The Comparison Of Animal Idiom Expressions In English, Indonesian And Uzbek Languages Based On Anthropolinguistic Perspective.

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THE COMPARISON OF ANIMAL IDIOM EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH INDONESIAN, AND UZBEK LANGUAGES BASED ON

ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

arranged by Svetlana Gerasimova

ABSTRACT

This study observes connotations of animal idioms and their significance in English, Indonesian and Uzbek. This study attempts to find answers on: the connotation of animal idioms shared by two or all of the languages (English, Indonesian, and Uzbek), the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal idioms in those languages, and the implications for successfully translating English, Indonesian, and Uzbek idiom expressions both in particular and in general. This is a descriptive qualitative study. Employing anthropolinguistic perspectives, this study uses Leech’s framework to find the connotation meanings of animal idioms from the contexts. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the connotation of words found in the three languages consists of positive and negative connotations, depending on the culture where the idioms belong. These positive and negative connotations occur both for idioms which are partially shared and shared by all of the three languages. Meanwhile, employing Baker’s theory of translation strategy, this study uses three strategies to translate idioms in the source language to the target language; translation by using an idiom with similar form and meaning in the target language, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and translation by paraphrase. To make a good translation of animal idioms of these three languages, the researcher must consider historical events, cultural background, connotative meanings and other factors.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the attempts to find answers on: 1) the connotation of animal idioms shared by two or all of the languages (English, Indonesian, and Uzbek), 2) the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal idioms in those languages, 3) the implications for successfully translating English, Indonesian, and Uzbek idiom expressions both in particular and in general. It elaborates the design of this study.

3.1 Research Design

The design of this research is qualitative, in which an attempt has been done to describe English, Indonesian and Uzbek animal idioms, in order to give clear explanation about the use and correct structure in idiom translations.

This nature of the research is in line with the characters of qualitative research as stated by McMillan and Schumacher (1997). They identify that the qualitative research as a naturalistic inquiry, the use of non-interfering data-collection strategies to discover the natural flow of events and processes and how participants interpret them. And according to them most qualitative research describes and analyses people’s individual and collective social actions, beliefs, thoughts and perceptions. This inductive process will generate a descriptive synthesis of the data.

And for this study the descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze and discover the fact that has correct explanations. The method of this study is divided into the following parts: sample, data collection and data analysis.

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1.1.1 Data Source

As an illustration of theanimal idioms shared: by all three languages (English, Indonesian and Uzbek) and partially shared by two (English - Indonesian) or (English – Uzbek) are given in the following table:

Table 3.1 Animal idioms shared by all and partially

Indonesia English Uzbek

Complete AnjingdanKucing (hidup seperti anjing dan kucing)

Cat and dog (to fight like cat and dog)

It mushuk (It

mushukdek yashamoq)

Incomplete Serigala (serigala berbulu domba)

Wolf ( A wolve in a

sheep clothing =

someone who hides .malicious intent under the guise of kindliness)

-Incomplete _- Rabbit ( kill two birds with one stone) = to solve two problems at one time with a single action

Quyon ( bir o’q bilan

ikki quyonni

o’ldirmoq)

3.1.2 Method and technique of Data Collection

The data come from many sources. The Engish animal idioms have been collected from a number of reference books, like Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (Spears, 2005), English Idioms Fifth Edition (Seidl-McMordie, 1988), English Idioms Exercises on Idioms (Seidl, 1989), Indonesian idioms from

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Indonesian Idioms and Expressions Colloquial Indonesian at work (Torchia, 2007), and Uzbek idioms from Uzbek Phraseological Explanation Dictionary (Rahmatullayev, 1978) and Uzbek Explanation Dictionary (Marufov, 1981). These books contain a large number of animal idioms. The Internet was also used as a source of data.

As for the data, the writer chose about more hundred animal idioms from English, Indonesian, and Uzbek dictionaries of idioms. After reading the material, the writer picked out all the idiomatic expressions containing animals for the analysis. The animal idioms were selected according to the following criteria: a) that each animal idiom could be found in at least two or three reference books used, showing that they are fairly common in those languages, b) that an equivalent idiom could be found in English, Indonesian or Uzbek, c) the idioms selected displayed a variety of animals. Finally this study is restricted to the analysis of 26 English animal idioms, 16 Indonesia animal idioms, and 16 Uzbek animal idioms that have similar and different connotation for the investigation.

The data are specifically related to the meanings of animal idioms used in the selection. The steps of data collections are as follows:

a) Download the texts from the internet, which contains the animal idioms, in order to find the idioms with contexts.

b) Read carefully, repeatedly and intensively to find the main connotation and to understand the meaning behind each context.

3.1.3 Method and technique of Data Analysis

English, Indonesian, and Uzbek idiomatic expressions containing animals are chosen and collected for the analysis. As having been mentioned earlier, that there are 26 English animal idioms, 16 Indonesia animal idioms, and 16 Uzbek animal idioms.

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These idioms are carefully considered and classified according to the names of animals. The procedures for analysis are taken as follows:

a. Describing and analyzing the connotation of English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms in the contexts.

b. Comparing and contrasting the connotation of English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal Idioms.

c. Find the implications for translating English, Indonesian and Uzbek animal idiom expressions both in particular and in general.

This study applies the brief descriptions of connotations from Leech (1974). The first step reminds to find the connotations of animal idioms from five concepts in English, Indonesian and Uzbek. After discussing the connotation meanings of animal idioms have been found the similarities and differences between those languages.

The analyses of English idioms found also include the analysis of the idiom translations. As the translations of idioms are done not between two, but among three languages, finding the right translations was very challenging, although not impossible. The translation strategies were found in books mentioned above. The types of translation strategies also categorized based on the theory proposed by Nida (1964) as the main theory proposed by Baker (1992) and Newmark (1988) as the supporting theory.

The particular method of an idiom translation is the main criterion of comparing the animal idioms (Baker, 1992):

1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form 3. Translation by paraphrase

From this criterion we can find which strategy is dominant in translating animal idioms from English into Indonesian, from English into Uzbek, from Indonesian into Uzbek or opposite.

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3.2 Closing

It can be concluded from the above that the research method is an important step and procedure when a scientific research is conducted. The data have been analyzed qualitatively based on the theory and also based on checking the existence on several sources such as other reference books and websites. Through methodology the researcher tried to approach the problems to find the answer by finding, collecting, and analyzing the data. The next chapter discusses the research findings and data analysis of the study that has been put forward.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study examines the connotation of animal idioms and their translations in three languages: English, Indonesian and Uzbek. The conclusion of the research is made on the basis of analysis that has been presented in the previous chapters. The main objects of the analysis and comparisons are: the differences and similarities of connotation meanings and translation strategy of animal idioms in the three languages. The comparisons were made in anthropolinguistic aspects in order to answer research questions.

5.1Conclusions

This study examines three research problems as followings: 1) What are the connotation of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek? 2) For idioms shared by all and partially, what are the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek? 3) What are the implications for successfully translating their idioms into the target languages?

According to the analysis in the previous chapter, for each language, there are 26 animals idioms analyzed. Based on the sequence of the idioms, the animals used in English idioms are dog & cat, lamb, wolf & sheep, pig, bird, bloodsucker/leech, bug, horse, crocodile, frog, puppy, scapegoat, pig, cat, dog & lion, hog, dog, cat & mouse, cats, fly, chicken, cat & pigeon, mule, pigs, cow, and birds. Of these 26 idioms, 6 idioms are completely; 10 partially (only found in English & Indonesian) and 10 partially also (only found in English and Uzbek)

Based on the analysis of the problems about animal idioms in the three languages consisting of 26 animal idioms expressions, both completely and partially, it can now be concluded that based on the five contexts of each animal idiom expression, the connotation of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and

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Uzbek are derogatory, commendatory and neutral types. Commendatory is the positive connotation; meanwhile, derogatory is the negative connotation. Mixed connotation means that in some countries, the connotative meaning of an animal is different; for example, dog in English culture is commendatory. However, in Indonesian and Uzbek, dog is derogatory because there is a bad connotation entailed to it, both according to religion lesson or Islamic lesson.

Derogatory connotations are found in 27 animals (9 is completely or shared, 18 is partially for English and Indonesian, and for English and Uzbek). In the meantime, commendatory connotations are found in 10 animals (10 is completely or shared, 13 is partially for English and Indonesian, and for English and Uzbek). Finally, there are sixneutral connotation meanings and they are completely found in the three languages.

The similarities and differences of the connotation of 26 animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek language were based on 26 animals that have connotation in each country where the language belongs.

Based on the sequence of the idioms, the animal used in Indonesian idioms are anjing & kucing, kerbau, serigala & domba, kerbau, burung, lintah, ayam, kuda, buaya, katak, monyet, kambing hitam, kucing, ayam, semut & gajah, and anjing.

Based on the sequence of the idioms also, the animals used in Uzbek idioms

are it, mushuk, qoy, qo’y, cho’chqa, qush, zuluk, it, sichqon & mushuk, it & mushuk,

chumoli & pashsha, tovuq, echki/qo’y/bo’ri, eshshak, tuya,sigir, quyon & qush.

Each animal in each language has different connotation meanings. The reasons for differences are geographical environment, historical events, manners and customs. Cultural characteristics and geographical environment are related closely. The differences in culture are caused by geographical environment also.

Every nation has its own history which is very different from one another. English, Indonesian, and Uzbek have their own unique history. This history finally influences the idioms found in these three countries or languages because idioms are considered as part of historical events also. Generally, the meaning of idioms

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constitutes meaning of general historical events or its implied meaning.

In the meantime, the translation strategies explained in this study are translation by using an idiom with similar form and meaning in the target language, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and translation by paraphrase just as proposed by Baker (1992).

5.2Suggestions

When we compare and contrast the animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek language, we can see how the idioms in this three languages reflect unique cultural characteristics of the three ethnics. Although there are equivalent phrases or sentences among these three languages, it is relatively few. This is because that each country has different connotative meaning also about an animal.

By comparing English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms, connotative meaning and cultural metaphors in these three different countries also differ. That is why; to translate animal idioms of each country, then, a translator must consider many factors, in order to be able to create an accurate translation, by collecting cultural knowledge among English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms and trying to comprehend their connotative meanings. The last but not least, for those about to conduct the same research problem, this study can hopefully be as one of reliable reference.

This study, a comparison between the culture of English, Indonesian and Uzbek animal idioms was not conducted, but it would be interesting to further investigate if the equivalent animal idioms have the same origin, and whether or not some English, Indonesian or Uzbek animal idioms are becoming or have become obsolete, and for the translation also it would be better to use other more convenient idiom translation strategies.

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5.3Closing

Basically, this research attempts to explain the connotative meanings of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek language. This research also tries to highlight the similarities and differences of the connotative meaning of animal idioms in these three languages. By comparing animal idioms in these three languages, we can see how historical events, cultural background, geographical differences, manners and customs of the people of each country can effect, whether or not it is a good or bad, the animal idioms used in these countries. Of course, this impacts also to the translation strategy. To make a good translation of animal idioms of these three languages, a translator must consider historical events, cultural background, connotative meanings and other factors.

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REFERENCES

Ambrose, J. (2003). Why Idioms are Important for English Language Learners. Mikolaiv State Pedagogical University

Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words.A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge.

Belinsky, N. (2003). English – Russian Idioms, Expressions. A

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Englishhttp://www.fluent-english.ru

Bell, R. (1991). Translation and Translating. Longman. London and New York Bolderev N.N. (2006). Language Category as the format of knowledge // Questions

cognitive Linguistics.

Brace. H.J. (1956). Selected Writings in Language, Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press

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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents

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Fernando, C. (1996). Idioms and Idiomacity. London: Penguin books.

Gibbs, R. W. (1986). Skating on Thin Ice: Literal Meaning and Understanding Idioms in Conversation. Discourse Processes

Goodenough, W.H. (1996). Culture. In Levinson 8 Ember (Eds.) Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology. Vol. 1, pp. 291-299New York: Henry Holt.

Hervey, S., Higgins, I., 1992. Thinking Translation. A Course in Translation Method: French-English. London/ New York: Routledge

Hervey, S. & Higgins, I. (2002). Thinking French translation: a course in translation method: French to English. London: Routledge

Hill, T. (1979). Dictionary of English Idioms. Longman

Hornby, A. S. (1995) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press.

Hudson, R.A. (1980), (1996). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press.

Karamanian, A P. (2002). Translation and Culture in Translation Journal, Vol:6, No. 1. Available at http://accurapid.com/journal/19culture2.htm [05/19/2014] Katz, J.J. (1973), Compositionality, Idiomaticity, and Lexical Substitution. In A

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