Kontekstual ................................................................ 31
2.
Aktivitas Belajar ............................................................................ 32
3.
Hasil Belajar .................................................................................. 32
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
A. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................. 33
B. Partisipan dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................ 36
C. Prosedur Administratif Penelitian ........................................................ 36
1. Tahap Pra Penelitian...................................................................... 37
2. Tahap Perencanaan Tindakan........................................................ 37
3. Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan ........................................................ 39
4. Tahap Observasi Tindakan ............................................................ 42
5. Tahap Refleksi Tindakan .............................................................. 42
D. Prosedur Subtantif Penelitian ............................................................... 42
1.
Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................ 42
a.
Tes .......................................................................................... 42
b.
Observasi Partisipatif ............................................................. 43
c.
Dokumentasi .......................................................................... 43
2.
Pengolahan Data ........................................................................... 44
3.
Indikator Keberhasilan .................................................................. 49
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. Deskripsi Awal Penelitian ................................................................... 51
B. Temuan ................................................................................................. 51
1.
Siklus I........................................................................................... 51
2.
Siklus II ......................................................................................... 59
C. Pembahasan .......................................................................................... 66
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
1.
Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual..................... 66
2.
Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar ...................................................... 73
3.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar ............................................................ 77
D. Keterbatasan Penelitian ........................................................................ 79
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI
A. Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 80
B. Rekomendasi ....................................................................................... 81
DAFTAR RUJUKAN ...................................................................................... 83
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN............................................................................... 86
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Indikator Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Kontekstual ............................... 18
Tabel 2.2. Indikator Aktivitas Belajar Siswa......................................................... 24
Tabel 3.1. Tingkat Kinerja Guru ........................................................................... 50
Tabel 3.2. Tingkat Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ........................................................... 50
Tabel 4.1. Temuan Pelaksanaan Siklus I ............................................................... 54
Tabel 4.2. Hasil Observasi Guru dan Siswa Siklus I............................................. 55
Tabel 4.3. Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................... 56
Tabel 4.4. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I ................................................................. 57
Tabel 4.5. Hasil Refleksi Siklus I .......................................................................... 58
Tabel 4.6. Temuan Pelaksanaan Siklus II ............................................................. 62
Tabel 4.7. Hasil Observasi Guru dan Siswa Siklus II ........................................... 63
Tabel 4.8. Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................... 63
Tabel 4.9. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus II ................................................................ 64
Tabel 4.10. Perbandingan Keterlaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual 72
Tabel 4.11. Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II ..................................... 74
Tabel 4.12. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II............................................ 77
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Perubahan Kerangka Pikir Asli ke Revisi Anderson dan Karthwohl . ...26
Gambar 2.2. Bagan Kerangka Berpikir ................................................................... ...31
Gambar 3.1. Siklus PTK Model Spiral Kemmis dan Taggart yang Disederhanakan 35
Gambar 3.2. Komponen Analisis Data Model Miles dan Huberman.........................45
Gambar 4.1. Diagram Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I .......................................... ...56
Gambar 4.2. Diagram Ketuntasan Belajar Siswa Siklus I ......................................... .57
Gambar 4.3. Diagram Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ........................................... .64
Gambar 4.4. Diagram Ketuntasan Belajar Siswa Siklus II ....................................... .65
Gambar 4.5. Perbandingan Keterlaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual..73
Gambar 4.6. Diagram Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II .. .77
Gambar 4.7. Diagram Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II ........ .78
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
Lampiran 1. Surat-surat Penelitian ............................................................. 86
1.1 SK Pembimbing Skripsi ............................................................................. 86
1.2 Surat Izin Penelitian ................................................................................... 87
1.3 Lembar Bimbingan Skripsi Dosen Pembimbing I/II ................................. 90
Lampiran 2. Instrumen Pembelajaran ........................................................ 91
2.1 Analisis Materi Pembelajaran .................................................................... 91
2.2 RPP Siklus I ............................................................................................... 93
2.3 Instrumen Kisi-Kisi Soal Siklus I .............................................................. 105
2.4 RPP Siklus II .............................................................................................. 108
2.5 Instrumen Kisi-Kisi Soal Siklus II ............................................................. 118
2.6 Daftar Nama Kelompok Belajar................................................................. 121
2.7 LKK Siklus I .............................................................................................. 122
2.8 LKK Siklus II ............................................................................................. 125
Lampiran 3. Instrumen Pengungkap Data .................................................. 128
3.1 Instrumen Soal Evaluasi Siklus I ............................................................... 128
3.2 Instrumen Soal Evaluasi Siklus II .............................................................. 130
3.3 Instrumen Observasi Guru Dan Siswa ....................................................... 132
3.4 Instrumen Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ............................................ 134
3.5 Pedoman Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa.......................................... 135
Lampiran 4. Data-Data Penelitian ............................................................... 136
4.1 Hasil LKK Siklus I ..................................................................................... 136
4.2 Hasil Evaluasi Siklus I ............................................................................... 142
4.3 Hasil Observasi Guru Dan Siswa Siklus I ................................................. 148
4.4 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................... 154
4.5 Hasil LKK Siklus II ................................................................................... 159
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PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
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xii
4.6 Hasil Evaluasi Siklus II .............................................................................. 165
4.7 Hasil Observasi Guru Dan Siswa Siklus II ................................................ 171
4.8 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................... 177
4.9 Data Awal Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ............................................................ 182
4.10 Data Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................................... 183
4.11 Data Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................................... 185
4.12 Data Awal Hasil Belajar Siswa ................................................................ 187
4.13 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I ............................................................ 188
4.14 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus II ........................................................... 189
4.15 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I Dan Siklus II ...................................... 190
4.16 Data Hasil Penilaian Proses Siklus I ........................................................ 191
4.17 Data Hasil Penilaian Proses Siklus II ....................................................... 192
4.18 Data Hasil Penilaian Sikap Siklus I ......................................................... 193
4.19 Data Hasil Penilaian Sikap Siklus II ........................................................ 194
Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi ............................................................................. 195
Lampiran 6. Riwayat Hidup Peneliti ........................................................... 197
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PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
xiii
LEMBAR HAK CIPTA
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ............................................................................. i
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH .......................................................................... ii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang ................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian .............................................................. 6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................. 6
D. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................... 7
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA
A. Pendekatan Kontekstual ...................................................................... 9
1.
Definisi Pendekatan Kontekstual .................................................. 9
2.
Karakteristik Pembelajaran Kontekstual ....................................... 11
3.
Prinsip Pembelajaran Kontekstual ................................................ 12
4.
Komponen Pembelajaran Kontekstual .......................................... 14
5.
Penerapan Pendekatan Kontekstual dalam Pembelajaran IPA ..... 16
6.
Kelebihan Pendekatan Kontekstual ............................................... 18
7.
Kekurangan Pendekatan Kontekstual............................................ 20
B. Aktivitas Belajar .................................................................................. 21
1.
Definisi Aktivitas Belajar .............................................................. 21
2.
Jenis-jenis Aktivitas Belajar .......................................................... 23
3.
Indikator Aktivitas Belajar ............................................................ 24
C. Hasil Belajar ......................................................................................... 25
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
1.
Definisi Hasil Belajar .................................................................... 25
2.
Jenis-jenis Hasil Belajar ................................................................ 25
3.
Indikator Hasil Belajar .................................................................. 27
D. Pembelajaran IPA di SD ...................................................................... 27
E. Penelitian Terdahulu yang Relevan ...................................................... 29
F.
Kerangka Pikir Penelitian..................................................................... 30
G. Definisi Operasional ............................................................................. 31
1.
Pendekatan Kontekstual ................................................................ 31
2.
Aktivitas Belajar ............................................................................ 32
3.
Hasil Belajar .................................................................................. 32
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
A. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................. 33
B. Partisipan dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................ 36
C. Prosedur Administratif Penelitian ........................................................ 36
1. Tahap Pra Penelitian...................................................................... 37
2. Tahap Perencanaan Tindakan........................................................ 37
3. Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan ........................................................ 39
4. Tahap Observasi Tindakan ............................................................ 42
5. Tahap Refleksi Tindakan .............................................................. 42
D. Prosedur Subtantif Penelitian ............................................................... 42
1.
Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................ 42
a.
Tes .......................................................................................... 42
b.
Observasi Partisipatif ............................................................. 43
c.
Dokumentasi .......................................................................... 43
2.
Pengolahan Data ........................................................................... 44
3.
Indikator Keberhasilan .................................................................. 49
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. Deskripsi Awal Penelitian ................................................................... 51
B. Temuan ................................................................................................. 51
1.
Siklus I........................................................................................... 51
2.
Siklus II ......................................................................................... 59
C. Pembahasan .......................................................................................... 66
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
1.
Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual..................... 66
2.
Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar ...................................................... 73
3.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar ............................................................ 77
D. Keterbatasan Penelitian ........................................................................ 79
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI
A. Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 80
B. Rekomendasi ....................................................................................... 81
DAFTAR RUJUKAN ...................................................................................... 83
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN............................................................................... 86
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Indikator Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Kontekstual ............................... 18
Tabel 2.2. Indikator Aktivitas Belajar Siswa......................................................... 24
Tabel 3.1. Tingkat Kinerja Guru ........................................................................... 50
Tabel 3.2. Tingkat Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ........................................................... 50
Tabel 4.1. Temuan Pelaksanaan Siklus I ............................................................... 54
Tabel 4.2. Hasil Observasi Guru dan Siswa Siklus I............................................. 55
Tabel 4.3. Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................... 56
Tabel 4.4. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I ................................................................. 57
Tabel 4.5. Hasil Refleksi Siklus I .......................................................................... 58
Tabel 4.6. Temuan Pelaksanaan Siklus II ............................................................. 62
Tabel 4.7. Hasil Observasi Guru dan Siswa Siklus II ........................................... 63
Tabel 4.8. Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................... 63
Tabel 4.9. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus II ................................................................ 64
Tabel 4.10. Perbandingan Keterlaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual 72
Tabel 4.11. Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II ..................................... 74
Tabel 4.12. Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II............................................ 77
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Perubahan Kerangka Pikir Asli ke Revisi Anderson dan Karthwohl . ...26
Gambar 2.2. Bagan Kerangka Berpikir ................................................................... ...31
Gambar 3.1. Siklus PTK Model Spiral Kemmis dan Taggart yang Disederhanakan 35
Gambar 3.2. Komponen Analisis Data Model Miles dan Huberman.........................45
Gambar 4.1. Diagram Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I .......................................... ...56
Gambar 4.2. Diagram Ketuntasan Belajar Siswa Siklus I ......................................... .57
Gambar 4.3. Diagram Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ........................................... .64
Gambar 4.4. Diagram Ketuntasan Belajar Siswa Siklus II ....................................... .65
Gambar 4.5. Perbandingan Keterlaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendekatan Kontekstual..73
Gambar 4.6. Diagram Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II .. .77
Gambar 4.7. Diagram Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II ........ .78
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
Lampiran 1. Surat-surat Penelitian ............................................................. 86
1.1 SK Pembimbing Skripsi ............................................................................. 86
1.2 Surat Izin Penelitian ................................................................................... 87
1.3 Lembar Bimbingan Skripsi Dosen Pembimbing I/II ................................. 90
Lampiran 2. Instrumen Pembelajaran ........................................................ 91
2.1 Analisis Materi Pembelajaran .................................................................... 91
2.2 RPP Siklus I ............................................................................................... 93
2.3 Instrumen Kisi-Kisi Soal Siklus I .............................................................. 105
2.4 RPP Siklus II .............................................................................................. 108
2.5 Instrumen Kisi-Kisi Soal Siklus II ............................................................. 118
2.6 Daftar Nama Kelompok Belajar................................................................. 121
2.7 LKK Siklus I .............................................................................................. 122
2.8 LKK Siklus II ............................................................................................. 125
Lampiran 3. Instrumen Pengungkap Data .................................................. 128
3.1 Instrumen Soal Evaluasi Siklus I ............................................................... 128
3.2 Instrumen Soal Evaluasi Siklus II .............................................................. 130
3.3 Instrumen Observasi Guru Dan Siswa ....................................................... 132
3.4 Instrumen Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ............................................ 134
3.5 Pedoman Pengamatan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa.......................................... 135
Lampiran 4. Data-Data Penelitian ............................................................... 136
4.1 Hasil LKK Siklus I ..................................................................................... 136
4.2 Hasil Evaluasi Siklus I ............................................................................... 142
4.3 Hasil Observasi Guru Dan Siswa Siklus I ................................................. 148
4.4 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................... 154
4.5 Hasil LKK Siklus II ................................................................................... 159
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
xii
4.6 Hasil Evaluasi Siklus II .............................................................................. 165
4.7 Hasil Observasi Guru Dan Siswa Siklus II ................................................ 171
4.8 Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................... 177
4.9 Data Awal Aktivitas Belajar Siswa ............................................................ 182
4.10 Data Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus I ...................................................... 183
4.11 Data Aktivitas Belajar Siswa Siklus II ..................................................... 185
4.12 Data Awal Hasil Belajar Siswa ................................................................ 187
4.13 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I ............................................................ 188
4.14 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus II ........................................................... 189
4.15 Data Hasil Belajar Siswa Siklus I Dan Siklus II ...................................... 190
4.16 Data Hasil Penilaian Proses Siklus I ........................................................ 191
4.17 Data Hasil Penilaian Proses Siklus II ....................................................... 192
4.18 Data Hasil Penilaian Sikap Siklus I ......................................................... 193
4.19 Data Hasil Penilaian Sikap Siklus II ........................................................ 194
Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi ............................................................................. 195
Lampiran 6. Riwayat Hidup Peneliti ........................................................... 197
Siska Damayanti, 2016
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL
BELAJAR IPA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
xiii