T ING 0907795 Table of content
Table of Content
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………….………….…………i
DECLARATION ……………………………….……………………….…….…..ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….….…….iii
PREFACE …………………………………………………….……….……….....iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….…………v
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………….……………………….vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………….……………...…..….....x
LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………………xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION……..……………….……………………….….1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Background of the Study ……………………………………………..…1
Research Questions..………..…..……………....…………………….…..2
Research Variable………….……………....……………...….…….…….2
Aims of the Research….……………………………..………….………..3
Research Significance…………………………………..……...………...3
Definition of the Terms…………………………………………….……..4
The Structure of This Thesis…………………………………………...…5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…..……………………6
2.1 The Nature of Reading………………………………………………….....6
2.2 Reading Comprehension…………………………………………………...9
2.3 Reading Comprehension Assessment……………………….…………....11
2.4 Teaching Reading Comprehension……………………………………….13
2.4.1 Three Phase Technique…….....………..……….......………..….....14
2.5 Questioning in Teaching Reading Comprehension...………….……..….16
2.5.1 Question in Advance ( Pre-reading Activities)…………….……..16
2.5.2 The Function of Questioning…………………...…….……....…...17
2.5.3 Questioning in the Classroom Interaction………..........….……......18
2.6 Types of Teacher Questions……….……...…….………………….……..20
i
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.7 Kind and Form of Questions……….….…..……………………….……..22
2.8 Assessing Questions……………..…..…….……………………..…..…...24
2.9 The Grammar Translation Method…………………………………...….26
2.10 Previous Research on Questioning Techniques in Teaching
Reading………………………………………………………….….….29
2.11 Conclusion……...……………..…….…………..………...………..….32
CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………..…..……….....……….33
3.1 Research Design……………….…….………...……………….…….….33
3.2 Data Collection………………………...………………………..…….....36
3.2.1 The Population, Setting, and Sample of Research..…..…….......37
3.2.2 Instrumentation……..…....……...………………….…….……38
3.2.2.1 Instrument for Scoring …….……….……………….…38
3.2.2.2 Instrument for Treatment ….…….………….…….…...39
3.2.3 The Application of Questioning Techniques…...……....….........39
3.2.3.1 Instructional Activities……………..…….………...….40
3.2.4 Treatment………….……….…….……………...…......…..…...41
3.2.4.1 Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials of Questioning Techniques for Experimental Group….…………...41
3.2.4.2 Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials for Control
Group ………………………………………………….49
3.3 The Schedule of Treatment…………………...…..…...….….…………50
3.4 Data Analysis.……...…………….………………………...…...………..51
3.4.1 Technique, Instrument of Collecting Data, and Data Interpretation….......................…….………………………………....……..51
3.4.2 The Technique of Analyzing Data …..…..…....…….....…...…….52
3.4.2.1 Score Data Analysis ……….……..…....………….…..….52
3.4.2.2 Hypothesis Testing ..………….…….……...…....……..…53
CHAPTER IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS……...……..…….54
4.1 The Result of Try-out...………………………..………...….…..……..…54
ii
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.1
Validity of the Test …………...………………………….......…54
4.1.2
Reliability of the Test ………………..….…………….……..…..55
4.1.3
Test Items Difficulty………………...….………….….…….…...55
4.2 The Result of t-test for Reading Comprehension Test………..……….….56
4.2.1
The Pretest and Post-test Gained from the Experimental Group...56
4.2.2
The Pretest and Posttest Scores Gained from the Control Group..59
4.3 The Hypothesis Testing…………....………..………………………........64
4.3.1
Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the
Experiment Group ………..……………..…...………….....…...64
4.3.2
Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the
Control Group……………………..………………………......….65
4.3.3
Comparative Analysis of Pretest Scores of Experimental and
Control Group………..………..…………………………..…... ..66
4.3.4
Comparative Analysis of Post-test of Experimental and Control
Group……………….....…………….……….…………….…….68
4.4 Interpretation to the Students’ Responses in the Questionnaire………......70
4.5 Discussion of the Research Finding…...………………..…….…….….....74
4.5.1
The Implementation of Questioning Technique in Teaching
Reading
4.6
Comprehension…………………….………...………75
Conclusion………….………...………………………………….…........77
CHAPTER V. THE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...…........78
5.1. The Conclusions……………………..….……………….…….….……....78
5.2.Recommendations……………..……..………………….……….…..........79
Bibliography……………..……...….…………………..………..………….……..81
Appendices …………………………….………………..…….…………….…... .89
iii
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Research Design ………………………………………………...……..34
Table 3.2 The schedule of Pre- Post-test and treatment…………………...……...51
Table 4.1 Data gained from Pretest and Post-test at the Experimental Group......168
Table 4.2 Data Interval from Pre-post-test at the experimental group…………..169
Table 4.3 One sample Kolmogorov-Smirovtest from pre and post-test at
the experimental group …………………………………….…………..57
Table 4.4 Paired samples test of the experimental group …………………….......58
Table 4.5 Paired of Pretest and Post-test of Experimental group …………….......59
Table 4.6 Data gained from Pre and Post-test at the Control group ………...…..170
Table 4.7 Paired samples Statistics from Pre-test and post-test at the control
group ……………………………………………….………...…..……60
Table 4.8 Paired samples from Pre-test and post-test at the control group ..…......61
Table 4.9 Data gained at the pre-test and post-test both experimental and
control group……………………………..……...………………..….171
Table 4.10 Data gained from pre-test both experimental and control
group analysis..……………...……………………………………….173
Table 4.11 Independent samples t- test for Pre-test of Experimental and
Control group…………………………………………….…..….……67
Table 4.12 Independent- samples test for Post-test at Experimental and
Control group…………………………………………………..……..69
Table 4.13 Data Gained from students’ questionnaire …………………....…….175
iv
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
List of Appendices
Appendix 1
READING LESSON PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.....89
Appendix 1b READING LESSON PLAN FOR CONTROL GROUP………….98
Appendix 2
QUESTIONS LIST USE IN TREATMENT……………….…….110
Appendix 3
THE TEXT MATERIALS……………………………………….118
Appendix 4
STUDENTS’ WORKSHEET……………………… ……………122
Appendix 5
SAMPLE OF ENGLISH SYLABUS FOR SMK………….…….139
Appendix 6a PRE-TEST……………………………………..………….……...140
Appendix 6b POST-TEST……………………………………………….….….147
Appendix 7
THE RESULT OF TRY OUT TEST OF INSTRUMENT.. .…....153
Appendix 8
QUESTIONAIRES……………………………………...….…...162
Appendix 9
PICTURED DISPLAYED…………………………...…….…....164
Appendix 10 Table 4.1DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………………………………………..….168
Appendix 11 Table 4.2DATA INTERVAL FROM PRETEST AND POSTTEST AT
THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………………………………....…..169
Appendix 12 Table 4.6 DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE
CONTROL GROUP……………………..……………………………170
Appendix 13
Table 4.9 DATA GAINED AT PRE AND POST TEST BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP…..……………..…….172
Appendix 14
Table 4.10THE DATA GAINED FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND
CONTROL GROUP ANALYSIS…………….…………..….…173
v
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Appendix 15
Table 4.13 DATA GAINED FROM STUDENTS’
QUESTIONNAIRE……………………………..……………....175
Appendix 16 Surat Keterangan Penelitian………………………..……………177
vi
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………….………….…………i
DECLARATION ……………………………….……………………….…….…..ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….….…….iii
PREFACE …………………………………………………….……….……….....iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….…………v
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………….……………………….vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………….……………...…..….....x
LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………………xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION……..……………….……………………….….1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Background of the Study ……………………………………………..…1
Research Questions..………..…..……………....…………………….…..2
Research Variable………….……………....……………...….…….…….2
Aims of the Research….……………………………..………….………..3
Research Significance…………………………………..……...………...3
Definition of the Terms…………………………………………….……..4
The Structure of This Thesis…………………………………………...…5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…..……………………6
2.1 The Nature of Reading………………………………………………….....6
2.2 Reading Comprehension…………………………………………………...9
2.3 Reading Comprehension Assessment……………………….…………....11
2.4 Teaching Reading Comprehension……………………………………….13
2.4.1 Three Phase Technique…….....………..……….......………..….....14
2.5 Questioning in Teaching Reading Comprehension...………….……..….16
2.5.1 Question in Advance ( Pre-reading Activities)…………….……..16
2.5.2 The Function of Questioning…………………...…….……....…...17
2.5.3 Questioning in the Classroom Interaction………..........….……......18
2.6 Types of Teacher Questions……….……...…….………………….……..20
i
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.7 Kind and Form of Questions……….….…..……………………….……..22
2.8 Assessing Questions……………..…..…….……………………..…..…...24
2.9 The Grammar Translation Method…………………………………...….26
2.10 Previous Research on Questioning Techniques in Teaching
Reading………………………………………………………….….….29
2.11 Conclusion……...……………..…….…………..………...………..….32
CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………..…..……….....……….33
3.1 Research Design……………….…….………...……………….…….….33
3.2 Data Collection………………………...………………………..…….....36
3.2.1 The Population, Setting, and Sample of Research..…..…….......37
3.2.2 Instrumentation……..…....……...………………….…….……38
3.2.2.1 Instrument for Scoring …….……….……………….…38
3.2.2.2 Instrument for Treatment ….…….………….…….…...39
3.2.3 The Application of Questioning Techniques…...……....….........39
3.2.3.1 Instructional Activities……………..…….………...….40
3.2.4 Treatment………….……….…….……………...…......…..…...41
3.2.4.1 Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials of Questioning Techniques for Experimental Group….…………...41
3.2.4.2 Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials for Control
Group ………………………………………………….49
3.3 The Schedule of Treatment…………………...…..…...….….…………50
3.4 Data Analysis.……...…………….………………………...…...………..51
3.4.1 Technique, Instrument of Collecting Data, and Data Interpretation….......................…….………………………………....……..51
3.4.2 The Technique of Analyzing Data …..…..…....…….....…...…….52
3.4.2.1 Score Data Analysis ……….……..…....………….…..….52
3.4.2.2 Hypothesis Testing ..………….…….……...…....……..…53
CHAPTER IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS……...……..…….54
4.1 The Result of Try-out...………………………..………...….…..……..…54
ii
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.1
Validity of the Test …………...………………………….......…54
4.1.2
Reliability of the Test ………………..….…………….……..…..55
4.1.3
Test Items Difficulty………………...….………….….…….…...55
4.2 The Result of t-test for Reading Comprehension Test………..……….….56
4.2.1
The Pretest and Post-test Gained from the Experimental Group...56
4.2.2
The Pretest and Posttest Scores Gained from the Control Group..59
4.3 The Hypothesis Testing…………....………..………………………........64
4.3.1
Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the
Experiment Group ………..……………..…...………….....…...64
4.3.2
Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the
Control Group……………………..………………………......….65
4.3.3
Comparative Analysis of Pretest Scores of Experimental and
Control Group………..………..…………………………..…... ..66
4.3.4
Comparative Analysis of Post-test of Experimental and Control
Group……………….....…………….……….…………….…….68
4.4 Interpretation to the Students’ Responses in the Questionnaire………......70
4.5 Discussion of the Research Finding…...………………..…….…….….....74
4.5.1
The Implementation of Questioning Technique in Teaching
Reading
4.6
Comprehension…………………….………...………75
Conclusion………….………...………………………………….…........77
CHAPTER V. THE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...…........78
5.1. The Conclusions……………………..….……………….…….….……....78
5.2.Recommendations……………..……..………………….……….…..........79
Bibliography……………..……...….…………………..………..………….……..81
Appendices …………………………….………………..…….…………….…... .89
iii
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Research Design ………………………………………………...……..34
Table 3.2 The schedule of Pre- Post-test and treatment…………………...……...51
Table 4.1 Data gained from Pretest and Post-test at the Experimental Group......168
Table 4.2 Data Interval from Pre-post-test at the experimental group…………..169
Table 4.3 One sample Kolmogorov-Smirovtest from pre and post-test at
the experimental group …………………………………….…………..57
Table 4.4 Paired samples test of the experimental group …………………….......58
Table 4.5 Paired of Pretest and Post-test of Experimental group …………….......59
Table 4.6 Data gained from Pre and Post-test at the Control group ………...…..170
Table 4.7 Paired samples Statistics from Pre-test and post-test at the control
group ……………………………………………….………...…..……60
Table 4.8 Paired samples from Pre-test and post-test at the control group ..…......61
Table 4.9 Data gained at the pre-test and post-test both experimental and
control group……………………………..……...………………..….171
Table 4.10 Data gained from pre-test both experimental and control
group analysis..……………...……………………………………….173
Table 4.11 Independent samples t- test for Pre-test of Experimental and
Control group…………………………………………….…..….……67
Table 4.12 Independent- samples test for Post-test at Experimental and
Control group…………………………………………………..……..69
Table 4.13 Data Gained from students’ questionnaire …………………....…….175
iv
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
List of Appendices
Appendix 1
READING LESSON PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.....89
Appendix 1b READING LESSON PLAN FOR CONTROL GROUP………….98
Appendix 2
QUESTIONS LIST USE IN TREATMENT……………….…….110
Appendix 3
THE TEXT MATERIALS……………………………………….118
Appendix 4
STUDENTS’ WORKSHEET……………………… ……………122
Appendix 5
SAMPLE OF ENGLISH SYLABUS FOR SMK………….…….139
Appendix 6a PRE-TEST……………………………………..………….……...140
Appendix 6b POST-TEST……………………………………………….….….147
Appendix 7
THE RESULT OF TRY OUT TEST OF INSTRUMENT.. .…....153
Appendix 8
QUESTIONAIRES……………………………………...….…...162
Appendix 9
PICTURED DISPLAYED…………………………...…….…....164
Appendix 10 Table 4.1DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………………………………………..….168
Appendix 11 Table 4.2DATA INTERVAL FROM PRETEST AND POSTTEST AT
THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………………………………....…..169
Appendix 12 Table 4.6 DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE
CONTROL GROUP……………………..……………………………170
Appendix 13
Table 4.9 DATA GAINED AT PRE AND POST TEST BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP…..……………..…….172
Appendix 14
Table 4.10THE DATA GAINED FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND
CONTROL GROUP ANALYSIS…………….…………..….…173
v
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Appendix 15
Table 4.13 DATA GAINED FROM STUDENTS’
QUESTIONNAIRE……………………………..……………....175
Appendix 16 Surat Keterangan Penelitian………………………..……………177
vi
Jaya, 2014
Applying questioning techniques in teaching readingcomprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement (A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu