AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIA TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON GOOGOLE MAIL WEB PAGES.

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIA TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON GOOGOLE MAIL WEB PAGES

(A Case Study)

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of Faculty of Language Education and Literature of UPI as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree

By:

Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha 1005682

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND LITERATURE INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIA TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON GOOGOLE MAIL WEB PAGES

(A Case Study)

Oleh

Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Januari 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

MOKHAMAD BAGJA NUGRAHA (105682)

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON GOOGLE MAIL WEB PAGES

(A Case Study) Approved by:

Supervisor

Dr. H. Odo Fadloely. M.A NIP. 19540804 197702 1 001

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language Education and Literature

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi. M.Ed. NIP 196211011987121001

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This research aims to find out the translation quality and translation procedures in Google Mail Web Pages based on the theories proposed by Newark (1988), Larson (1984), Vinay and Darbelnet (1973) and Catford (1965). This research uses a qualitative case study approach proposed by Stake (1995, cited in Hyett, 2014, p. 2; cited in Creswell, 2003, p. 15), and Yin (2003, cited in Baxter and Jack, 2008, p. 548) and uses the interview method proposed by Frankael, Wallen, and Hyun (2012) in order to find out the responses toward the Translation of Google Mail Web Pages. There are four interviewee who are majoring Translating class were interviewed in this research in order to get the information whether the translations were acceptable or not The data shows that there are 370 phrases from the 21 selected pages in Google Mail Web Pages with the most frequently used is Literal translation procedure (34.53%), Couplet and Triplet (30.54%), Cultural Equivalent (14.05%), Naturalization (7,57%), Shift or Transposition (5,68%), Transference or Borrowing (4,32%), and Reduction and Expansion (3,24%). . All of participants also express that the translation of Google Mail Web Pages is acceptable.

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST FIGURES AND TABLES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of The Study Research Questions Aims of the Study

1.1 Scope of the Study 1.2 Significance of the Study 1.3 Clarification of Related Terms 1.4 Organization of the Paper CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of Translation

2.2 The Skopos and Equivalence-Based Theories 2.2.1 The Skopos Theory

2.2.2 The Equivalence-Based Theory 2.3 The Translation Process

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 2.4.1 Translation Methods

2.4.2 Translation Procedures 2.4.2.1 Literal

2.4.2.2 Transference or Borrowing 2.4.2.3 Naturalization

2.4.2.4 Cultural equivalent 2.4.2.5 Functional Equivalent 2.4.2.6 Descriptive Equivalent 2.4.2.7 Synonymy

2.4.2.8 Claque

2.4.2.9 Shifts or Transposition 2.4.2.10 Modulation

2.4.2.11 Recognized Translation 2.4.2.12 Translation Label 2.4.2.13 Compensation

2.4.2.14 Componential Analysis 2.4.2.15 Reduction and Expansion 2.4.2.16 Paraphrase

2.4.2.17 Couplets

2.4.2.18 Notes, Addition Glosses 2.5 Characteristic of Good Translation 2.6 Google Mail

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design and Methodology 3.2 Research Procedure

3.2.1 Data Collection Techniques 3.2.1.1 Interview

3.2.1.2 Google Mail Web Pages 3.2.2 Data Analysis Techniques 3.3 Sample of Data Analysis

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSIONS 4.1 Findings and Discussions

4.1.1 Translation Procedures Use in the Google Mail Web Mail 4.1.1.1 Literal Translation

4.1.1.2 Couplets and Triplets 4.1.1.3 Cultural Equivalent 4.1.1.4 Shifts

4.1.1.5 Naturalization 4.1.1.6 Transference

4.1.1.7 Reduction and Expansion 4.1.2 Data from interview

4.1.2.1 The Quality of Google Mail Web Mail CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

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An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 2.1 Larson’s Process of Translation Figure 2.2 Types of Translation Methods

Table 3.1 Example of English Indonesian Translation of Google Mail Web Pages

Table 4.1 The Amount of Translation Procedures Used in The Indonesian Version of Google Mail Web Pages (NEwmark, 1988, p. 81093; Larson, 1984; Vinay and Darbelnet, 1973; Catford, 1965)

Table 4.2 Literal Translation Table 4.3 Couplets

Table 4.4 Triples

Table 4.5 Cultural Equivalent Table 4.6 Shift

Table 4.7 Naturalization Table 4.8 Transference Table 4.9 Reduction Table 4.10 Expansion

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The digital era has affected every aspect in people’s life. It affects the way people save their document in digital storage, access journals from the website, and communicate with each other. As a result, language has become the most important elements in communication. In order to communicate with other people around the world, for example, during online shopping, or long-ranged business, people must master particular language. This variation of languages creates language barriers among people around the world. Therefore, most people choose English as a tool to communicate with each other. Unfortunately, there are some countries which still cannot use and understand English well, for example in Indonesia, not all Indonesian people understand English. Thus, translation has become an important activity to overcome language barriers.

According to Newmark (1988, p. 5) Translations is rendering the meaning from source language into target language in the way that author intended the text. While Weber (1984, p. 3) states that translation is the transportation of a text written in source language into a target language. He also states that the translation must be having an accurate meaning, contain all nuances of the original, and must be written in clear and elegant language so the reader will understand the meaning. In addition, Bell (1991, p. 5) defines translations as the expression of another language (target language) of what has been expressed in source language, preserved semantic and stylistic equivalences. While Robinson (1971, p. 6) states that translation has two main perspectives, those are external knowledge and internal knowledge. External knowledge’s perspective refers to a non-translator who thinks and talks about translation from outside the process, but an activity aims at the production of a text, while the perspective of internal knowledge, a translator thinks and talks about translation from inside the process.

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Meanwhile, Colina (2003, p. 12) argues that a translated text belongs to two superimposed communicative context of the Target Text and the communicative context of the Source text. Furthermore, Translations is defined as a changing of one form into one’s own (see Merrian Webster Dictionary, 1974, cited in Larson, 1984, p. 4). Therefore, the difference of language has become a challenge for translators to make a good and appropriate translation.

There are many English texts are translated into Indonesian in the form of books (The Accidental Creative), novels (The Twilight Saga, Sherlock Holmes,

etc.), magazines, news articles in the internet, and E-mail web pages. Because of that, the exact message and meaning of the text must be retained by translators. As a result, people will not confuse to get any information about the text, especially on the internet. A translator must use appropriate procedures in translating the source language to target language in order to create a suitable or exact message and meaning. Gibova (2012, p.27) states that there are certain categories that allow us to examine whether the function of the source language has a relation to the function of target language or not when we are analyzing translation either literary or non-literary texts. Thus, before translating a particular text, translators have to find out what kind of text that is going to be translated.

The study about translation procedure in social media has been conducted by some researchers in Indonesia, Allatief (2012) who analyzed

The Analysis Methods and Procedures in Facebook and Kamil (2014) who analyzed An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Proedures on Twitter Web Pages. The result of those studies show that the translation procedure used can be accepted. However, the study about translation procedure in email provider seems rare. Thus, the researcher is interested to the result of product of translation– English to Indonesia— in Google Mail Web Pages. The researcher quite often reads command languages of Google Mail in English and Indonesian. Besides, the researcher is interested in the style of Google Mail’s translation and wants to know the quality of the translation

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

result in Target language (TL),in this case Indonesian, whether the result of the translation is suitable for several Indonesian people or not.

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1.2Research Questions

Based on background of the study stated, there are some research questions which are mentioned as follow.

1. What are translations procedures used in Indonesian version of Google Mail Web Pages?

2. How is the quality of translations in Indonesian version of Google Mail Web Pages?

1.3Aims of this study

In accordance with research questions, the aims of the study are:

1. To investigate the translation procedures used in Indonesian translated version of Google Mail Web Pages

2. To investigate the translation’s quality of the Indonesian translated version of Google Mail Web Pages.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The study focuses only on the types of translation procedures used in Indonesia translated version of Google Mail Web Pages based on the theories from Newmark (1988 p. 81-93), Larson (1984), Vinay and Dabelnet (1973), Catford (1965) and the translation quality and users’ response towards the Indonesian translated version of Google Mail Web Pages.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study gives theoritical and practical significances. Theoretically, the findings of the study can enrich and provide reference in analyzing translation

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An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

procedures, especially Web pages, in this case is the Google Mail Web Pages. Furthermore, this study is expected to give additional information to the readers about translation procedures used in Indonesia translated version of the Google Mail Web pages. In addition, it is expected to be a guidance for other translators or students to use appropriate and suitable translation procedures in translating non-literary text.

Practically, the finding of the study will provide reference to the professional translators or students in choosing the appropriate translation procedures in translating Web pages and certain genre of the text. Therefore, they can transfer the message from source language to the target language clearly, accurately, and naturally

1.6Clarification of Related Terms

to avoid misunderstanding of the study, some terms are explained in some detail as a follow.

 Internet – International computer network connecting other networks and computer from companies, universities, etc. (Oxford Dictionary). While in Cambridge dictionary internet is the large system of connected computers around the world that allows people communicatively connected each other.  Website – Place connected to the internet, where a company, organization,

etc. puts information that can be found on the World Wide Web, (Oxford Dictionary) while Crystal (2004) defined that the World Wide Web is the connection from many computers that linked to the internet and holding the document that are mutually accessible through the use of a standard protocol (the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, or HTTP)

 User – Person of thing that uses something. (Oxford Dictionary)

 Google Mail - Another name for Google's email tool. Gmail is a free, full-featured email service. Anyone can register for an account. Gmail is also available as part of Google Apps. (Karch, 2014)

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1.7 Organization of the Paper

The paper will be organized into five chapters; chapter I to chapter V. Chapter I, Introduction, contains the background of the study, the reason of choosing the topic, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the key term, and organization of the paper.

Chapter II, Literary Review, will describe the theories related to the study. It explains the definition of translation, translation theories, and Google Mail as the object of the study.

Chapter III, This chapter will cover the research methodology of the study and description of research procedure in order to answer the research question stated in Chapter I. It consists of research questions, aims of the study, research design, the data collection, and data analysis.

Chapter IV, This chapter will consist of the result of the study including analysis of the data based on the data collection and the theoretical frameworks.

Chapter V, This chapter is the last chapter from this research, it will consist the conclusion of the research resulted in further suggestions for further research related to the focus of the study as well as other fields.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will discuss the methodology of the research and the research procedure in order to answer the research question stated in Chapter I. This chapter consists of the Research Design and methodology, Research Procedure, and sample of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design and methodology

This research uses a qualitative research case study design. According to Stake (1995. Cited in Hyett, 2014 p. 2) a case study is an investigation and analysis of a single or collective case, intended to capture the complexity of the object of study. In addition, Stake (1995, cited in Creswell, 2003. P. 15) stated that a case study is a method in which the researcher explores in depth program, an event, a process, or one or more individuals. The researcher collects detailed information using a variety of data collection procedure over a sustained period of time. Hence, the purpose of this research is to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective, in this case is the selected Google Mail Web Pages. Furthermore, this research also attempts to find out the translation procedures that are used in the Google Mail Web Pages whether the quality of the translation is good or irrelevant based on the characteristics of good translations purposed by several experts as stated in Chapter II. Thus, in order to find out the findings, the researcher considers that the qualitative case study design appropriate to this research, specifically in analyzing the translation procedures used in Indonesian translated version of Google Mail Web Pages and its translation quality.

3.2 Research Procedures

In this section there are two parts will be elaborated, the first part refers to the data collection techniques of this research. The second part is the explanation of the step to analyze the data gained during the research.

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Mokhamad Bagja Nugraha, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.2.1 Data Collection Techniques

As a case study research is used to describe the phenomenon and the real- life context in which it occurred (Yin, 2003. Cited in Baxter and Jack, 2008, p. 548). Thus, two data collection techniques are used in this research, the first is interview and the second is the analysis of Indonesian translated version of the Google Mail Web Pages.

3.2.1.1 Interview

The source of the data in this research are the words and phrases on the selected Google Mail Web Pages and the quality of the translation that are related to the characteristics of good translation purposed by several experts. According to Fraenkle, Wallen, and Hyun (2012, p. 100) the participant of the interview is based on the researcher’s judgment. Furthermore, the participants are those who are considered related to the study (Frankael, Wallen, and Hyun, 2012, p. 436). Consequently, there are two considerations are taken in selecting the participants of the interview. First, each participant is an active user of the Google Mail Web Pages. Second, the participants are majoring translation program, it indicates that the participants have sufficient knowledge; specifically in relation to translation, its practice, and the characteristics of good translations which are significant in this research. Thus, four English students who are taking translating class who are also the users of Google Mail are chosen as the participants. After selecting the participants, informed consent is given to each participants to willingly take part in the current study.

3.2.1.2 Google Mail Web Pages

The data are collected from Google Mail Web Pages that are figured out during interview section. Hence, the words and phrases in Indonesian version were taken from the participants who are frequently visiting and accessing Google Mail Web Pages. There are 21 pages consisting 370 words and phrases from

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Google Mail Web Pages that translated by using Fully Automatic Machine Translation (FAMT) will be elaborated in Chapter IV.

3.2.2 Data Analysis Techniques

There are nine steps that are taken in order to conduct the analysis:

1. Searching some of relevant theories from textbook, journal, internet sources, and related current studies to support the research.

2. Reading the result of interview both in English and Indonesian and comparing the version of Google Mail Web Pages, in this case English and Indonesian translated version.

3. Juxtaposing both English and Indonesian version of Google Mail Web Pages

Table 3.1 is the example of juxtaposing Juxtaposing both English and Indonesian version of Google Mail Web Pages

No English Version Indonesian Version

1 Welcome to Gmail Selamat datang di

Gmail

2 Features Fitur

3 For mobile Untuk seluler

4 For work Untuk bisnis

5 Help Bantuan

6 Sign in Masuk

4. Identifying the data based on each translation procedure theories by Newmark (1988); and Vinay and Dalbernet (1973).

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An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5. Classifying and listing the text based on its translation in both English and Indonesian Language. As Stake (2010, p. 98) stated that researcher could classify each datum according to categorical scheme.

6. Analyzing and calculating the percentage for each procedure which occurs in Google Mail Web Pages by this formula:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency of translation procedure N = Total Number of Samples

7. Discussing the result on each translation procedure which occurs on Google Mail Web Pages based on theories by Newmark (1988); and Vinay and Dalbernet (1973).

8. Judging and discussing the quality of the translation based on some theories as mentioned in chapter two by separating the result into two groups (the qualified and the unqualified). Then, this step is supported by interviewees’ opinion about the quality of the translation version.

9. Drawing conclusion based on the result of the research. 3.3 Sample of Data analysis

This part shows the example of data analysis that will be discussed Chapter IV as shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Example of English Indonesia Translation of Google Mail Web Pages

Source Language Target Language Combination

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An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Based on the example of table 3.1 there is a combination between Naturalization and Literal. The word “Contacts” was translated into “Kontak” and the word “per page” was translated into “per laman”. The translation seems natural and conveys the meaning of the SL. It makes the readers understand the text. As mentioned by Robinson (1997a, p, 209, cited in Munday, 2009, p. 23) the translation should give a complete transcript of ideas of the original work and preserve the style and manner of writing should be the same character as that of the original. Furthermore, Berman (1995, p. 94, cited in Venuti, 2000, p. 219) stated that Good translation shows respect for the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text by developing a “correspondence” that “enlarges, amplifies and enriches the translating language”.

Thus, the TL of the example shown on table 4.3 determined the purpose of the translation, which means that the translation fulfilled The Skopos theory purposed by Vermeer (1978, p. 100, cited in Schaeffner, 2008, p. 2)

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter is intended to elaborate the conclusions and suggestions based on the findings and discussion in Chapter IV.

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing and classifying the transition procedures in Google Mail Web Pages. It is concluded that:

1. The most frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Literal translation.

2. The second frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was couplet and triplet

3. The third frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Cultural Equivalent

4. The fourth frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Naturalization

5. The fifth frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Shifts or Transposition

6. The sixth frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Transference or Borrowing

7. The seventh frequent translation procedure used in Google Mail Web Pages was Reduction and Expansion

Besides that, the result of the interview shows the positive responses from the translation product of Google Mail Web Pages. Nevertheless, there are several unnatural and inappropriate translations, such “Comfortable” translated into “longgar”, and “search people”translated into “telusuri orang”.

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An Analysis Of English-Indonesia Translation Procedures On Googole Mail Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5.2 Suggestions

After obtaining the conclusions, the researcher would like to propose some suggestions for further research:

1. The future research could elaborated more on the translation procedures used in some Websites that have not been researched yet.

2. In relation to the characteristics of a good translation proposed by several experts, the translators should choose the appropriate and suitable translation to the readers.

3. The translation should pay more attention to Indonesian Grammar in terms of avoiding misunderstanding for the readers.

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Vermeer, H. J. 1989. Skopos and commission in translational action, in: Andrew Chesterman (ed.), Readings in Translation Theory. Helsinki: Oy Finn Lectura Ab, 173–87.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V