myCogTools.ppt 1034KB Mar 29 2010 04:55:25 AM
Wahono
Tarbiyah-FAI UMM
Calculate in your head.
648
X 12
648
X 12
7776
Calculate with paper and
pencil.
586
x 21
546
546
XX21
21
586
x 21
12306
What is the answer?
833
x 17
a) 14110 b) 14161
c) 16161 d) 16660
833
x
17
b.
14161
Calculate with the calculator.
792
x 14
792
x 14
11088
• What are
“tools”
• Physical tools
• Cognitive tools
• What does it
mean to “know”
• Where do you
stand?
What Are “Tools”
• Webster defines as
– something used in
performing an
operation or
necessary in the
practice of a vocation
or profession
– ex: a carpenter’s
hammer, level, saw,
etc. are his tools
– ex: a scholar’s books
are his tools
Physical Tools
• Examples
–
–
–
–
–
hammer
lever
crutches
steam engine
gasoline engine
Physical Tools
Tools
Physical
• Amplify man’s
physical
capabilities
• Allow tasks to
be completed
– faster
– more uniformly
– in SOME cases
better
Physical Tools
• Allow man to do some physical
tasks that were nearly, if not
totally, impossible in earlier
times
• Transform how man produces &
moves goods & services
• Brought on the Industrial
Revolution
Physical Tools
• New powerful
physical tools
– make some
earlier physical
tools obsolete
– provide another
alternative to
complete
physical tasks
Physical Tools
• Horse drawn
carriages
– all but
disappeared
– replaced by
automobiles,
trucks, trains, &
planes
• Hammer
– still used
– power nailers
Physical Tools
• Each has its place
• Each has its appropriate use
• Automobiles, trucks, trains, &
planes
– don’t necessarily transport people &
goods better
– do provide faster delivery
– allow transportation over greater
distances
Physical Tools
• When used appropriately and
mindfully*
– newer modes of transportation
provide better delivery
*
actively engaged, consciously,
cognizant, aware, thoughtful as opposed to
automatic, habitual, instinctive, routine,
carelessly
Physical Tools
• Power nailer
– doesn’t necessarily
make the product of a
carpenter better
– allows carpenter to be
more efficient
• When used
appropriately and
mindfully
– offers ability to produce
a better product
Physical Tools
• Historical perspective
– auto viewed as substitute for
horse-drawn carriages
– actually became an agent of
change
• revolutionized cityscapes
• altered culture
• spawned new industries
• etc.
Cognitive Tools
• Examples
–
–
–
–
–
book
paper
slide rule
calculator
computer
Cognitive Tools
• Amplify man’s mental
capabilities
• Allow cognitive tasks to be
completed
– faster
– more efficiently
– in SOME cases better
Cognitive Tools
• Take on some low level tasks
– Bloom’s taxonomy
• knowledge, recall
– calculator does rote arithmetic
calculations
– spell checker proofs writing for
‘errors’
Cognitive Tools
• Support thinking and learning
• Contain knowledge
• Allow man to do higher level
mental tasks that were nearly,
if not totally, impossible in
earlier times
• Newer cognitive tools primarily
computer driven
Cognitive Tools
• Transform how
man
–
–
–
–
–
–
collects
stores
retrieves
communicates
analyzes
synthesizes
• .... information
New Cognitive Tools
• Brought on the Information
Revolution
• Make some earlier cognitive
tools obsolete
• Provide another alternative to
complete cognitive tasks
Cognitive Tools
• Slide rules
– all but
disappeared
– replaced by
electronic
calculators
• Pen & paper
– still used
– word processing
Cognitive Tools
• Each has its place
• Each has its appropriate use
• More powerful electronic
calculator
– doesn't necessarily produce better
results to a mathematical problem
– allows student to be more efficient
– easier to operate than slide rule
Cognitive Tools
• When used appropriately and
mindfully
– calculator offers ability to produce
a different result, a mathematical
task that would be nearly
impossible without the support of
the cognitive tool
Cognitive Tools
• More powerful word
processing
– doesn’t necessarily
produce better
writing
– allows writer to easily
edit
– provides numerous
options to writer
– printouts provide
readable hardcopy
Cognitive Tools
• When used appropriately
and mindfully
– word processor provides the
opportunity to produce a
better product
• correct spelling
• better grammar
• higher quality of
communication
A+
A+
Great
Great
work.
work.
Cognitive Tools
• Historical perspective
– oral tradition replaced by writing
• ... This discovery of yours will
create forgetfulness in the minds
of those who learn to use it...You
offer your students the appearance
of wisdom, not true wisdom. They
will be hearers of many things and
will have learned nothing...they will
appear to be omniscient and will
generally know nothing...”
Plato, in Phaedrus
Cognitive Tools
• When printing emerged
– “...The world has got along
perfectly well for six thousand years
with out printing, and has no need
to change now.”
Filippo di Strata
– Printed books will never be the
equivalent of handwritten
codices...The simple reason is that
copying by hand involves more
diligence and industry.”
Johannes Trithemius, In Praise of Scribes
Cognitive Tools
• Development of
– language
– writing
– printing press
leading to
widespread
access to books
– computer
technologies
Cognitive Tools
• Each major development of
cognitive tools has had, and
will continue to have, deep
impacts on our culture,
transforming what it means to
“know”
• Knowledge is housed in the
cognitive tools
Eye Glasses
Physical or cognitive tool?
Cognitive Tools
• A crutch?
– Are eye glasses a
crutch?
– What’s wrong with a
crutch?
• if you have a broken
leg, a crutch is
necessary
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• If we say “Ben is a good
speller.” what does that
tell us about Ben and
what he “knows”?
– good at memorization
– understands rules of
spelling
– writes using correct
spelling
– passes the spelling test
Spelling
Spelling
1.1.cat
cat
2.2.bird
bird
3.3.dog
dog
4.4.pig
pig
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Where does Ika’s
spelling knowledge
reside?
– in his head?
– in cognitive tools?
• dictionary
• paper
• spell checker
program
– in all?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• How do cognitive tools
change a mental task like
spelling?
– just in head
• test orally
• must be memorized
– paper & pencil
• changes task & what one needs
to “know”
• visual feedback
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Multiple choice spelling test
– recognition vs generation
– spelling knowledge can be different
• Writing
– use dictionary or other written materials
– ask another person (a cognitive tool?)
– use a spell checker
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Knowledge resides in all
• User needs different skills &
knowledge when using various
cognitive tools
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• School work
– most cognitive tools
are allowed for
“learning”
• use of dictionary when
writing
• use of books for data
• use of human partners
• use of spell checker
• use of paper, pencils,
etc
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• School work
– most cognitive
tools are NOT
allowed to test
knowledge
(“learning”)
• only paper &
pencil
• why?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Non-school work
– all tools allowed to complete job
– never take tools away from worker
• Would you teach a carpenter to
pound nails with a hammer and
then expect him (now that he
has learned how to do it) take
away the hammer and expect
him to do his job?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Would you teach an accountant
how to use a spreadsheet to
amortize a mortgage, and then
expect him (now that he has
learned how to do it) take away
the spreadsheet and expect
him to do his job?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Knowledge workers
– use cognitive tools
• Change is occurring
– qualifying exam for S3.
– only paper & pencil
– not how “real”
academics work
– take home exam
• allows for use of cognitive
tools
• reflection, revision, editing,
feedback
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Implications for schools
– authentic tasks utilizing cognitive
tools
• open book, notes testing
– calculators & computers
• teach students how to use mindfully
– collaborative groups
Cognitive Tools
• Business, industry, &
government
– embraced & adopted
new cognitive tools
• support work of employees
– demanding candidates
for new positions
• to come with skills &
knowledge to take
advantage of these
cognitive tools
Summary
• Amount of knowledge
– continues to grow
– much they will need to know is
not currently ‘known’
– no longer expect students to
learn it all
– teach them how to use
knowledge residing in cognitive
tools (information technologies)
Summary
• Newer cognitive tools will transform
our culture in ways we can’t yet
imagine.
– as automobiles spawned new ways of
living and working
• Currently still essentially using as
replacements for older technologies
– ex: word processing for typewriting
Summary
• If we must ‘test’
students knowledge, let
it be a test of their
knowledge and skills in
utilizing cognitive tools
to
–
–
–
–
–
–
collect
store
retrieve
communicate
analyze &
synthesize
• .... information
Where Do You Stand?
• Should students be allowed
to utilize cognitive tools for
all tasks in school, including
test situations?
• Let the debate begin!
Credits
• All clipart courtesy of MS Office
• Jinkerson, L.A. (1994). Computer Spell
Checkers and Collaborative Peers:
Intellectual Partners, published
dissertation. University Microfilms,
International: Ann Arbor
Tarbiyah-FAI UMM
Calculate in your head.
648
X 12
648
X 12
7776
Calculate with paper and
pencil.
586
x 21
546
546
XX21
21
586
x 21
12306
What is the answer?
833
x 17
a) 14110 b) 14161
c) 16161 d) 16660
833
x
17
b.
14161
Calculate with the calculator.
792
x 14
792
x 14
11088
• What are
“tools”
• Physical tools
• Cognitive tools
• What does it
mean to “know”
• Where do you
stand?
What Are “Tools”
• Webster defines as
– something used in
performing an
operation or
necessary in the
practice of a vocation
or profession
– ex: a carpenter’s
hammer, level, saw,
etc. are his tools
– ex: a scholar’s books
are his tools
Physical Tools
• Examples
–
–
–
–
–
hammer
lever
crutches
steam engine
gasoline engine
Physical Tools
Tools
Physical
• Amplify man’s
physical
capabilities
• Allow tasks to
be completed
– faster
– more uniformly
– in SOME cases
better
Physical Tools
• Allow man to do some physical
tasks that were nearly, if not
totally, impossible in earlier
times
• Transform how man produces &
moves goods & services
• Brought on the Industrial
Revolution
Physical Tools
• New powerful
physical tools
– make some
earlier physical
tools obsolete
– provide another
alternative to
complete
physical tasks
Physical Tools
• Horse drawn
carriages
– all but
disappeared
– replaced by
automobiles,
trucks, trains, &
planes
• Hammer
– still used
– power nailers
Physical Tools
• Each has its place
• Each has its appropriate use
• Automobiles, trucks, trains, &
planes
– don’t necessarily transport people &
goods better
– do provide faster delivery
– allow transportation over greater
distances
Physical Tools
• When used appropriately and
mindfully*
– newer modes of transportation
provide better delivery
*
actively engaged, consciously,
cognizant, aware, thoughtful as opposed to
automatic, habitual, instinctive, routine,
carelessly
Physical Tools
• Power nailer
– doesn’t necessarily
make the product of a
carpenter better
– allows carpenter to be
more efficient
• When used
appropriately and
mindfully
– offers ability to produce
a better product
Physical Tools
• Historical perspective
– auto viewed as substitute for
horse-drawn carriages
– actually became an agent of
change
• revolutionized cityscapes
• altered culture
• spawned new industries
• etc.
Cognitive Tools
• Examples
–
–
–
–
–
book
paper
slide rule
calculator
computer
Cognitive Tools
• Amplify man’s mental
capabilities
• Allow cognitive tasks to be
completed
– faster
– more efficiently
– in SOME cases better
Cognitive Tools
• Take on some low level tasks
– Bloom’s taxonomy
• knowledge, recall
– calculator does rote arithmetic
calculations
– spell checker proofs writing for
‘errors’
Cognitive Tools
• Support thinking and learning
• Contain knowledge
• Allow man to do higher level
mental tasks that were nearly,
if not totally, impossible in
earlier times
• Newer cognitive tools primarily
computer driven
Cognitive Tools
• Transform how
man
–
–
–
–
–
–
collects
stores
retrieves
communicates
analyzes
synthesizes
• .... information
New Cognitive Tools
• Brought on the Information
Revolution
• Make some earlier cognitive
tools obsolete
• Provide another alternative to
complete cognitive tasks
Cognitive Tools
• Slide rules
– all but
disappeared
– replaced by
electronic
calculators
• Pen & paper
– still used
– word processing
Cognitive Tools
• Each has its place
• Each has its appropriate use
• More powerful electronic
calculator
– doesn't necessarily produce better
results to a mathematical problem
– allows student to be more efficient
– easier to operate than slide rule
Cognitive Tools
• When used appropriately and
mindfully
– calculator offers ability to produce
a different result, a mathematical
task that would be nearly
impossible without the support of
the cognitive tool
Cognitive Tools
• More powerful word
processing
– doesn’t necessarily
produce better
writing
– allows writer to easily
edit
– provides numerous
options to writer
– printouts provide
readable hardcopy
Cognitive Tools
• When used appropriately
and mindfully
– word processor provides the
opportunity to produce a
better product
• correct spelling
• better grammar
• higher quality of
communication
A+
A+
Great
Great
work.
work.
Cognitive Tools
• Historical perspective
– oral tradition replaced by writing
• ... This discovery of yours will
create forgetfulness in the minds
of those who learn to use it...You
offer your students the appearance
of wisdom, not true wisdom. They
will be hearers of many things and
will have learned nothing...they will
appear to be omniscient and will
generally know nothing...”
Plato, in Phaedrus
Cognitive Tools
• When printing emerged
– “...The world has got along
perfectly well for six thousand years
with out printing, and has no need
to change now.”
Filippo di Strata
– Printed books will never be the
equivalent of handwritten
codices...The simple reason is that
copying by hand involves more
diligence and industry.”
Johannes Trithemius, In Praise of Scribes
Cognitive Tools
• Development of
– language
– writing
– printing press
leading to
widespread
access to books
– computer
technologies
Cognitive Tools
• Each major development of
cognitive tools has had, and
will continue to have, deep
impacts on our culture,
transforming what it means to
“know”
• Knowledge is housed in the
cognitive tools
Eye Glasses
Physical or cognitive tool?
Cognitive Tools
• A crutch?
– Are eye glasses a
crutch?
– What’s wrong with a
crutch?
• if you have a broken
leg, a crutch is
necessary
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• If we say “Ben is a good
speller.” what does that
tell us about Ben and
what he “knows”?
– good at memorization
– understands rules of
spelling
– writes using correct
spelling
– passes the spelling test
Spelling
Spelling
1.1.cat
cat
2.2.bird
bird
3.3.dog
dog
4.4.pig
pig
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Where does Ika’s
spelling knowledge
reside?
– in his head?
– in cognitive tools?
• dictionary
• paper
• spell checker
program
– in all?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• How do cognitive tools
change a mental task like
spelling?
– just in head
• test orally
• must be memorized
– paper & pencil
• changes task & what one needs
to “know”
• visual feedback
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Multiple choice spelling test
– recognition vs generation
– spelling knowledge can be different
• Writing
– use dictionary or other written materials
– ask another person (a cognitive tool?)
– use a spell checker
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Knowledge resides in all
• User needs different skills &
knowledge when using various
cognitive tools
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• School work
– most cognitive tools
are allowed for
“learning”
• use of dictionary when
writing
• use of books for data
• use of human partners
• use of spell checker
• use of paper, pencils,
etc
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• School work
– most cognitive
tools are NOT
allowed to test
knowledge
(“learning”)
• only paper &
pencil
• why?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Non-school work
– all tools allowed to complete job
– never take tools away from worker
• Would you teach a carpenter to
pound nails with a hammer and
then expect him (now that he
has learned how to do it) take
away the hammer and expect
him to do his job?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Would you teach an accountant
how to use a spreadsheet to
amortize a mortgage, and then
expect him (now that he has
learned how to do it) take away
the spreadsheet and expect
him to do his job?
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Knowledge workers
– use cognitive tools
• Change is occurring
– qualifying exam for S3.
– only paper & pencil
– not how “real”
academics work
– take home exam
• allows for use of cognitive
tools
• reflection, revision, editing,
feedback
What Does It Mean to “Know”
• Implications for schools
– authentic tasks utilizing cognitive
tools
• open book, notes testing
– calculators & computers
• teach students how to use mindfully
– collaborative groups
Cognitive Tools
• Business, industry, &
government
– embraced & adopted
new cognitive tools
• support work of employees
– demanding candidates
for new positions
• to come with skills &
knowledge to take
advantage of these
cognitive tools
Summary
• Amount of knowledge
– continues to grow
– much they will need to know is
not currently ‘known’
– no longer expect students to
learn it all
– teach them how to use
knowledge residing in cognitive
tools (information technologies)
Summary
• Newer cognitive tools will transform
our culture in ways we can’t yet
imagine.
– as automobiles spawned new ways of
living and working
• Currently still essentially using as
replacements for older technologies
– ex: word processing for typewriting
Summary
• If we must ‘test’
students knowledge, let
it be a test of their
knowledge and skills in
utilizing cognitive tools
to
–
–
–
–
–
–
collect
store
retrieve
communicate
analyze &
synthesize
• .... information
Where Do You Stand?
• Should students be allowed
to utilize cognitive tools for
all tasks in school, including
test situations?
• Let the debate begin!
Credits
• All clipart courtesy of MS Office
• Jinkerson, L.A. (1994). Computer Spell
Checkers and Collaborative Peers:
Intellectual Partners, published
dissertation. University Microfilms,
International: Ann Arbor