Slide PSI 104 Pertemuan II
Theories of child development
Kuliah 2
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Psikoanalisa
Teori Inti
Basic Belief
Teori Psikoseksual
S.F : tl dikontrol
dor.tdk sadar
Teori Psikososial
Erikson : keprib
dip’a lingk &
krisis dlm hidup
Technique used
Observasi klinis
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Teori Inti
Basic Belief
Learning
Behaviour, Teori
belajar
tradisional
Indv mrpk
p’beri respon,
lingk yg
m’kontrol tl
Teori SocialLearning
Anak2 bljr mel
obsv dan
imitasi model
Technique
used
Prosedur
ilmiah dan
scientific
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Teori Inti
Tahapan kognitif
Piaget
Kognitif
Basic Belief
Technique
used
Ada 4 p’ub dlm Wawancara
pola pikir anak dan observasi
diantara masa
balita-remaja
Penelitian
laboratorium
Theories of child development
Perspektif
SosialEmosional
Teori Inti
Erikson :
Psikososial
Basic Belief
Setiap individu
melewati
tahap-tahap
perkembangan
sosialemosional
Technique
used
Theories of child development
Key theorists
• Use the buttons below to navigate your way
through some of the key theorists in the field
of child development.
• For each theorist you are given the key
words/terminology associated with their ideas.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Arnold Gesell - 1880-1961
Main points
Development genetically determined by
universal “maturation patterns” which occur
in a predictable sequence.
Key words
Biological maturation; milestones;
normative development; cephalo-caudal;
proximo-distal; nativist (nature) language
development; biological/genetic
determinism.
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Sigmund Freud - 1857-1959
Main points
Experiences in early childhood influence
later development. Assumes sexual factors
are major factors, even in early childhood.
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual; libido; oral
stage; anal stage; phallic stage; latency
stage; genital stage; id; ego; super-ego;
Electra complex; Oedipal complex;
conscious; unconscious; psychoanalysis
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Erik Erikson - 1902-1994
Main points
Develops beyond Freud’s ideas. More
stages (8) and more influence of
environmental factors.
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual;
psychosocial; 8 development stages;
identity; crises/dilemmas
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
B.F.Skinner - 1904-1990
Main points
Reinforcement and punishment moulds
behaviour. Children are conditioned by their
experiences.
Key words
Operant conditioning; positive/negative
reinforcement; consequence; reward;
punishment; respondents; operants; social
learning theory; behavioural learning theory
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Alfred Bandura - 1925-current
Main points
Learning takes place by imitation. This differs
from Skinner’s “conditioning” because there is
more emphasis on inner motivational factors.
Key words
Imitation; copying; modelling; role models;
reinforcement; social learning theory;
observational theory (social cognitive theory);
Bobo doll experiment.
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Lev Vygotsky - 1896-1934
Main points
Development is primarily driven by language,
social context and adult guidance.
Key words
Zone of proximal development; zone of actual
development; social constructivist; social
constructivism; social interaction; language;
internalisation; play; social context; cognition;
constructivism
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Jean Piaget - 1896-1980
Main points
Development takes place in distinct stages of
cognitive development. Adults influence but the
child is building their own thinking systems.
Key words
Cognitive learning theory; assimilate; symbolism;
accomodate; egocentric; decentre; conservatism;
active learners; schemata; sensory-motor;
More
stages; pre-operational; animism; moral
realism; concrete operations; formal operations
Nature
Gesell
Freud
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Gesell
Gesell’s classic study involved twin girls, both given
training for motor skills but one given training for longer
than the other. There was no measurable difference in the
age at which either child acquired the skills, suggesting
that development had happened in a genetically
programmed way, irrespective of the training given. A
child learns to whether or not an adult teaches him/her,
suggesting physical development at least is largely preprogrammed.
By studying thousands of children over many years, Gesell
came up with “milestones of development” - stages by
which normal children can accomplish different tasks.
These are still used today.
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Freud
Freud’s work was heavily criticised for lack of substantial
evidence. He regarded basic sexual instincts as being the driving
force behind virtually all behaviour. He regarded the
development of personality as being the balance between the Id,
the Ego and the SuperEgo. The Id strives for unrealistic
gratification of basic desires, the SuperEgo strives for unrealistic
moral responsibility and conscience while the Ego acts to
compromise these two opposing forces.
There are many unproven aspects to Freud’s work, for example
Freud theorised that characteristics like generosity or
possessiveness were related to childhood factors like parental
attitudes to toilet training.
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Freud percaya bahwa kepribadian terbentuk
pada beberapa tahun pertama kehidupan
seorang anak
• Titik perkembangan bertolak dari deal yg
dilakukan oleh anak u/ mengatasi konflik yg
tidak disadari dengan dorongan biologis dan
tuntutan dari lingkungan yg ada
Perkembangan Psikoseksual
• Perkemb psikoseksual =
kenyamanan/kesenangan berpindah dari satu
anggota tubuh ke anggota tubuh yg lain
Theories of child development
Tahap Perkembangan Psikoseksual
1. Fase oral (lahir – 1.5 tahun) kesenangan bayi
terpusat pada mulut
2. Fase Anal (1.5 – 3 tahun) kesenangan berfokus
pada anus
3. Fase Phalik (3 – 6 tahun) kesenangan berfokus pada
alat kelamin
4. Fase Laten (6 tahun – pubertas) anak membendung
ketertarikan seksual dan mengembangkan
keterampilan sosial dan intelektual
5. Fase Genital (setelah pubertas) waktu ketika daya
seksual dan kesenangan seksual muncul kembali
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Dari lima tahapan perkembangan, menurut
Freud hanya 3 tahap pertma yg sangat crucial.
• Menurut Freud, bila anak-anak menerima
terlalu sedikit atau terlalu banyak
pemuasan/gratification, maka mereka
beresiko mengalami fiksasi= terfokus terus
• Misal: bayi dalam tahap oral, dimana
kebutuhannya tdk terpenuhi, setelah dewasa
akan mengalami gigit-gigit kuku
• Kebalikannya kalo kebanyakan, jd perokok
atau compulsive eater
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Misal lagi : anak2 toddler yg mengalami toilettraining yang keras, maka berkembang
menjadi pribadi yg kaku, bersihan, sangat
rapi, kaku dengan aturan dan jadual.
• Pada masa phallic = puncak perkembangan
psikoseksual = ketertarikan dengan lawan
jenis = biasanya OT yg berlainan jenis =
Oedipus complex dan Electra complex
• Msg anak2 yg berada dlm tahap ini
beranggapan kl OT yg sama jknya sebagai
musuh
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Seiring dengan waktu, si anak akan
menyelesaikan kecemasannya tsb dgn
m’identifikasikan dirinya dgn OT yg sama
Jknya.
• Timbul masa tenang = masa laten = middle
childhood
• Memasuki masa puber dimana organ2 seksual
berkembang = masa genital = kepuasan
berasal dari kepuasan seksual.
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Perkembangan kepribadian juga dipengaruhi
3 komponen :
1. Id = desires & motives bawaan, butuh
pemuasan yg immediate
2. Ego = menampilkan alasan2 masuk akan =
berkaitan dengan perkembangan berpikir =
mulai usia 1 tahunan
3. Superego = yg dapat diterima oleh SE = hati
nurani = mulai berkembang usia 5-6 thn
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
Erikson taught at Harvard and engaged in a
variety of clinical work, widening the scope
of psychoanalytic theory to take greater
account of social, cultural, and other
environmental factors. In his most
influential work, Childhood and Society
(1950), he divided the human life cycle into
eight psychosocial stages of development.
Click for image
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
• Perkembangan Ego
• Setiap tahap ini selalu ada yang namanya
krisis yg harus diselesaikan untuk menuju ke
perkembangan ego yang matang atau sesuai
dengan usianya.
• Misal : tahap I = bila bayi menangis, tdk lgs
diangkat dan frekuensinya sering atau selalu,
ia anak mengembangkan mistrust, yi dunia
tdk bersahabat dgn, tp kl selalu lgs diangkat,
ia akan mengembangakan kepercayaan =
tumbuh menjadi anak yang percaya diri.
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
Skinner maintained that learning occurred
as a result of the organism responding to, or
operating on, its environment, and coined
the term operant conditioning to describe
this phenomenon. He did extensive research
with animals, notably rats and pigeons, and
invented the famous Skinner box, in which a
rat learns to press a lever in order to obtain
food.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Operant conditioning = individu belajar dari
konsekuensi yg ia buat ketika
“mengoperasikan” dunia sekitar
• Misal : bayi tidur terlentang, kmd tersenyum,
tiba2 si ibu lgs mengajak main dirinya, begitu
juga dengan si ayah. Jadi si bayi belajar kl ia
tersenyum maka ia akan mendapatkan banyak
perhatian dan kasih sayang.
• Mnrt Skinner = indiv akan cend u/ mengulang
respons yg direinforcement, dan akan
menurunkan respon yg dihukum
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Reinforcement = penguatan = kalau ada
reinforcement ini tl yg ada akan timbul terusmenerus. Contoh yang tadi : senyuman OT
• Punishment = hukuman = Konsekuensi tl yg
dapat menurunkan terulangnya kembali tl tsb
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Misal : berteriak ke anak ketika anaknya
nakal, withdrawing positive events
• Reinforcement dan punishmen sangat efektif
bila diberikan langsung ketika tl tsb itu muncul
• Kl tdk, akan punah tingkah laku tsb.
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
Bandura’s theory known as "Social Learning
Theory" has been renamed "Social Cognitive
Theory" to accomodate later developments of the
theory. Bandura is seen by many as a cognitive
psychologist because of his focus on motivational
factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that
contribute to a person's behavior, rather than just
environmental factors. This focus on cognition is
what differentiates social cognitive theory from
Skinner's purely behavioristic viewpoint.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Social learning teori menenkankan bahwa
individu adalah aktif, dimana ia belajar
sesuatu berdasarkan observasi dan imitasi
model.
• Kenapa diberi nama sosial = krn si indv hidup
dalam suatu lingkungan sosial, sehingga ia
banyak belajar dari lingkungannya tsb.
Eksperimen ada tapi tdk spt behaviour.
• Penekanannya pada kognitif, krn menurut
Bandura respons yg diberikan indv tdk hanya
krn reinforcement/punishmen, tp kognitif bjln.
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Observational Learning = watching others
• Imitating models = komponen paling penting
u/ anak dalam belajar
• Anak2 akan meniru tl yg ia persepsikan sangat
valuable pada budayanya
• Misal : if all the teacher’s in Carlo’s school are
women, he probably will not copy behavior,
which he consider “unmanly”. If he meets a
male teacher he likes, he may change his
mind about the value of teachers as models.
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
Lev Vygotski was a Russian psychologist who
died prematurely. His most productive years
were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow
(1924–34), where he developed ideas on
cognitive development, particularly the
relationship between language and thinking.
His writings emphasised the roles of historical,
cultural, and social factors in cognition and
argued that language was the most important
symbolic tool provided by society..
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Sociocultural Theory = perkembangan anak
dipengaruhi oleh interaksi sosial yg dibuat
anak dengan lingkungannya dan ordes
• Anak2 berkembang krn belajar dari
lingkungan. Aktivitas2 yg dilakukannya dgn
orang lain (baik ordes atau anak2) akan
membantu mereka untuk menginternalisasi’k
bgmn lingk sosial tsb berpikir dan b’tl yg
nantinya dpt dijadian acuan p’bentukan tl mrk
sendiri.
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Misal :belajar memakai baju/kemeja sendiri.
Anak2 balita membutuhkan ordes untuk terusmenerus membimbing dirinya agar dpt bisa
memakai bajunya sendiri. Dalam proses
bimbingan itu, si anak akan belajar bhw di
kemeja itu ada kancing yg hrs dimasukan di
lubang kacing, dll.
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD) = gab
antara ideal dan normal
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Contoh : si anak baru dapat memasukkan
kancing dgn bantuan ordes (normal tp blm
optimal) tapi bila dibimbing terus-menerus ia
bisa melakukan sendiri tanpa ordes lagi
(optimal).
Theories of child development
BRONFENBRENNER
– Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
– consists of 4 environmental systems…
• microsystem: the setting in which the
individual lives
• mesosystem: relations of microsystems or
connections between contexts (e.g., relation
of family exp to school experiences)
• exosystem: experiences in a setting where
the individual does not have an active role
• macrosystem: involves the culture in which
the individual lives– values, beliefs, customs…
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Jean Piaget is known for his research in
developmental psychology. He studied under C.
G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler. He was involved in the
administration of intelligence tests to children and
became interested in the types of mistakes
children of various ages were likely to make.
Piaget began to study the reasoning processes of
children at various ages. Piaget theorized that
cognitive development proceeds in four
genetically determined stages that always follow
the same sequential order.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
• Ia melihat bahwa perkembangan kognitif anak
terjadi karena merupakan suatu usaha anak
untuk dapat memahami dunia sekitarnya.
• Piaget percaya bahwa kemamp kognitif itu
nature, dan berkembang dalan suatu
rangkaian/tahapan yg sifatnya kualitatif.
• Pada setiap tahapan, pikiran beropersi dgn
cara yang berbeda dan lebih matang.
• Peningkatan yg gradual ini melibatkan 3
prinsip yang saling berkaitan
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
1. Prinsip Organisasi = integrasi dari
pengetahuan yg ada sec terstruktur agar
memberi arti. Misal : kalau mengajarkan anak
balita, hrs terorganisasi, misal hijau, merah,
kuning, itu adalah macam2 warna =
organisasi
2. Prinsip Adaptasi = penyesuaian info yg lama
dengan info yg baru didapat anak. Ada 2, yi:
a. Asimilasi = usaha u/ memasukan info baru
ke dalam struktur kognitif yg ada
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Misal : belajar minum dgn training cup
pengetahuan menghisap ASI digunakan untuk
menghisap/minum dari cup. Co/ lain : skema
mobil = truk, bajaj tetap disebut mobil
b. Akomodasi = perubahan yg terjadi pada
struktur kognitif u/ menghadapi info baru yang
diterima. Misal : Belajar bahwa menghisap dari
cup berbeda dari ASI sehingga perlu
mengkoordinir gerakan bibir/lidah (skema lama)
u/ bisa minum dari cup (skema baru)
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
3. Prinsip Equilibrasi = kecenderungan untuk
mencapai keseimbangan mental antara ind
dgn dunia luar. Adaptasi & akomodasi
memperbolehkan anak untuk mencapai
keseimbangan dan perkembangan kognitif.
Kuliah 2
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Psikoanalisa
Teori Inti
Basic Belief
Teori Psikoseksual
S.F : tl dikontrol
dor.tdk sadar
Teori Psikososial
Erikson : keprib
dip’a lingk &
krisis dlm hidup
Technique used
Observasi klinis
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Teori Inti
Basic Belief
Learning
Behaviour, Teori
belajar
tradisional
Indv mrpk
p’beri respon,
lingk yg
m’kontrol tl
Teori SocialLearning
Anak2 bljr mel
obsv dan
imitasi model
Technique
used
Prosedur
ilmiah dan
scientific
Theories of child development
Perspektif
Teori Inti
Tahapan kognitif
Piaget
Kognitif
Basic Belief
Technique
used
Ada 4 p’ub dlm Wawancara
pola pikir anak dan observasi
diantara masa
balita-remaja
Penelitian
laboratorium
Theories of child development
Perspektif
SosialEmosional
Teori Inti
Erikson :
Psikososial
Basic Belief
Setiap individu
melewati
tahap-tahap
perkembangan
sosialemosional
Technique
used
Theories of child development
Key theorists
• Use the buttons below to navigate your way
through some of the key theorists in the field
of child development.
• For each theorist you are given the key
words/terminology associated with their ideas.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Arnold Gesell - 1880-1961
Main points
Development genetically determined by
universal “maturation patterns” which occur
in a predictable sequence.
Key words
Biological maturation; milestones;
normative development; cephalo-caudal;
proximo-distal; nativist (nature) language
development; biological/genetic
determinism.
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Sigmund Freud - 1857-1959
Main points
Experiences in early childhood influence
later development. Assumes sexual factors
are major factors, even in early childhood.
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual; libido; oral
stage; anal stage; phallic stage; latency
stage; genital stage; id; ego; super-ego;
Electra complex; Oedipal complex;
conscious; unconscious; psychoanalysis
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Erik Erikson - 1902-1994
Main points
Develops beyond Freud’s ideas. More
stages (8) and more influence of
environmental factors.
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual;
psychosocial; 8 development stages;
identity; crises/dilemmas
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
B.F.Skinner - 1904-1990
Main points
Reinforcement and punishment moulds
behaviour. Children are conditioned by their
experiences.
Key words
Operant conditioning; positive/negative
reinforcement; consequence; reward;
punishment; respondents; operants; social
learning theory; behavioural learning theory
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Alfred Bandura - 1925-current
Main points
Learning takes place by imitation. This differs
from Skinner’s “conditioning” because there is
more emphasis on inner motivational factors.
Key words
Imitation; copying; modelling; role models;
reinforcement; social learning theory;
observational theory (social cognitive theory);
Bobo doll experiment.
More
detail
Home
Nature
Gesell
Freud
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Lev Vygotsky - 1896-1934
Main points
Development is primarily driven by language,
social context and adult guidance.
Key words
Zone of proximal development; zone of actual
development; social constructivist; social
constructivism; social interaction; language;
internalisation; play; social context; cognition;
constructivism
Nature
Gesell
Freud
More
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
Jean Piaget - 1896-1980
Main points
Development takes place in distinct stages of
cognitive development. Adults influence but the
child is building their own thinking systems.
Key words
Cognitive learning theory; assimilate; symbolism;
accomodate; egocentric; decentre; conservatism;
active learners; schemata; sensory-motor;
More
stages; pre-operational; animism; moral
realism; concrete operations; formal operations
Nature
Gesell
Freud
detail
Home
Nurture
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Gesell
Gesell’s classic study involved twin girls, both given
training for motor skills but one given training for longer
than the other. There was no measurable difference in the
age at which either child acquired the skills, suggesting
that development had happened in a genetically
programmed way, irrespective of the training given. A
child learns to whether or not an adult teaches him/her,
suggesting physical development at least is largely preprogrammed.
By studying thousands of children over many years, Gesell
came up with “milestones of development” - stages by
which normal children can accomplish different tasks.
These are still used today.
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Freud
Freud’s work was heavily criticised for lack of substantial
evidence. He regarded basic sexual instincts as being the driving
force behind virtually all behaviour. He regarded the
development of personality as being the balance between the Id,
the Ego and the SuperEgo. The Id strives for unrealistic
gratification of basic desires, the SuperEgo strives for unrealistic
moral responsibility and conscience while the Ego acts to
compromise these two opposing forces.
There are many unproven aspects to Freud’s work, for example
Freud theorised that characteristics like generosity or
possessiveness were related to childhood factors like parental
attitudes to toilet training.
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Freud percaya bahwa kepribadian terbentuk
pada beberapa tahun pertama kehidupan
seorang anak
• Titik perkembangan bertolak dari deal yg
dilakukan oleh anak u/ mengatasi konflik yg
tidak disadari dengan dorongan biologis dan
tuntutan dari lingkungan yg ada
Perkembangan Psikoseksual
• Perkemb psikoseksual =
kenyamanan/kesenangan berpindah dari satu
anggota tubuh ke anggota tubuh yg lain
Theories of child development
Tahap Perkembangan Psikoseksual
1. Fase oral (lahir – 1.5 tahun) kesenangan bayi
terpusat pada mulut
2. Fase Anal (1.5 – 3 tahun) kesenangan berfokus
pada anus
3. Fase Phalik (3 – 6 tahun) kesenangan berfokus pada
alat kelamin
4. Fase Laten (6 tahun – pubertas) anak membendung
ketertarikan seksual dan mengembangkan
keterampilan sosial dan intelektual
5. Fase Genital (setelah pubertas) waktu ketika daya
seksual dan kesenangan seksual muncul kembali
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Dari lima tahapan perkembangan, menurut
Freud hanya 3 tahap pertma yg sangat crucial.
• Menurut Freud, bila anak-anak menerima
terlalu sedikit atau terlalu banyak
pemuasan/gratification, maka mereka
beresiko mengalami fiksasi= terfokus terus
• Misal: bayi dalam tahap oral, dimana
kebutuhannya tdk terpenuhi, setelah dewasa
akan mengalami gigit-gigit kuku
• Kebalikannya kalo kebanyakan, jd perokok
atau compulsive eater
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Misal lagi : anak2 toddler yg mengalami toilettraining yang keras, maka berkembang
menjadi pribadi yg kaku, bersihan, sangat
rapi, kaku dengan aturan dan jadual.
• Pada masa phallic = puncak perkembangan
psikoseksual = ketertarikan dengan lawan
jenis = biasanya OT yg berlainan jenis =
Oedipus complex dan Electra complex
• Msg anak2 yg berada dlm tahap ini
beranggapan kl OT yg sama jknya sebagai
musuh
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Seiring dengan waktu, si anak akan
menyelesaikan kecemasannya tsb dgn
m’identifikasikan dirinya dgn OT yg sama
Jknya.
• Timbul masa tenang = masa laten = middle
childhood
• Memasuki masa puber dimana organ2 seksual
berkembang = masa genital = kepuasan
berasal dari kepuasan seksual.
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Perkembangan kepribadian juga dipengaruhi
3 komponen :
1. Id = desires & motives bawaan, butuh
pemuasan yg immediate
2. Ego = menampilkan alasan2 masuk akan =
berkaitan dengan perkembangan berpikir =
mulai usia 1 tahunan
3. Superego = yg dapat diterima oleh SE = hati
nurani = mulai berkembang usia 5-6 thn
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
Erikson taught at Harvard and engaged in a
variety of clinical work, widening the scope
of psychoanalytic theory to take greater
account of social, cultural, and other
environmental factors. In his most
influential work, Childhood and Society
(1950), he divided the human life cycle into
eight psychosocial stages of development.
Click for image
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
• Perkembangan Ego
• Setiap tahap ini selalu ada yang namanya
krisis yg harus diselesaikan untuk menuju ke
perkembangan ego yang matang atau sesuai
dengan usianya.
• Misal : tahap I = bila bayi menangis, tdk lgs
diangkat dan frekuensinya sering atau selalu,
ia anak mengembangkan mistrust, yi dunia
tdk bersahabat dgn, tp kl selalu lgs diangkat,
ia akan mengembangakan kepercayaan =
tumbuh menjadi anak yang percaya diri.
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
Skinner maintained that learning occurred
as a result of the organism responding to, or
operating on, its environment, and coined
the term operant conditioning to describe
this phenomenon. He did extensive research
with animals, notably rats and pigeons, and
invented the famous Skinner box, in which a
rat learns to press a lever in order to obtain
food.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Operant conditioning = individu belajar dari
konsekuensi yg ia buat ketika
“mengoperasikan” dunia sekitar
• Misal : bayi tidur terlentang, kmd tersenyum,
tiba2 si ibu lgs mengajak main dirinya, begitu
juga dengan si ayah. Jadi si bayi belajar kl ia
tersenyum maka ia akan mendapatkan banyak
perhatian dan kasih sayang.
• Mnrt Skinner = indiv akan cend u/ mengulang
respons yg direinforcement, dan akan
menurunkan respon yg dihukum
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Reinforcement = penguatan = kalau ada
reinforcement ini tl yg ada akan timbul terusmenerus. Contoh yang tadi : senyuman OT
• Punishment = hukuman = Konsekuensi tl yg
dapat menurunkan terulangnya kembali tl tsb
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Misal : berteriak ke anak ketika anaknya
nakal, withdrawing positive events
• Reinforcement dan punishmen sangat efektif
bila diberikan langsung ketika tl tsb itu muncul
• Kl tdk, akan punah tingkah laku tsb.
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
Bandura’s theory known as "Social Learning
Theory" has been renamed "Social Cognitive
Theory" to accomodate later developments of the
theory. Bandura is seen by many as a cognitive
psychologist because of his focus on motivational
factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that
contribute to a person's behavior, rather than just
environmental factors. This focus on cognition is
what differentiates social cognitive theory from
Skinner's purely behavioristic viewpoint.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Social learning teori menenkankan bahwa
individu adalah aktif, dimana ia belajar
sesuatu berdasarkan observasi dan imitasi
model.
• Kenapa diberi nama sosial = krn si indv hidup
dalam suatu lingkungan sosial, sehingga ia
banyak belajar dari lingkungannya tsb.
Eksperimen ada tapi tdk spt behaviour.
• Penekanannya pada kognitif, krn menurut
Bandura respons yg diberikan indv tdk hanya
krn reinforcement/punishmen, tp kognitif bjln.
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Observational Learning = watching others
• Imitating models = komponen paling penting
u/ anak dalam belajar
• Anak2 akan meniru tl yg ia persepsikan sangat
valuable pada budayanya
• Misal : if all the teacher’s in Carlo’s school are
women, he probably will not copy behavior,
which he consider “unmanly”. If he meets a
male teacher he likes, he may change his
mind about the value of teachers as models.
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
Lev Vygotski was a Russian psychologist who
died prematurely. His most productive years
were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow
(1924–34), where he developed ideas on
cognitive development, particularly the
relationship between language and thinking.
His writings emphasised the roles of historical,
cultural, and social factors in cognition and
argued that language was the most important
symbolic tool provided by society..
Gesell
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Sociocultural Theory = perkembangan anak
dipengaruhi oleh interaksi sosial yg dibuat
anak dengan lingkungannya dan ordes
• Anak2 berkembang krn belajar dari
lingkungan. Aktivitas2 yg dilakukannya dgn
orang lain (baik ordes atau anak2) akan
membantu mereka untuk menginternalisasi’k
bgmn lingk sosial tsb berpikir dan b’tl yg
nantinya dpt dijadian acuan p’bentukan tl mrk
sendiri.
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Misal :belajar memakai baju/kemeja sendiri.
Anak2 balita membutuhkan ordes untuk terusmenerus membimbing dirinya agar dpt bisa
memakai bajunya sendiri. Dalam proses
bimbingan itu, si anak akan belajar bhw di
kemeja itu ada kancing yg hrs dimasukan di
lubang kacing, dll.
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD) = gab
antara ideal dan normal
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Contoh : si anak baru dapat memasukkan
kancing dgn bantuan ordes (normal tp blm
optimal) tapi bila dibimbing terus-menerus ia
bisa melakukan sendiri tanpa ordes lagi
(optimal).
Theories of child development
BRONFENBRENNER
– Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
– consists of 4 environmental systems…
• microsystem: the setting in which the
individual lives
• mesosystem: relations of microsystems or
connections between contexts (e.g., relation
of family exp to school experiences)
• exosystem: experiences in a setting where
the individual does not have an active role
• macrosystem: involves the culture in which
the individual lives– values, beliefs, customs…
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Jean Piaget is known for his research in
developmental psychology. He studied under C.
G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler. He was involved in the
administration of intelligence tests to children and
became interested in the types of mistakes
children of various ages were likely to make.
Piaget began to study the reasoning processes of
children at various ages. Piaget theorized that
cognitive development proceeds in four
genetically determined stages that always follow
the same sequential order.
Freud
Erikson
Skinner
Bandura
Vygotsky
Piaget
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
• Ia melihat bahwa perkembangan kognitif anak
terjadi karena merupakan suatu usaha anak
untuk dapat memahami dunia sekitarnya.
• Piaget percaya bahwa kemamp kognitif itu
nature, dan berkembang dalan suatu
rangkaian/tahapan yg sifatnya kualitatif.
• Pada setiap tahapan, pikiran beropersi dgn
cara yang berbeda dan lebih matang.
• Peningkatan yg gradual ini melibatkan 3
prinsip yang saling berkaitan
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
1. Prinsip Organisasi = integrasi dari
pengetahuan yg ada sec terstruktur agar
memberi arti. Misal : kalau mengajarkan anak
balita, hrs terorganisasi, misal hijau, merah,
kuning, itu adalah macam2 warna =
organisasi
2. Prinsip Adaptasi = penyesuaian info yg lama
dengan info yg baru didapat anak. Ada 2, yi:
a. Asimilasi = usaha u/ memasukan info baru
ke dalam struktur kognitif yg ada
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Misal : belajar minum dgn training cup
pengetahuan menghisap ASI digunakan untuk
menghisap/minum dari cup. Co/ lain : skema
mobil = truk, bajaj tetap disebut mobil
b. Akomodasi = perubahan yg terjadi pada
struktur kognitif u/ menghadapi info baru yang
diterima. Misal : Belajar bahwa menghisap dari
cup berbeda dari ASI sehingga perlu
mengkoordinir gerakan bibir/lidah (skema lama)
u/ bisa minum dari cup (skema baru)
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
3. Prinsip Equilibrasi = kecenderungan untuk
mencapai keseimbangan mental antara ind
dgn dunia luar. Adaptasi & akomodasi
memperbolehkan anak untuk mencapai
keseimbangan dan perkembangan kognitif.