Pemanfaatan Kulit Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa Prain) Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Penyerapan Logam Pb (II) Pada Limbah Cair Industri Pelapisan Logam
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Meena Palaniappan, Peter H. Gleick, Lucy Allen, Michael J. Cohen, Juliet
Christian-Smith, Courtney Smith, Clearing the Waters (Oakland: Pasific Institute,
2010), hal 12 - 13.
[2]
Duruibe, J.O, Ogwuegbu, M.O.C., Egwurugwu, J. N., “Heavy Metal Pollution
and Human Biotoxic Effects,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, II (Mei,
2007), hal 112.
[3]
Yahya S. Al-Degs, Musa I. El Barghouthi, Ayman A. Issa, Majeda A.
Khraisheh, Gavin M. Walker, “Sorption of Zn (II), Pb (II), and Co (II) using natural
sorbents: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies,” Water Research, 40 (Mei, 2006), hal
2645.
[4]
P. Senthil Kumar, R. Gayathri, “Adsorption of Pb2+ Ions From Aqueous
Solutions Onto Bael Tree Leaf Powder: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Study,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4) 2009 : hal. 381
[5]
Sukmawati,
“Penggunaan
Kitosan
Manik
Sebagai
Adsorben
Untuk
Menurunkan Kadar Pb (II) dan Cr (II) dalam Limbah Cair Industri Pelapisan
Logam,” Tesis, Program Magister Teknik Kimia USU, Medan, 2006, hal. 15.
[6]
Mario Hendro K., Ratih Sulastiningrum, “Pemisahan Kromium dan Nikel dari
Limbah Cair Elektroplating dengan Proses Ultrafiltrasi,” Skripsi, Program Sarjana
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2011, hal. 1-7.
[7]
World Bank, “Polution Prevention and Abatement: Electroplating Industry
Effluent bu Agrowaste Carbons”, Indian J. Environ. Health, 42(4) 1998, hal. 145150.
[8]
Krishan Kishor Garg, Prashant Rawat, Basheshwar Prasad, “Removal of Cr
(VI) and COD from Electroplating Wastewater by Corncob Based Activated
Carbon,” Sciforschen, 1(1) 2015, hal. 1-9.
[9]
Horea Bedelean, Andrada Maicaneanu, Maria Stanca, Silvia Burca, “Removal
of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters Using Natural Materials,” MAEGS, XVI
(2009) : 179.
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[10] U. Adie Gilbert, I. Unuabonah Emmanuel, A. Adeyemo Adebanjo, G.
Adeyemi Olalere, “Biosorptive Removal of Pb2+ and Cd 2+ onto Novel Biosorbent
Defatted Carica Papaya Seeds,” Biomass and Bioenergy, XXV (2011) : 2517.
[11] J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, T. T. L. Hoang, “Adsorption and Biological
Filtration
In
Wastewater
Treatment,”
Waste
and
Wastewater
Treatment
Technologies, Fakulty of Engineering and Information Technology, Sydney, 2012.
hal. 2.
[12] Uzami
Hamzah,
Rahmiana
Zein,
Edison
Munaf,
“Kulit
Jengkol
(Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.) Sebagai Biosorben Untuk Penyerapan Ion Logam Pb
(II) dan Cu (II) dari Air Limbah” Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(2) 2013 : hal. 1 - 2.
[13] Gusnidar, Yulnafatmawita, Rosa Nofianti, “Pengaruh Kompos Asal Kulit
Jengkol (Phitecolobium jiringa Jack Prain ex King) Terhadap Ciri Kimia Tanah
Sawah dan Produksi Tanaman Padi,” J. Solum, VIII (Juli 2011), hal 58 - 60.
[14] Dr. Ir. Yul Harry Bahar, “Statistik Produksi Hortikultura Tahun 2013,”
Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, 2014.
[15] Putri Isnaini, Rahmiana Zein, Edison Munaf, “Penyerapan Ion Cd (II) dan Zn
(II) dalam Air Limbah Menggunakan Kulit Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.),”
Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(3) 2013 : 1 - 2.
[16] Sadia Waseem, Muhammad Imran Din, Saira Nasir, Atta Rasool, “Evaluation
of Acacia nilotica As A Non Conventional Low Cost Biosorbent For The
Elimination Of Pb (II) And Cd (II) Ions From Aqueous Solutions,” Arabian Journal
of Chemistry, VII (Maret 2012), hal 1091 - 1093.
[17] Dhiraj Sud, Garima Mahajan, M. P. Kaur, “Agricultural Waste Material as
Potential Adsorbent for Sequestering Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions - A
Review,” Bioresource Technology, 99 (Februari 2008), hal 6017 - 6021.
[18] Frisca Febe Lumban Gaol, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Biji Jengkol
(Pithecellobium lobatum Benth.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah dan
Peningkatan Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan
Galur Sprague Dawley yang Diinduksi Aloksan,” Skripsi, Progran Studi Pendidikan
Dokter Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 2014, hal 8 - 11.
[19] Vindi Wiasih, Anggi Permana, Nova Silvyani, Pramita Naily Faizah,
“Pemanfaatan “Uje” (Kulit Jengkol) Sebagai Larvasida Alami Pada Nyamuk Aedes
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aegypti,”, Penelitian, Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Universitas Dian Nuswantoro,
Semarang, 2013, hal 3.
[20] Nurussakinah, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit
Buah Tanaman Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain.) Terhadap Bakteri
Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli,” Skripsi,
Program Sarjana Fakultas Farmasi USU, Medan, 2010, hal 7.
[21] Tiphanie Deblonde, Carole Cossu-Leguille, Philippe Hartemann, “Emerging
Pollutants in Wastewater: A Review of The Literature,” International Journal of
Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214 ( Agustus 2011), hal 442 .
[22] W. S. Wan Ngah, M. A. K. M. Hanafiah, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From
Wastewater by Chemically Modified Plant Waste As Adsorbents: A Review,”
Bioresource Technology, 99 (Juli 2007), hal. 3935.
[23] Nurhasni, Zainus Salimin, Ita Nurifitriyani, “Pengolahan Limbah Industri
Elektroplating dengan Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi,” Valensi, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 41.
[24] Julhim S. Tangio, “Adsorpsi Logam Timbal (Pb) dengan Menggunakan
Biomassa Enceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes),” Laporan Penelitian, Program
Dosen Pemula Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 2012, hal.13.
[25] Leni Narwati Wiji Astuti, “Gambaran Pengolahan Limbah Cair di PT Smart
TBK Marunda Bekasi Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 5
Tahun 2014,” Laporan Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret,
Surakarta, 2015, hal 4 - 30.
[26] Fenglian Fu, Qi Wang, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters: A
Review,” Journal of Environmental Management, 92 (Desember 2010), hal. 407 414.
[27] Shivaji Sircar, Adsorption, (CRC Press LLC, 2005), hal 1.
[28] Hasrianti, “Adsorpsi Ion Cd2+ dan Cr6+ pada Limbah Cair Menggunakan Kulit
Singkong,” Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2012, hal. 25.
[29] Yuliusman, Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, “Pemilihan
Adsorben Untuk Penjerapan Karbon Monoksida Menggunakan Model Adsorpsi
Isotermis Langmuir,” Reaktor, 14(3) 2013 : hal 225 - 226.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Siti Tias Miranti, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Bambu dengan Metode
Aktivasi Terkontrol Menggunakan Activating Agent H3PO4 dan KOH,” Skripsi,
Departemen Teknik Kimia Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2012, hal 5 - 26.
[31] Itodo A. U., Abdulrahman F. W., Hassan L. G., Maigandi S.A., Itodo H.U.,
“Application of Methylene Blue and Iodine Adsorption in the Measurement of
Specific Surface Area by Four Acid and Salt Treated Activated Carbons,” New York
Science Journal, 3(5) 2010 : hal. 25 - 26.
[32] Agus Mangiring Siburian, Agnes Sartika Doharma Pardede, Setiaty Pandia,
“Pemanfaatan Adsorben dari Biji Asam Jawa untuk Menurunkan Bilangan Peroksida
pada CPO (Crude Palm Oil),” Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 3(4) 2014 : hal. 12 - 14.
[33] Rusvirman Muchtar. Drs, Msc, Hernandi Suyono, Ssi., Msi., Dasli Noerdin,
Drs, MSc., Silviea Nur Astari, “Penelitian Pendahuluan Pemanfaatan Limbah
Pedagang Air Kelapa Muda di Bandung,” Skripsi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, 2010.
[34] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of
Activated Carbon,” American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, 1999.
[35] Nailul Fauziah, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif Secara Langsung dari Kulit Acacia
Mangium Wild dengan Aktivasi Fisika dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Adsorben,” Skripsi,
Program Sarjana Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor, 2009, hal. 6 -10.
[36] SNI, “Arang Aktif Teknis,” Dewan Standardisasi Nasional, 1995.
[37] Siti Jamilatun, Martomo Setyawan, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Tempurung
Kelapa dan Aplikasinya untuk Penjernihan Asap Cair,” Spektrum Industri, 12(1)
2014 : hal. 78 - 79.
[38] Amalia Aisha Noer, Awitdrus, Usman Malik, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari
Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator H2O Sebagai Adsorben,” JOM
FMIPA, 1(2) 2014 : hal. 42 - 46.
[39] Hayan Mao, Dingguo Zhou, Zaher Hashisho, Sunguo Wang, Heng Chen,
Haiyan (Helena) Wang, “Preparation of Pinewood and Wheat Straw-Based Activated
Carbon Via A Microwave-Assisted Potassium Hydroxide Treatment and An
Analysis of The Effects of The Microwave Activation Conditions,” Bioresources,
10(1) 2015 : hal 809 - 817.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[40] Allwar, Ahmad Bin Md Noor, Mohd Asri Bin Mohd Nawi, “Textural
Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Oil Palm Shells Activated with
ZnCl2 and Pyrolysis Under Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide,” Journal of Physical
Science, 19(2) 2008 : hal. 93 - 100.
[41] Suqin Li, Liingling Zhang, Baiyi Pan, Guohong Xiong, Daqiang Cang, “Study
on Preparation and Charaterization of The Adsorbents With Sewage Sludge,”
Srcosmos, 2010, hal. 1 - 3.
[42] Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Norzila Mohd, Nor Hafiza Izzati Wahab, Nurul
Syahirah Zulkfli, Nor Fatin Adila Abu Bakar, “Adsorption of Lead (II) Ions In
Aqueous Solution Using Selected Agro-Waste,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, 10(1) 2015, hal. 297 - 299.
[43] Jamal A. Abudaia, Muhamed O. Sulyman, Khalad Y. Elazaby, Salah M. BenAli, “Adsorption of Pb (II) dan Cu (II) from Aqueous Solution onto Activated
Carbon Prepared from Dates Stones,” International Journal of Environmental
Science and Development, 4(2) 2013, hal. 191 - 194.
[44] Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, “Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Republik
Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah,” Kementrian
Lingkungan Hidup, 2014.
[45] Bindra Shrestha, Jagjit Kour, Puspa Lal Homagai, Megh Raj Pokhrel, Kedar
Nath Ghimire, “Surface Modification of The Biowaste for Purification of
Wastewater Contaminated with Toxic Heavy Metals-Lead and Cadmium,” Advances
in Chemical Engineering and Science, III 2013, hal. 178 - 180.
[46] Barbara Stuart, Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications (John
Wiley & Sons Ltd,1999), hal. 71 - 86.
[47] John Coates, Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach (John
Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2000), hal. 1 - 15.
[48] Roozbeh Hoseinzadeh Hesas, Arash Arami-Niya, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud,
J.N. Sahu, “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Apple Waste
by Microwave-Assisted Phosporic Acid Activation: Application in Methylene Blue
Adsorption,” Bioresources, 8(2) 2013, hal. 2950 - 2966.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Meena Palaniappan, Peter H. Gleick, Lucy Allen, Michael J. Cohen, Juliet
Christian-Smith, Courtney Smith, Clearing the Waters (Oakland: Pasific Institute,
2010), hal 12 - 13.
[2]
Duruibe, J.O, Ogwuegbu, M.O.C., Egwurugwu, J. N., “Heavy Metal Pollution
and Human Biotoxic Effects,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, II (Mei,
2007), hal 112.
[3]
Yahya S. Al-Degs, Musa I. El Barghouthi, Ayman A. Issa, Majeda A.
Khraisheh, Gavin M. Walker, “Sorption of Zn (II), Pb (II), and Co (II) using natural
sorbents: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies,” Water Research, 40 (Mei, 2006), hal
2645.
[4]
P. Senthil Kumar, R. Gayathri, “Adsorption of Pb2+ Ions From Aqueous
Solutions Onto Bael Tree Leaf Powder: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Study,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(4) 2009 : hal. 381
[5]
Sukmawati,
“Penggunaan
Kitosan
Manik
Sebagai
Adsorben
Untuk
Menurunkan Kadar Pb (II) dan Cr (II) dalam Limbah Cair Industri Pelapisan
Logam,” Tesis, Program Magister Teknik Kimia USU, Medan, 2006, hal. 15.
[6]
Mario Hendro K., Ratih Sulastiningrum, “Pemisahan Kromium dan Nikel dari
Limbah Cair Elektroplating dengan Proses Ultrafiltrasi,” Skripsi, Program Sarjana
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2011, hal. 1-7.
[7]
World Bank, “Polution Prevention and Abatement: Electroplating Industry
Effluent bu Agrowaste Carbons”, Indian J. Environ. Health, 42(4) 1998, hal. 145150.
[8]
Krishan Kishor Garg, Prashant Rawat, Basheshwar Prasad, “Removal of Cr
(VI) and COD from Electroplating Wastewater by Corncob Based Activated
Carbon,” Sciforschen, 1(1) 2015, hal. 1-9.
[9]
Horea Bedelean, Andrada Maicaneanu, Maria Stanca, Silvia Burca, “Removal
of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters Using Natural Materials,” MAEGS, XVI
(2009) : 179.
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[10] U. Adie Gilbert, I. Unuabonah Emmanuel, A. Adeyemo Adebanjo, G.
Adeyemi Olalere, “Biosorptive Removal of Pb2+ and Cd 2+ onto Novel Biosorbent
Defatted Carica Papaya Seeds,” Biomass and Bioenergy, XXV (2011) : 2517.
[11] J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, T. T. L. Hoang, “Adsorption and Biological
Filtration
In
Wastewater
Treatment,”
Waste
and
Wastewater
Treatment
Technologies, Fakulty of Engineering and Information Technology, Sydney, 2012.
hal. 2.
[12] Uzami
Hamzah,
Rahmiana
Zein,
Edison
Munaf,
“Kulit
Jengkol
(Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.) Sebagai Biosorben Untuk Penyerapan Ion Logam Pb
(II) dan Cu (II) dari Air Limbah” Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(2) 2013 : hal. 1 - 2.
[13] Gusnidar, Yulnafatmawita, Rosa Nofianti, “Pengaruh Kompos Asal Kulit
Jengkol (Phitecolobium jiringa Jack Prain ex King) Terhadap Ciri Kimia Tanah
Sawah dan Produksi Tanaman Padi,” J. Solum, VIII (Juli 2011), hal 58 - 60.
[14] Dr. Ir. Yul Harry Bahar, “Statistik Produksi Hortikultura Tahun 2013,”
Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, 2014.
[15] Putri Isnaini, Rahmiana Zein, Edison Munaf, “Penyerapan Ion Cd (II) dan Zn
(II) dalam Air Limbah Menggunakan Kulit Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.),”
Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(3) 2013 : 1 - 2.
[16] Sadia Waseem, Muhammad Imran Din, Saira Nasir, Atta Rasool, “Evaluation
of Acacia nilotica As A Non Conventional Low Cost Biosorbent For The
Elimination Of Pb (II) And Cd (II) Ions From Aqueous Solutions,” Arabian Journal
of Chemistry, VII (Maret 2012), hal 1091 - 1093.
[17] Dhiraj Sud, Garima Mahajan, M. P. Kaur, “Agricultural Waste Material as
Potential Adsorbent for Sequestering Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions - A
Review,” Bioresource Technology, 99 (Februari 2008), hal 6017 - 6021.
[18] Frisca Febe Lumban Gaol, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Biji Jengkol
(Pithecellobium lobatum Benth.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah dan
Peningkatan Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan
Galur Sprague Dawley yang Diinduksi Aloksan,” Skripsi, Progran Studi Pendidikan
Dokter Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 2014, hal 8 - 11.
[19] Vindi Wiasih, Anggi Permana, Nova Silvyani, Pramita Naily Faizah,
“Pemanfaatan “Uje” (Kulit Jengkol) Sebagai Larvasida Alami Pada Nyamuk Aedes
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aegypti,”, Penelitian, Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Universitas Dian Nuswantoro,
Semarang, 2013, hal 3.
[20] Nurussakinah, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit
Buah Tanaman Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain.) Terhadap Bakteri
Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli,” Skripsi,
Program Sarjana Fakultas Farmasi USU, Medan, 2010, hal 7.
[21] Tiphanie Deblonde, Carole Cossu-Leguille, Philippe Hartemann, “Emerging
Pollutants in Wastewater: A Review of The Literature,” International Journal of
Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214 ( Agustus 2011), hal 442 .
[22] W. S. Wan Ngah, M. A. K. M. Hanafiah, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From
Wastewater by Chemically Modified Plant Waste As Adsorbents: A Review,”
Bioresource Technology, 99 (Juli 2007), hal. 3935.
[23] Nurhasni, Zainus Salimin, Ita Nurifitriyani, “Pengolahan Limbah Industri
Elektroplating dengan Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi,” Valensi, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 41.
[24] Julhim S. Tangio, “Adsorpsi Logam Timbal (Pb) dengan Menggunakan
Biomassa Enceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes),” Laporan Penelitian, Program
Dosen Pemula Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 2012, hal.13.
[25] Leni Narwati Wiji Astuti, “Gambaran Pengolahan Limbah Cair di PT Smart
TBK Marunda Bekasi Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 5
Tahun 2014,” Laporan Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret,
Surakarta, 2015, hal 4 - 30.
[26] Fenglian Fu, Qi Wang, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters: A
Review,” Journal of Environmental Management, 92 (Desember 2010), hal. 407 414.
[27] Shivaji Sircar, Adsorption, (CRC Press LLC, 2005), hal 1.
[28] Hasrianti, “Adsorpsi Ion Cd2+ dan Cr6+ pada Limbah Cair Menggunakan Kulit
Singkong,” Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2012, hal. 25.
[29] Yuliusman, Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, “Pemilihan
Adsorben Untuk Penjerapan Karbon Monoksida Menggunakan Model Adsorpsi
Isotermis Langmuir,” Reaktor, 14(3) 2013 : hal 225 - 226.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Siti Tias Miranti, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Bambu dengan Metode
Aktivasi Terkontrol Menggunakan Activating Agent H3PO4 dan KOH,” Skripsi,
Departemen Teknik Kimia Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2012, hal 5 - 26.
[31] Itodo A. U., Abdulrahman F. W., Hassan L. G., Maigandi S.A., Itodo H.U.,
“Application of Methylene Blue and Iodine Adsorption in the Measurement of
Specific Surface Area by Four Acid and Salt Treated Activated Carbons,” New York
Science Journal, 3(5) 2010 : hal. 25 - 26.
[32] Agus Mangiring Siburian, Agnes Sartika Doharma Pardede, Setiaty Pandia,
“Pemanfaatan Adsorben dari Biji Asam Jawa untuk Menurunkan Bilangan Peroksida
pada CPO (Crude Palm Oil),” Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 3(4) 2014 : hal. 12 - 14.
[33] Rusvirman Muchtar. Drs, Msc, Hernandi Suyono, Ssi., Msi., Dasli Noerdin,
Drs, MSc., Silviea Nur Astari, “Penelitian Pendahuluan Pemanfaatan Limbah
Pedagang Air Kelapa Muda di Bandung,” Skripsi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, 2010.
[34] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of
Activated Carbon,” American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, 1999.
[35] Nailul Fauziah, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif Secara Langsung dari Kulit Acacia
Mangium Wild dengan Aktivasi Fisika dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Adsorben,” Skripsi,
Program Sarjana Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor, 2009, hal. 6 -10.
[36] SNI, “Arang Aktif Teknis,” Dewan Standardisasi Nasional, 1995.
[37] Siti Jamilatun, Martomo Setyawan, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Tempurung
Kelapa dan Aplikasinya untuk Penjernihan Asap Cair,” Spektrum Industri, 12(1)
2014 : hal. 78 - 79.
[38] Amalia Aisha Noer, Awitdrus, Usman Malik, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari
Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator H2O Sebagai Adsorben,” JOM
FMIPA, 1(2) 2014 : hal. 42 - 46.
[39] Hayan Mao, Dingguo Zhou, Zaher Hashisho, Sunguo Wang, Heng Chen,
Haiyan (Helena) Wang, “Preparation of Pinewood and Wheat Straw-Based Activated
Carbon Via A Microwave-Assisted Potassium Hydroxide Treatment and An
Analysis of The Effects of The Microwave Activation Conditions,” Bioresources,
10(1) 2015 : hal 809 - 817.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[40] Allwar, Ahmad Bin Md Noor, Mohd Asri Bin Mohd Nawi, “Textural
Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Oil Palm Shells Activated with
ZnCl2 and Pyrolysis Under Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide,” Journal of Physical
Science, 19(2) 2008 : hal. 93 - 100.
[41] Suqin Li, Liingling Zhang, Baiyi Pan, Guohong Xiong, Daqiang Cang, “Study
on Preparation and Charaterization of The Adsorbents With Sewage Sludge,”
Srcosmos, 2010, hal. 1 - 3.
[42] Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Norzila Mohd, Nor Hafiza Izzati Wahab, Nurul
Syahirah Zulkfli, Nor Fatin Adila Abu Bakar, “Adsorption of Lead (II) Ions In
Aqueous Solution Using Selected Agro-Waste,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, 10(1) 2015, hal. 297 - 299.
[43] Jamal A. Abudaia, Muhamed O. Sulyman, Khalad Y. Elazaby, Salah M. BenAli, “Adsorption of Pb (II) dan Cu (II) from Aqueous Solution onto Activated
Carbon Prepared from Dates Stones,” International Journal of Environmental
Science and Development, 4(2) 2013, hal. 191 - 194.
[44] Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, “Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Republik
Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah,” Kementrian
Lingkungan Hidup, 2014.
[45] Bindra Shrestha, Jagjit Kour, Puspa Lal Homagai, Megh Raj Pokhrel, Kedar
Nath Ghimire, “Surface Modification of The Biowaste for Purification of
Wastewater Contaminated with Toxic Heavy Metals-Lead and Cadmium,” Advances
in Chemical Engineering and Science, III 2013, hal. 178 - 180.
[46] Barbara Stuart, Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications (John
Wiley & Sons Ltd,1999), hal. 71 - 86.
[47] John Coates, Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach (John
Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2000), hal. 1 - 15.
[48] Roozbeh Hoseinzadeh Hesas, Arash Arami-Niya, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud,
J.N. Sahu, “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Apple Waste
by Microwave-Assisted Phosporic Acid Activation: Application in Methylene Blue
Adsorption,” Bioresources, 8(2) 2013, hal. 2950 - 2966.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara