AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON SONY ERICSSON LIVE WITH WALKMAN SERIES STARTUP GUIDE.

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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON SONY ERICSSON LIVE WITH WALKMAN SERIES STARTUP GUIDE

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the English Education Department of FPBS UPI as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

NAUFAL PURNAMA SATRIADI 0902403

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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An Analysis of Translation

Procedures on Sony Ericsson Live

with Walkman Startup Guide

Oleh

Naufal Purnama Satriadi

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Januari 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON SONY ERICSSON LIVE WITH WALKMAN SERIES STARTUP GUIDE

NAUFAL PURNAMA SATRIADI 0902403

Approved by:

First Supervisor Second Supervisor

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. Dra. Hj. Sri Setyarini, M.A.,Ling. NIP. 19621101 198712 1 001 NIP. 19631229 199002 2 001

Head of Department of English Education The Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 19621101 198712 1 001

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ABSTRACT

The present research entitled Analysis of Translation Procedures on Sony

Ericsson Live with Walkman Series Startup Guide aims at analyzing the

translation procedures and determining the translation quality of Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide. A qualitative descriptive method was employed to analyze the data by referring to two theories of translating procedures proposed by Newmark (1988) and Vinay & Darbelnet (2000) and a number of theories of quality of translation: Barnwell (1980, in Larson 1984), Larson (1984), etc. The result of data analysis shows that there are six translation procedures found in the text: Borrowing or Transference (54 items or 27%), Calque or

Through Translation (12 items or 6%), Literal or Word for Word Translation (31 items or 15.5%), Transposition (42 items or 21%), Adaptation or Naturalization (43 items or 21.5%), and Reduction (18 items or 9%). Moreover, the data analysis

result also reveals that the quality of translation is good based on the percentages of acceptable translation (94%) and unacceptable translation (6%). In the words level there are 76 acceptable items and 10 unacceptable items. Next, in the phrases level there are 60 acceptable items and 2 unacceptable items. Then, in the sentences level there are 52 acceptable items and no unacceptable items. Furthermore, the total acceptable items in the text are 188 items (76 words, 60 phrases, and 52 sentences) or 94 % from 200 items and for the unacceptable items there are 12 items (10 words, 2 phrases, and 0 sentence) or 6% from 200 items.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the nature of the research. In detail, this chapter consists of background of the research, research questions, aims of the research, limitation of the research, significance of the research, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Research

The meaning of translating is transferring information from a source language into another language (Newmark, 1988). Regarding this, translation products need to have a connection with a source language (SL).Baker (1992, p. 241) states that coherence between a source language and a target language is a network of relations which organizes and creates text.

Nowadays, translation has an important role especially for people in Indonesia. This is owing to the fact that only little information is available in Bahasa Indonesia. That is, a great deal of information is mostly presented in foreign languages, particularly in English (Choliludin, 2005, p.1). In many places in Indonesia, one can find many text books, journals, news articles, movies, and advertisements are addressed in English. This situation may become a barrier for someone who wants to get information from English texts.

Based on thedescriptions above, translation plays a crucial role for people to get information which is written in English. Regarding this, Weber (1984, p.3) says that translation is the process of transposition of a text written in a source language into a target language, which in this case is from English into Indonesian. Further, translation products can help people who do not understand English to acquire the information from English texts.

In order to translate a text, a translator should examine kinds of text types that he or she is going to translate. In relation to this, it is put forward by

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Newmark (1988) that there are 3 types of text (Newmark, 1988, p. 39). The types are follows:

a. The Expressive texts

The expressive texts are literal works e.g. lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays, autobiographies, essays, and personal correspondences.

b. The Informative texts

The types of informative text include textbooks, technical reports, articles, scientific papers, and agenda of a meeting.

c. The Vocative texts

The types of vocative text are notice, introduction, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction.

Based on the explanation above, it is safe to say that Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series startup guide belongs to the vocative text since the manual gives information to its users as to guide them in operating and using the gadget.

With regard to this, manual books, including gadget manual books should be translated well. That is to say, the meanings of the translation must be the same as the original version in order to avoid misunderstanding from the readers and the users. There will be many risks if manual books are not translated appropriately. Thus, good translation procedures and methods are very important in the process of translation. For example, damages on gadgets are probably caused by poor translation on the manual, meaning that the translation is not good. This can make the users cannot use their gadgets effectively.

Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series startup guide is chosen as the subject for the current research. Moreover, the manual is analyzed in order to find out translation procedures used in the manual and to evaluate the quality of the translation of the manual considering that every manual should be translated in accordance with the procedures and methods that have been determined (Newmark, 1988).

1.2 Research Questions

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a. What kinds of translation procedures are used in translating Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide from English – Indonesian?

b. How is the quality of English-Indonesian translation in the Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide?

1.3 Aims of the Research

The research is aimed to find out:

a) The translation procedures used in translating Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide from English - Indonesian.

b) The English–Indonesian translation quality of Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide.

1.4 Limitation of the Research

The research discusses Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide as a sample of a vocative text. The discussion of this paper is limited to analyze translation procedures used in translating Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide and to judge the quality of the translation. The analysis is focused on translation procedures and it is based on theoretical frameworks suggested by Vinay &Darbelnet (2000) and Newmark (1988). In addition, the quality of the manual book is assessed based on some criteria from some theories proposed by several experts e.g. Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Nida and Taber (1982), Tytler (1791, in Basnett, 2002), Massoud (1988, as cited in Abdellah, 2002); El Shafey (1985 in Abdellah, 2002).

1.5 Significance of the Research

There are three types of significances which the research addresses. The first aspect is theoretical significance, meaning that the present research is expected to enrich the findings of previous research. The second aspect is professional significance that is the current research is hoped to provide new inputs and ideas for professional translators in translating texts, especially in translating manual books. The last aspect is practical significance, meaning that

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the present research has a function as practical guidance for translators and students of translation study to enhance their translation skills especially in choosing appropriate translation procedures.

1.6 Clarification of the Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding in this chapter, the researcher has clarified the following terms:

1. Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another language; the rendering should be in accordance with the intention of the author (Newmark, 1988).

2. Analysis is the detailed research or examination of an object in order to understand more about the object (Hornby, 2005).

3. Procedure is a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way to do it (Hornby, 2005).

1.7 Organization of the Paper

This paper is organized into five chapters as follows:

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of the research, research questions, aims of the research, limitation of the research, significance of the research, and the clarification of the key terms.

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter deals with theoretical frameworks related to the topic of the research.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes method of the research, techniques for collecting and analyzing the data.

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter reports result of data analysis including findings and discussions of translation procedures found in the text, and finding and discussion of translation quality of the text.

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter conveys conclusion and suggestions which are in accordance with the result of the research.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the research in details to find out the answers of the research questions. This chapter consists of research questions, aims of the research, research design, object of the research, population and sample, data collection, data analysis, selected samples, and concluding remark.

3.1 Research Questions

The research was aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What kind of translation procedures were used in the translation of Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide from English – Indonesian?

2. How is the quality of English – Indonesian translation in the Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide?

3.2 Aims of the Research

The research was aimed to find out:

1. The translation procedures used in translating Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide from English – Indonesian.

2. The English – Indonesian translating quality of the Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman series Startup Guide.

3.3 Research Design

The research employed qualitative descriptive method as the research methodology. This is because the researcher analyzed the data descriptively and the presentation of the result was in a form of explanation of words which would be supported by data presented in the form of tables. In relation to this, Suryana (2010, p.14) affirms that descriptive research is focused to make a description sistematically and accuratelly based on facts about a certain object.

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. With regard to the description above, it is indicated by Fraenkel and Wallen (2012, p.426) that a study that investigates the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials is frequently refer to as qualitative research Fraenkel and Wallen (2012, p.426). This is in line with Sugiyono (2013, p.1) who states that the qualitative method is focused on a natural object. That is,the main instrument is the researcher, the data are inductive, and the result focuses on the meaning rather than generalization. In addition, Preissle (2008) defines qualitative research as “a loosely defined category of research design or models, all of which elicit verbal, visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory data in the form of descriptive narratives like field notes, recording, or other transcriptions from radio – and videotapes and other written records and pictures or films” Preissle (2008).

Regarding to the explanation above, Maxwell (1996) proposed five purposes of qualitative research:

1. Understanding the meaning of the participants in the research of the events, situations, and action involved with and the accounts of their life. 2. Understanding the particular context within which the participants act and

the influence that this context has on their actions.

3. Identifying unanticipated phenomena and influences, and generating new grounded theories.

4. Understanding the process by which events and actions take place. 5. Developing causal explanations.

The present research used descriptive method which involved collecting data in order to answer the questions concerning the subject of the research. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993, p.23), descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaires, observation, and text. Additionally, Gay (1987) states that: “Descriptive method is a method of research that involves collecting data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the correct

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status of the subject of the research. The descriptive research determines and reports the way things are.”

3.4 Object of the Research

The object of the research is Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide.

3.5 Population and Sample 3.5.1 Population

As the research was designed to analyze the translation procedures used in Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide released by Sony Ericsson Mobile Communication AB. In order to do so, the researcher selected some words, phrases, and sentences to be analyzed. Then the analysis would be focused on the translation procedures clarified by Newmark (1988) and Vinay & Darbelnet (2000), and the quality would be based on several translation qualities by some experts.

3.5.2 Sample

In conducting descriptive research, as suggested by Fraenkel and Wallen (1993) a researcher must at least have sample with a minimum number of 100 (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993, p.83).The current research used 200 samples to be analyzed.

3.6 Data Collection

There were some steps in collecting the data:

1. The researcher presented and listed the translation of Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide. In this step, the researcher counted all sentences in the manual book and then selected 200 sentences to be analyzed.

2. The researcher read and learned both the English version and the Indonesian version of the selected sentences. In this step, the researcher

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analyzed the sentences in order to find out the translation procedure used in every selected sentence.

3. The researcher sought the relevant theories related to translation procedures and translation quality from some books, literatures, and internet sources.

3.7 Data Analysis

After the data were collected, the data were analyzed to find the answers to the research questions. Furthermore, the collected data was analyzed by using the following steps:

1. Juxtaposing the English version and Indonesian version to check the translation

2. Identifying and classifying the translation procedures according to their types, based on the theoretical foundations that are proposed by some experts, which have been mentioned in chapter two.

3. Calculating the total number and percentage of each procedure to find out the amount of each procedure based on the following formula:

� =_��x 100%

P = Number of percentage

F = Frequency of translation procedure N = Number of whole sample

4. Judging the quality of the translation based on some theories described in chapter two by using the same formula with the third step. This step is supported by some experts in determining the quality of translation.

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3.8 Selected Samples

These are some samples taken from the text found in Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide. More samples can be found in the Appendix.

No English Indonesian

1 Startup guide Panduan memulai

2 Important information Informasi penting

3 Assembly Pemasangan

4 To insert the SIM card and the battery

Memasang kartu SIM dan baterai

5 Press down firmly on all edges of the battery cover to make sure it gets attached tightly

Tekan dengan kuat semua tepi dari tutup baterai untuk memastikan bahwa tutup terpasang dengan kuat

6 Phone overview Ikhtisar telepon

7 Headset connector Konektor headset

8 Dedicated walkman key Tombol khusus walkman 9 Proximity sensor 2 Sensor jarak 2

10 Back key Tombol kembali

11 Microphone Mikrofon

12 Menu key Tombol menu

13 Light sensor Sensor cahaya

14 Notification/battery status LED LED pemberitahuan/status baterai

15 Stereo speaker Speaker stereo

16 Volume key/zoom key Tombol volume/tombol zum 17 Main camera lens Lensa kamera utama

18 Stereo speaker Speaker stereo

19 Turning on the phone Mengaktifkan telepon 20 It may take a while for the phone

to start up

Memerlukan waktu beberapa saat hingga telepon hidup

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3.9 Concluding Remark

This chapter has presented the research design and procedures that are used to achieve the aims of the research. The research was focused on identifying translations procedures and the quality of translation in the selected item. After analyzing the chosen samples, the researcher made conclusions based on the discovery of the research.

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CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of conclusion of the current research and the researcher’s recommendation in the field of translation and education.

5.1 Conclusions

As stated in the first chapter, the present research aims at finding out the translation procedures and the translation quality in Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide.

Based on the findings and discussion presented in the previous chapter, the research actually had reached its aims. Based on the result of data analysis, two points can be concluded. There are the conclusion of translation procedure and the translation quality of Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide. Firstly, for the translation procedures the researcher found several translation procedures applied by the translator. The findings, sorting from the highest to the lowest percentage are as follows: borrowing/transference (56 items or 28%),

adaptation/naturalization (42 items or 21%), transposition (42 items or 21%), literal/word-for-word (32 items or 16%), reduction (16 items or 8%), and calque/through-translation (12 items or 6%).

However, borrowing translation procedure was mostly employed in translating the text. It happens because there were a lot of words that are familiar in Indonesia, for example: “headset”, “Walkman”, “sensor”, etc. Another mostly used procedure in the text was adaptation or transference. This kind of translation procedure has the same reason as the previous procedure because the words were common words used by Indonesians and in this procedure; the SL (Source Language) has almost the same words/morpheme with the TL (Target Language). For example: “information” into “informasi”, “contacts” into “kontak”, and so on. Another translation procedure used was transposition. This procedure was applied because the translator could not translate it one by one or use word-for-word translation. If the translator used word-for-word translation, the meaning would

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not be understandable in the target language. For example: “new phone” into “telepon baru”. If the translator employed word-for-word translation, the

translation would be “baru telepon”; this would produce an incorrect translation. The next translation procedure which was mostly applied in the text is literal or

word-for-word translation. This kind of translation was very easy to understand,

because the translator translated completely all of the words and the meaning were also identical to the SL. For example: “tap wallpaper then select wallpaper” into “ketuk wallpaper, lalu pilih wallpaper”. The next procedure utilized in the text was reduction. This procedure omitted the unimportant parts of the sentence in order to make a good meaning. For example: “to create and send message” into “membuat dan mengirim pesan”. Sometimes this is necessary to make a good meaning for the TL. The last procedure employed in the text was calque or

through-translation. The aim of this procedure is to translate common

collocations. For example: “wake up” into “bangun”, stand up” into “berdiri”, etc. in order to make a good meaning.

Moreover, it is found that in the level of words, borrowing was the most used procedure with 45 items (22.5%) words were translated using this procedure, followed by adaptation (38 items or 19%) and calque (3 items 1.5%). In addition, in translating phrases, transposition was mostly applied by the translator. The number of phrases translated using this procedure was 24 (12%). Additionally,

literal, borrowing, calque and adaptation were also used to translate phrases

found in the guide. The percentage of each procedure, respectively, was 7% (14 items), 5.5% (11 items), 4.5% (9 items) and 2% (4 items). Furthermore, in the level of sentences, it is discovered that literal and transposition were mostly used; both procedures had the same percentage (9% or 18 items). It is also found that

reduction was also employed to translate sentences, with 8% (16 items) sentences

was translated using this procedure.

The most procedure used in words from the highest to the lowest are

borrowing (45 items or 22.5%), adaptation (38 items or 19%), calque (3 items or

1,5%), but there are no literal, transposition, and reduction procedures used in translating words. It means that the easiest way to translate words is using

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borrowing because the meaning is the same as the source language. In the phrases

column, the most frequent procedures applied from the highest to the lowest are

transposition (24 items or 12%), literal (14 items or 7%), borrowing (11 items or

5.5), calque (9 items or 4,5%), adaptation (4 items or 2%), but there is no

reduction procedure used in translating phrases. It means that the easiest way to

translate phrases are using transposition and literal because the meaning of the target language is not far from the source language; the addresse can wrap up the meanings even theydo not understand each word of the phrase. In the sentences column, the most common translation procedures used in translating sentences from the highest to the lowest are literal (18 items or 9%), transposition (18 items or 9%), reduction (16 items or 8%). The analysis shows that literal and

transposition have the same amount of items and percentages (18 items or 9%). It

means that the most effective way to translate sentences is using literal or

transposition because the sentence of the target language has to be as clear as

possible. Furthermore, As we know that literal procedure is the easiest procedure to be used in translating anything including manual book because the structure of the source language is exactly the same as the target language (Newmark, 1988).

In the procedure section, there are 56 items (28%) found in borrowing procedure. The most frequent items translated by borrowing procedure from the highest to the lowest are words (45 items or 22.5%), followed by phrases (11 items or 5.5%), but there are no sentences translated. This happened because there were so many “loan words” in the Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide. The form of the items in the text did not change when it was transferred from SL into the TL (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995 in Fawcett, 1977).

In the adaptation procedure, words also have the largest percentages (38 items or 19%), followed by phrases (4 items or 2%), and no sentences translated. This happened because words in the text were well transferred to normal pronounciation and then to normal morphology (Newmark, 1988).

In literal procedure, the most common items from the highest to the lowest are sentences (18 items or 9%), phrases (14 items or 7%), and no words traslated. This situation happened because this procedure needs more than one word to be

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applied. In this text, there so many phrases and sentences translated one-by-one and literally by their most common meanings. This kind of procedure is identified with literal or word-for-word translation (Newmark, 1988, Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995 in Fawcett, 1997, and Larson, 1984).

Then for the transposition procedure, the most frequent items translated by this procedure from the highest to the lowest are phrases (24 items or 12%), followed by sentences (18 items or 9%), and no words translated. This condition happened because transposition procedure changes the grammatical or the form of the items, especially sentences (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995 in Fawcett, 1997).

Next for the calque procedure, the most common items translated are phrases (9 items or 4,5%), followed by words (3 items or 1,5%), and no sentences translated. It is in line with a theory from Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) in Fawcett (1997), they say that the procedure to translate phrases or idioms literally is called

calque.

In the reduction procedure, the most items translated are sentences (16 items or 8%), and there are no words and phrases translated. This happened because in this text there were only sentence’s parts that are missing. As we know that this kind of procedure employed to eliminate some parts of the sentence or the phrase of the SL to make simplicity in creating meaning (Newmark, 1988, p. 90).

Based on the data analysis, the result showed that the translation quality of the text was good. From the samples, there were 94% or 188 items which were acceptable or had a good quality of translation and the rest were unacceptable (6% or 12 items). This result is supported by Barnwell (1980) in Larson (1984). In the words there are 76 acceptable items and 10 unacceptable items. Next, in the phrases there were more acceptable items (60 items from 62 items) than unacceptable items (2 items from 62 items). Then, in the sentences there are 52 items and no unacceptable items. Furthermore, the total acceptable items in the text are 188 items (76 words, 60 phrases, and 52 sentences) or 94 % from 200 items and for the unacceptable items there are 12 items (10 words, 2 phrases, and 0 sentence) or 6% from 200 items.

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5.2 Suggestions

After conducting the current research, the researcher recommends some suggestions for the readers, the translators or everyone who is interested in translation study. As identified in the findings of the research, the translation procedures in translating Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Startup Guide were suitable and the quality of the translation product was mostly good. It is therefore suggested that a translator should use more borrowing procedure because it is the easiest procedure in translating manual book in order to make the reader understand the text easily.

As indicated that there were several items which were poorly translated, it therefore suggested that teachers of translation study should encourage their students to pay attention more on the quality of translation products. Furthermore, as the current research only investigated three general word classes i.e. words, phrases, and sentences, it is therefore recommended that future researcher needs to analyze more specific word classes.

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