IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN THE ENGLISH PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: ON STRANGER TIDES AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN THE BAHASA INDONESIA SUBTITLING TEXT.

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Wulan Cipta Sari 10211144012

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Wulan Cipta Sari 10211144012

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

LANGUAGES AND ARTS FACULTY YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

EXPRESSIONS IN THE BAHASA INDOFIESIA SUBTITLING TEXT A THESIS

By

Wulan Cipta Sari 1o2t1144012

Accepted

by

the

Board Examiners

of

Faculty

_of

Languages and

Arts of

Yogyakarta State University on April 12, 2017 and declared to have fulfilled the

requirements for attainment of the Sarjaru Sastra degree in English Language and Literature.

Chairperson

Secretary

First Examiner

Second Examiner

Board of Examiners

: Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum. : Yosa Abduh Al Zuhdy, S.S., M.Hum : Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A.

: Drs. Asruddin B. Toq M.A., Ph.D.

Yogyakarta, April 12, 2017

Purbani, M.A. 96t0s24 199001 2 001

MOTTO

Being brave is not the absence of fear. Being brave is having that fear but finding a way to get through it.

DEDICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTO ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Focus of the Research ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A. Theoretical Review ... 8

1. Translation ... 8

2. Idioms ... 20

3. Related Studies ... 25

4. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides ... 26

B. Conceptual Framework ... 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of the Study ... 34

C. Instruments of the research ... 35

D. Techniques of Data Collection ... 35

E. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 36

F. Trustworthiness of Data ... 38

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings ... 40

1. Description of the Types of the English Idiom ... 40

2. Description of the Translation Strategies ... 40

3. Description of Degree of the Meaning Equivalence ... 42

B. Discussion ... 43

1. Types of the English idioms ... 43

2. Translation Strategies ... 50

3. Degree of the Meaning Equivalence ... 58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion ... 69

B. Implications ... 71

C. Suggestions ... 72

REFFERENCES ... 74

APPENDIX ... 76

A. Data sheet of Idiomatic Expressions in the English Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and their Translated Expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia Subtitling Text ... 77

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

A. List of figures

Figure 1.Translation Process by Nida and Taber ... 10

Figure 2.Translation Process by Bell ... 11

Figure 3. Analytical Construct ... 33

B. List of tables Table 1.The Sample of Data Sheet... 38

Table 2.The Occurrence of Types of English Idioms ... 40

Table.3.The Occurrence of Translation Strategies ... 41

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN THE ENGLISH PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: ON STRANGER TIDES AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN THE

BAHASA INDONESIA SUBTITLING TEXT Wulan Cipta Sari

10211144012

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze the types of English idioms, the strategies used by the translator in translating idiomatic expression, and the degree of meaning equivalence of the translated idiomatic expressions compared to the English idioms in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.

This study was a descriptive qualitative type of research. The data in this research were all sentences that employ idiomatic expressions in English Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and their translated expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text. The first instrument of the research was the researcher herself as the planner, the data collector, the data analyst, and the reporter of the result of this research and the second instrument was the data sheet. This research was accomplished by collecting the data, analyzing them according to their types, their translation strategies and degrees of meaning equivalence, and then making some conclusions. To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, the researcher applied credibility, dependability and confirmability criteria. Also, triangulation is conducted to strengthen the trustworthiness of the data.

The findings show that the English idioms that are found in the movie text of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides are phrasal verbs, partial idioms, and total idioms. Phrasal verbs are the idiom with the highest frequency of occurrence (29 out of 60 or 48.3%). In terms of strategies used by the translator in translating idioms, there are four strategies used; translation by using idiom of similar meaning and similar form, using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and translation by omission. Most of idiomatic expressions that are found in the movie text of Pirates of the Caribbean:On Stranger Tides are translation by paraphrase (48 out of 60 or 80%). In terms of degree of meaning equivalence, the translation of idiomatic expressions in the text of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides has high degree of equivalence indicated by the frequency of equivalent meaning (45 out of 60 or 75%) compared to non-equivalent (15 out of 60 or 25%).

A. Background of the Study

Translation has become an essential need for many people in many countries. It has a significant role in allowing people from different countries and with different languages to communicate each other and share their thoughts, ideas, information and many things in an efficient way. Even people have been building translation machines to cover the people‟s need of translation instantly. However, the translation products from a machine are often unsatisfying as translation machine have more weakness than man-made in delivering messages from source to target languages.

Translation is not a simple activity where people can simply translate word by word from one language into another arbitrarily. There are many aspects that should be considered before producing a piece of translation. Those aspects include the equivalence of the meaning, accuracy, and naturalness. The translator should as well consider the context of a text since different context can cause different interpretation to the readers. That is why it is not a kind of simple activity in producing a qualified translation.

There are some points to produce a qualified work of translation. A qualified work of translation should be able to deliver the messages from source text to target text accurately. Writing styles of the text is also important to be considered as there are many types of text. Each type of text, such as academic writing, news, magazine, novel, poem, and many others need a certain approach to translate them as various text have various purposes and target readers and it becomes a special challenge for the translators.

Translation has been used mostly in printed media such as newspapers, magazines, novels, and many others. It keeps on improving as every era has its own issues and needs to be fulfilled. Many fields of business need translation in order to get improved. However, the activity of translation in audio-visual media such as TV and movies is essentially needed to transfer information and knowledge through both spoken languages and motion pictures on screen. The role of translation in movies is to translate the movie‟s dialogue from its original language into many languages then it helps people who are in certain countries and do not master the language used in the movie to understand in an equal meaning text.

The translation of movie‟s dialogue is called as subtitle. Subtitle becomes very familiar as many people love foreign movies but do not master the language, especially in Indonesia. Beside the fact that it can facilitate people, it also helps student on studying translation especially idiomatic expressions. To

fulfill the demand from people of various foreign movies, many movies were translated into Bahasa Indonesia. One of the best movies which got huge respond and many awards is Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. This movie is originally using English. Therefore, in order to help people to understand, a subtitle in Bahasa Indonesia is provided in its original DVD.

B. Focus of the Research

In the translation of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides‟s movie text into Bahasa Indonesia, many issues are found regarding the linguistic aspect such as form, meaning, style, proverb, and idiom. This movie is originally using English thus idioms cannot be avoided in the dialogue. There are many idiomatic expressions found in the movie and it obliges the translator to be more careful in determining the proper strategies to translate them.

Recognizing an idiomatic expression becomes an essential problem for a translator. A translator should have the ability to spot an idiomatic expression before determining the most appropriate strategy to translate them. This aims to prevent the translator to treat an idiom and non-idiomatic expression incorrectly. Idioms demand a translator to translate them in a special way and treat them as a single unit, thus translating them literally or word-for-word is avoided. After the translator successfully recognizes idiomatic expressions in the text, interpreting them properly is important as well. It requires the translator to comprehend both source language and target language in order to produce a qualified translation.

Besides those essential difficulties, finding the expressions from target language in completely equal meaning is another hard task for the translator especially dealing with idioms. The translators should try to translate idioms into idioms. However, since it is hard to translate idioms to idioms, a translator may choose to translate them into „normal‟ expressions. It is done in order to preserve the meaning from source into target language. Otherwise, the translator may omit an idiom if it has no equivalent or its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased in the target language.

The large number of the types of idiom becomes one more problem to the translator. Idioms take many different forms and structures. They can be very short or relatively long and have a regular or an irregular structure and even a grammatically incorrect structure. Along with those natures of idiom, the translator must be very sharp in determining the right strategy to face them. For there are many problems concerning the process of translating idiomatic expressions, the researcher made delimitation.

This study focuses on analyzing the types of idioms found in the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides‟ subtitle and their translation in Bahasa Indonesia, analyzing the strategies used to translate idiomatic expressions in the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides‟ subtitle and it also analyzes the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of idiomatic expressions in the movie subtitle

There are some reasons why the researcher is interested in this movie. First, it is because the story plays with unique setting and it is considered to be one of the best examples of the fantasy adventure movie. Second, this movie contains significant numbers of idiomatic expressions which become the data of this research. Based on the problems identified above, this study formulates the problems as follows:

1. What types of English idioms are found in the Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides text?

2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating the idiomatic expressions in the Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides text into their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text?

3. How equivalent is the meaning of the translated idiomatic expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text compared to the English idioms in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides?

C. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are:

1. to describe the types of English idioms found in the Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides text

2. to describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the idiomatic expressions in the translation of the English Pirates of the

Caribbean: On Stranger Tides text and their translated expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text,and

3. to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translated idiomatic expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text compared to the English idioms in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides D. Significance of the Study

There are two kinds of significance which are attained from the result of this research. They are theoretical and practical significance.

1. Theoretical significance

The result of this research could be used as an additional reference of in studying translation subject and could enrich the certain knowledge of the researchers in the field of translation, especially in the analysis of idiomatic expression.

2. Practical significance

The result of this research can be useful for several parties. For the people who watch the movie, this research could give better understanding, especially in understanding idiomatic expression found in the movie. For the students of English Literature Study Program, this research can help them to understand how idioms are used and what strategy to translate them. For translator, this research can also be a reference about translating idiomatic

expressions using the appropriate translation strategies. Hopefully, this research study can inspire other students to do the research in the same scope with different subject.

A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation

a. Notions of Translation

Translation is generally defined as an activity of transferring messages from one language to another without disregarding to bring the original meaning and value from the source to target language. Beside this light definition, there are deeper and more detailed definitions made by scholars.

Brislin (1976:1) states that “translation is a process of transferring the writer‟s idea from SL into TL, whether the languages are written or oral form”. He further explains that the language forms refer to the actual word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph, and etc. which are in spoken or written form. It can be inferred that translation concerns more in maintaining the idea of the source language into target language out of change.

House (2015: 2) defines translation “as the result of a linguistic-textual operation in which a text in one language is re-contextualized in another language.” He also enlightens that as a linguistic textual operation, translation is, however, subject to, and substantially influenced by, a variety of extra-linguistic factors and

conditions. It implies that there are factors and conditions which follow the activity of re-contextualizing a text in translation.

Catford (1965: 20) defines translation as "the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)". He describes translation as a uni-directional process, which is always performed from a given source language to a given target language. Besides, Nida and Taber (1969:12) state that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Both definitions above imply that in translation, a translator should consider the equivalent of the meaning as a prime aspect than the style.

From the notions above it can be concluded that translating includes the act of transferring message from the source text to the target text yet there are some factors and conditions following the process. Also, the aim of translation is to find the equivalent meaning of the source language expression in the target language. Therefore, meaning is important. In order to maintain the meaning, a translator needs to understand about the process and types of translation and also the issue of meaning equivalence in translation.

b. Processes of Translation

A

Source Language (SL)

Analyzing

X (Meaning in SL)

Transferring Y

(Meaning in RL) Restructuring 1) Analyzing, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of (a) the

grammatical relationships and (b) the meaning of the words and combinations of words,

2) Transferring, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and

3) Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.

The translation process can be seen in the following illustration:

Figure 1. Translation process by Nida and Taber

Bell (1991: 20) also provides a similar concept of translation process. He describes the translation process as the transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of processes which take place within memory:

1) the analysis of one language-specific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-language-specific) semantic representation, and

2) the synthesis of that semantic representation into a second language-specific text (the target language text, TLT).

B

Source Language

Text

Target Language

Text The translation process can be seen in the figure below.

Figure 2.Translation process by Bell

Both concepts of translation processes above show that there are some phases that should be considered carefully by translator in producing translation. This also implies that translation is not an easy process. The translator should be thoughtful to the step of analysis in order to find the equivalent meaning of an expression before he/she transfers and re-expresses the meaning of the expression of the step of restructuring to get an accurate meaning.

c. Types of Translation

Jakobson (2000: 114) classifies translation into the following.

1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation in which the verbal signs of language are replaced/interpreted by the verbal signs available in the same language. For instance, prose rendering of a poem in the same language.

Memory

Semantics representation

Analysis

2) Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation in which the verbal signs of one language are interpreted/replaced by the verbal signs of another language. For instance, the translation of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides‟s dialogue into Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text.

3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs which is done by means of nonverbal sign system e.g. adaptation of literary work into film.

From the types above, it implies that the object in this research belongs to interlingual translation or translation proper as it involves two languages where English as the source language (SL) is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as the target language.

d. Strategies of Translation

Venuti (1998: 240) point out that translation strategies involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it. Meanwhile Lörscher (1991: 76) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for the solution of a problem which an individualis faced with when translating a text segment from one language to another". Some strategies are suggested by Baker (1992: 20). The following strategies can be used by translator in translating a text.

1) Translation by a more general word (superordinate) 2) Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word 3) Translation by cultural substitution

4) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation 5) Translation by paraphrase using a related word

6) Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words 7) Translation by omission

8) Translation by illustration

However, in translating idiom, the most recommended translation strategy for idioms is translating them with a natural target language idiom which has the same meaning as the original source language idiom. Nida and Taber (1969: 106) exclude the literal translation strategy and suggest three translation strategies for idioms: 1) Translating idioms with non- idioms

2) Translating idioms with idioms 3) Translating non- idioms with idioms

They claim that “the most frequently source language idioms are shifted to target language non- idioms” although the ideal is to find a target language idiom which has the same meaning as the original, source language idiom.

Mona Baker (1992: 72) proposes some strategies that can be used to translate idioms. This research uses these to analyze the strategy used by the translator to translate idiomatic expressions from English to Bahasa Indonesia.

1) Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form

This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and, in addition, consists of equivalent lexical items. The form here refers to the lexical

items which are constructed in an idiom.This is the best way of rendering all aspects of the idiom‟s semantic structure.As Kommissarov (1985:210) states by employing this method the translator uses an idiom in the TL “which has the identical figurative meaning, i.e. containing the same image as in the source language idioms, and which preserves the same emotive, stylistic and national characteristics.” Although this strategy sounds to be an ideal solution, but, as Baker (1992:72) mentions, “it depends on the style, register and rhetorical effects of the SL and TL texts”. Thus, this kind of match can only occasionally be achieved.

E.g.: The English idiom in “Does he have nerves of steel?” is similar in

the meaning and form with the idiom in Bahasa Indonesia “Apa dia punya saraf

baja?” Both expressions above refer to a particular state of somebody‟s

personality, i.e. steady nerves, great patience and courage. They also consist of identical lexical items.

2) Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression but consists of different lexical items.

E.g.: The English idiom “speak of the devil” and Bahasa Indonesia expression “panjang umur” use different lexical items to express more or less the same idea, that is talking about a certain person, and that person appears.

3) Translation by paraphrase

This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when a match cannot be found in the target language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages. In this strategy, the meaning is explained.

E.g.: English idiom “a cry far from” is translated into Bahasa Indonesia “tidak ada apa apanya dibandingkan dengan”. Although the expression above is not translated into an idiom, the translation conveys more or less the same idea about „a thing that is very different with something else‟.

4) Translation by omission

As with single words, an idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the target text. According to Baker (1992: 77), omission is allowed only when there is no close equivalent in the target language or it is difficult to paraphrase as well as an idiom may be omitted for stylistic reasons.

E.g.: English idiom in “I do like her - after all, she is my sister.” Is translated into Bahasa Indonesia “saya memang menyayanginya, dia adalah saudariku.”

e. Equivalence in Translation

Translation involves source language and target language yet the meaning of the source text should be delivered into an equal expression in target text. It makes

equivalence as an important issue in translation. Many scholars have done the research about it and found the principles of equivalence in translation.

Vinay and Darbelnet (1995:342) view equivalence as a procedure which „replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording‟. They also suggest that if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the source language text in the target language text.

Baker (1992: 5) defines equivalence in translation into some parts: (a) equivalence at word level which deals with single word as the smallest unit which possesses individual meaning, (b) equivalence above word level which looks at combinations of words and phrases, (c) grammatical equivalence which deals with grammatical categories such as number and gender, (d) textual equivalence which deals with „meaning‟ at textual level of language, and (e) pragmatic equivalence which deals with how texts are used in communicative situations that involve variables such as writers, readers, and cultural context.

According to Nida (1964: 159), there are two basic orientations in translating:

1) Formal Equivalence

Formal equivalence is the orientation which focuses on the messages of source text, including the form and content. The messages of target text should match as close as possible to the messages from the source.

2) Dynamic Equivalence

It is quite different from formal equivalence. Dynamic equivalence concerns more on dynamic relationship. The purpose is to achieve complete naturalness of expression.

According to Bell (1991: 6), texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees, in respects of different levels of presentation and different ranks. However, he acknowledges the fact that the ideal of a total equivalence is a chimera. He enlightens that languages are different from one to another; each of them has distinct codes and rules. The form that the translator attempts to change from SL to TL will sometimes fail to coincide totally as there is lack of synonymy in every language. Therefore, it is a common when a translator cannot meet the maximum quality of equivalence due to the lack of synonymy in a language.

Bell offers a classification of equivalence meaning in translation: 1) Equivalent

a) Complete Equivalent Meaning

It occurs when the meanings in the source language text are completely transferred in the target language text. Here is the example.

ST: Maybe she will have a change of heart when the sun rises. TT:Mungkin dia akan berubah pikiran ketika matahari terbit.

According to McGraw-Hill‟s Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verb, the idiomatic expression of a change of heart means to change one‟s attitude or decision; usually from a negative to a positive position. This expression is translated into Bahasa Indonesia expression berubah pikiran which also means to have a different opinion. Therefore, it has been translated completely equivalently.

b) Partly Equivalent Meaning (1) Increased meaning

It occurs when there is an addition of information realized by new meaning which is not found in the source language text.

It occurs when there is an addition of information realized by new meaning which is not found in the source language text. The example is presented below.

ST: Speak for yourself! TT: Bukan kita, tapi kau.

(Datum 20/00:26:36PI/NI/DIFF) According to McGraw-Hill‟s Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verb, the idiomatic expression off Speak for yourself means to speak on your own behalf. This expression is translated into Bahasa Indonesia Bukan kita, tapi kau

which means “it is not us, it is you”. Therefore, the meaning of this expression has

increased.

(2) Decreased meaning

It occurs when a part of the meaning in the source language text is omitted in the target language text. Below is the example.

SL: Pray tell! TL: Katakan

(Datum 44/01:23:06/PI/NI/DM) Pray tell is an idiom which means “please tell” or asking somebody to tell about something but in sarcastic manner. The word katakan refer to the expression do tell. There is no more word added which refers to please. Yet, in order to achieve completely equivalent, this idiomatic expression should be translated into “tolong katakan” since tolong refers to the word please.

2) Non-Equivalent Meaning

a) Completely Different Meaning

It occurs when the translator changes the information contained in the source language text by using words which have different meaning in the target language text. An example is presented below

SL: A first mate sticking her neck out for some prisoner. TL: Perwira utama menjadikannya tawanan.

(Datum 27/00:32:44TI/NI/DIFF) According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, the idiomatic expression of stick your neck out means to take a risk. This expression has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia menjadikannya which means to make something as or to become. It is very clear that the meaning of the expression has been translated incorrectly.

b) Completely No Meaning

It occurs when the translator omits the words or expression in the source language text so that the target language text loses the information contained in the source language text. The following is the example.

SL : Every plank, every rail, every spar, all at once, began to creak. TL : Semua bagian kapal mulai berderak.

(Datum52/01:37:05/PI/OM/NM) This idiom according to Cambridge-Advanced Learner‟s means suddenly and unexpectedly, and according to McGraw-Hill‟s Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verb besides this idiom means suddenly it also literally means all at the same time. In this case, not only the idiom which is omitted but also the former expressions before it are also omitted and simplified in the target language. This idiom is considered has significant meaning as it explains how something is actually happened.

2. Idioms

a. Notions of Idioms

Idioms are generally defined as a group of words which usually carry a meaning that can be very different from the literal meaning of the each word. Idiomatic expressions are common in all languages and they are used widely in all sorts of communication; in written as well as in spoken communication, formal and informal contexts. The fact that idioms can be found in every language makes them important as the part of daily language use and interesting to be studied. It is proved by the number of many scholars who conduct researches about idioms.

In a definition given by Larson (1984:20) idiom is a string of words whose meaning is different from the meaning conveyed by the individual words.

J. Seidl McMordiew (1983:4) provides a definition of idiom: “an idiom is a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone”. Thus from the notions above it can be inferred that idioms cannot be translated literally as their meaning are different from each word that construct them.

In her book, In Other Words, Mona Baker (1992:67) states that idioms are frozen patterns of language which allow little or no variation in form and often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual components. By stating this definition he provides five conditions for idioms as follow:

1) The order of the words in an idiom cannot be changed. The way the words are put together is fixed and they cannot change their place.

E.g.: “every now and then” not “every then and now”

2) The words in an idiom cannot be omitted. People as the users of the language are not permitted to delete some of the words of a particular element.

E.g. “mark my words” not “my words”

3) There are no extra words that might be added to an idiom. E.g. “as thick as thieves” not “as thick as two thieves”

It can be concluded that beside idiom comes as a language phenomenon where people cannot translate them literally, it has its own rules for people to use it. Translating idioms has been an uneasy work to do. Therefore, in order to get the

better understanding about how to use and deal with idioms. Besides those characteristics above, a translator needs to comprehendtypes and strategy to translate idioms.

b. Types of Idioms

Different scholars of linguistics have categorized types of meaning in their own ways. Some of them have spoken in general terms while some others have used more specific classifications, for example:

Palmer (1981: 80-82) classifies idioms into three types, they are; 1) Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are one of the most common idioms in English. The meaning of these combinations cannot be predicted from the individual verb. It consists of the combination of verb with adverb or preposition, or three of them all at once. However, not all the combinations of this kind are idiomatic. Put down has a literal sense and there are many others that are both idiomatic and not, e.g. take in as in “The conjuror took the audience in, the woman took the homeless children in. There are even degrees of idiomaticity since one can make up story, make up a fire or make upone‟s face. There are three combinations of phrasal verbs.

a) The combination of verb + preposition, e.g.: look after, go for b) The combination of verb + adverb, e.g.: Make up, give in, put down

c) The combination of verb, adverb, and preposition, e.g.: put up with, do away with

2) Partial Idioms

Idiom whose one of the words has its usual meaning and the other has a meaning that is peculiar to the particular sequence.

E.g.: the English idiom “to the bitter end” refers to persevering to the end, whatever the outcome. However, it has nothing to do with bitterness. “it’s raining cats and dogs” is another example of partial idioms. This idiom means that it is raining very hard, yet it has no relation with cats and dogs.

3) Total Idioms

This type of idiom is an idiom which has the meaning that is completely cannot be predicted from the words themselves. Each word of this type of idiom does not directly related to the meaning of the whole expression.

E.g.: The English idiom “ring a bell” means to sound familiar, another example is the idiom “thick as thieves” which means very close.

There are also types of idioms in Bahasa Indonesia, Khak (2006) states that there are three types of idiom in Bahasa Indonesia, they are as follows:

1) Complex idiom a) Affixation

(1) Prefix + noun or verb, as in mengekor, tersemat

(2) Affix (combination) + noun, as in bersemuka, bersebadan b) Reduplication, e.g. mata-mata, kuda-kuda

2) Phrasal idiom a) Verba idiom

(1) Verb + noun, as in naik darah

(2) Adverb + verb, as in sudah berpulang ke rahmatullah b) Nomina idiom

(1) Noun+ noun,e.g. buaya darat

(2) Noun + adjective, e.g. kuda hitam, air bear

3) Proverb (peribahasa),e.g. sambil menyelam minum air, gali lubang tutup lubang According to their combination, idioms can be also classified into the following (McCarthy and O‟Dell, 2003: 6)

a) Verb + Object/compliment (and or adverbial) e.g.: kill two birds in one shot

b) Prepositional Phrase. E.g.: In the blink of an eye c) Compound. E.g.: A bone of contention

d) Simile (As + adjective + As/like + a noun). E.g.: As dry as a bone. e) Binominal (word + and + word) e.g.: Rough and Ready

f) Trinominal (Word + word + and word) e.g. Cool, calm, and collected g) Whole clause or sentence. E.g.: To cut a long story short.

In this research, the researcher uses the classification of idiomatic expression from Palmer to analyze the type of the idioms found in the SL. As it has been explained in the previous page that meaning is important in translation, the classification of idioms proposed by Palmer is chosen because it is related also to the meanings of idioms.

3. Related Studies

Idiom is a unique phenomenon of language which makes many researchers interested to study it. Therefore, there are also many studies conducted with the analysis of idiomatic expressions. Two of them are “An Analysis of The Translation Strategies of Idiomatic Expressions in Lewis Carrol‟s Alice in Wonderland and its Translation by Khairi Rumantati” (2012) by Eva Novianti and Translation Strategies of Idiomatic Expressions in Andrea Hirata‟s Laskar Pelangi as Realized in Angie Kilbane‟s The Rainbow Troops (2013) by Nastiti Trisnowati.

a. Eva Novianti (2012)

This study aimed to analyze types of idioms found in Lewis Carrol‟s Alice in Wonderland, to identify the strategies used by the translator in translating idiomatic expressions in the translation of the English text of Lewis Carrol‟s Alice in Wonderland and its Translation by Khairi Rumantati, and to describe the degree of meaning equivalence in the translation of idiomatic expressions in Lewis Carrol‟s Alice in Wonderland and its Translation by Khairi Rumantati.

In this research, Novianti finds that phrasal verbs become the type of idioms that has the highest number. The translation by paraphrase has the highest frequency while the strategy with the lowest frequency is the translating strategy by using an idiom of similar meaning and form. On the analysis of meaning equivalence, it is found that the equivalent meaning does not always have complete meaning; the meaning can be increased or decreased when translator adds or omits some information in the target language text.

b. Nastiti Trisnowati (2013)

This study aimed to analyze the strategy used by the translator in

translating idiomatic expressions in Andrea Hirata‟s Laskar Pelangi as realized in

Angie Kilbane‟s The Rainbow Troops. In addition, this study also analyzes the degree of meaning equivalence in the translation of idiomatic translation of the novel. Trisnowati finds that paraphrase is the most common strategy used to translate idioms. The least strategy used in translating idioms is the strategy which uses an idiom of similar meaning and form. In terms of meaning equivalence, the translation of idiomatic expressions has the highest degree of equivalent.

One of the differences between this research and those studies above is the object of the research, both Novianti and Trisnowati they used novel as their object of the research while the researcher uses movie as her object of the research. Also, some different theories are applied in analyzing idiomatic expression. Thus this research can provide an analysis of idiomatic expression in a more different and relatively detailed way.

4. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was a 2011 American fantasy adventure film and the fourth sequel in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Pirates of Caribbean: On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release. Critical reviews were mixed, with the film receiving criticism over the script-writing,

excessiveness, and lack of originality. However positive remarks were given on the acting, directing and visuals.

Despite the high number of criticism over this movie, there are many people who enjoy watching it as they love this theme of movie which contains pirates, mermaids, and other fantasy characters. There a lot of humor and slight romance put in the movie that successfully make it more entertaining. Another reason that makes it interesting is the language in the movie. Pirates of Caribbean: On Stranger Tides has time setting in 18thcentury, sometime around 1720s to 1750s, thus some old fashioned and other certain expressions in pirate style are used.

On Stranger Tides tells about the adventure of Captain Jack Sparrow (the lead character) who sails to find the Fountain of Youth. According to the tale, by drinking the water from this fountain people could live some years longer or maybe forever. However, Jack has another motive. He wants to get his ship back; the ship was named Black Pearl had been stolen by Blackbeard. There are some other characters who also want to find and go to the fountain in different purpose. But at the end when all of them get to the fountain, it needs a victim as part of the rituals to live longer. And there is a big chaos as the Spanish privateers who want to destroy the fountain. They consider it as pagan water and only God grant the eternal life.

Captain Jack Sparrow loses the interest of drinking that water immediately when he is told that the ritual requires a victim. He knows that Blackbeard, one of those who want the eternal life, pretends to be a loss father of a girl named Angelica

only to make her voluntarily sacrifice her life to make him lives longer. Apparently, Jack just realizes that he is in love with Angelica. He plays a trick to save her when they are about to do the main ritual. He swaps the chalice that she as the victim should drink with the other one for Blackbeard. Thus, Blackbeard died and Angelica gets the whole years that Blackbeard had lived. She gets angry with Jack even after she has been told the truth.

Jack is the kind of man who is unfamiliar with love or romantic things. Although he knows that he is in love with Angelica, he decided to leave Angelica when he finally gets Black Pearl back.

B. Conceptual Framework

In this study, the theory of translation from Jakobson (2000:114) is adopted. This theory states that translation is divided into three types; they are intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation. Intralingual translation is seen as a rewording within the same language, whereas interlingual translation is a translation from one language to another. Interlingual translation involves two or more languages. Different from interlingual and intralingual translation, in intersemiotic translation, the message is transferred from one symbol system or sign system into a language or another form. There are two languages involved and analyzed in this study, English and Bahasa Indonesia, thus it is classified into interlingual translation.

This research is aimed to analyze the types of idioms, the translation strategies used to translate them, and the degree of meaning equivalence of the translated idiomatic expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text compared to the English idioms in Pirates of Caribbean Sea: on Stranger Tides. Idiomatic expressions become the main point in this study since they have the unique characteristics that make them interesting to be analyzed.

There are some theories employed as the frameworks in this research. The theories are used as the reference to analyze the data. The first framework in this research is describing the types of idiomatic expressions. Idiom according to Larson (1984:20) is a string of words whose meaning is different from the meaning conveyed by the individual words. The researcher agrees with this definition, the definition above also shows that the main characteristic of idioms lie on their meanings which different from their individual words.

In this research, the researcher uses Palmer‟s (1981:80-82) classification of idiom to describe the type of idiomatic expressions found in Pirates of Caribbean Sea: On Stranger Tides.Palmer‟s theory of idiom classification was applied since this theory classifies idiom based on their meanings and form and this classification is relatively simple to be applied. The types of idioms according to Palmer are phrasal verbs, partial idioms, and total idioms.

Idiom is one of the problems that a translator could deal with. However, there are strategies that can be used to translate idioms. The researcher agrees with a definition of translation strategies from Lörscher (1991: 76) who defines translation

strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for the solution of a problem which an individual is faced with when translating a text segment from one language to another". Translation strategies can be concluded as a tool which can help a translator solve the problems that occur when translating a text.

The second framework is describing the strategies used to translate the English idiomatic expressions found in Pirates of Caribbean Sea: On Stranger Tides into Bahasa Indonesia. The researcher adopted Baker‟s (1992:72) strategies of translating idioms; the translation strategies are translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission. Those strategies of translating idioms are fit in this research as they can give a more comprehensive analysis and better understanding toward the strategy of translating idioms.

The third framework is describing the degree of meaning equivalence of the idiomatic expressions in the English Pirates of Caribbean Sea: On Stranger Tides and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text. According to Bell (1991: 6), texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees, in respects of different levels of presentation and different ranks. However, he acknowledges the fact that the ideal of a total equivalence is a chimera. He enlightens that languages are different from one to another; each of them has distinct codes and rules. The form that the translator attempts to change from SL to TL will sometimes fail to coincide totally as there is lack of synonymy in every language.

In this research, Bell‟s theory of meaning equivalent classification is applied. The researcher uses Bell‟s theory since his theory has a complete category of meaning equivalence. According to Bell, the category of meaning equivalence involves equivalent meaning and non-equivalent meaning. Equivalent meaning is divided into two categories; completely equivalent meaning and partly equivalent meaning. There are two types of partly equivalent meaning, they are increased and decreased meaning. Meanwhile, the non-equivalent meaning is divided into completely different meaning and completely no meaning

In conducting the analysis, the first step that the researcher does is watching the movie and reading its English script carefully. By watching and reading the script, the researcher can identify the idiomatic expressions as the main data in this research. The researcher uses certain English idiom dictionaries such as Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs and also Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary in order to collect the valid data. The researcher also collects the translation of each idiomatic expression from the movie subtitle which is served in Bahasa Indonesia as the data.

Then, the data in this study are idiomatic expressions from English script and their Bahasa Indonesia translation. To ease the process of analysis the data are recorded in the table of analysis. All data are compared and analyzed in terms of the types of idiom, the translation strategy which is used to translate them, and the degree of meaning equivalence from the movie English script compared to their translation in Bahasa Indonesia in the form of movie subtitle.

In order to facilitate the readers in understanding this study, an analytical construct has been generated.

Figure3. Analytical Construct (T1) English Text of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger

Tides Idiomatic expressions

(T2) Bahasa Indonesia Text of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Translated expressions Translation process

Types of idiom Strategies of translating

idioms Meaning equivalence

3. Total idioms 2. Partial idioms

1. Phrasal verbs 1. Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form

2. Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

3. Translation by paraphrase 4. Translation by omission

Equivalent meaning Non-Equivalent meaning 1. Completely

equivalent meaning 2. Partly equivalent

meaning

Increased meaning Decreased meaning 1. Completely different meaning

2. Completely no meaning

A. Type of the Study

This study was a descriptive-qualitative type of research. This research presented natural data. This research is accomplished by collecting the data, rewriting them into data sheets, classifying them according to their types, their translation strategies and degrees of meaning equivalence, then analyzing the data and making some conclusions. Since this study is descriptive-qualitative research, the data and analysis were presented in the form of descriptions. However, in order to support the analysis of the data, a little bit number appeared in this research.

B. Data and Sources of Data

The data in this research were all the idiomatic expressions in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and their Bahasa Indonesia translated expressions. The sources of the data in this research are the movie script of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides which is served in English and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides‟s Bahasa Indonesia subtitle. This movie was launched in 2011 and won many awards. In analyzing the data, the idiomatic expressions which are

constantly mentioned with the same meaning were only taken one time. However, they were relisted when they have different meanings.

C. Instruments of the Research

There were two instruments in this research. The first instrument was the researcher herself. The researcher played an important role in the research regarding the need of reading and writing, related to the research. Moreover, the researcher had some roles as the planner, the data collector, the data analyst, and the reporter of the result of this research. The second instrument was the data sheet. It was used to record and classify the data. The English idiomatic expressions in the source language were written down to be analyzed together with their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia.

D. Techniques of Data Collection

There were some steps which were conducted by the researcher to collect the data. These steps are as follows:

1. The researcher observed the source data by watching Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and reading their Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.

2. Recorded the data from the source and translated version of the movie text attentively and accurately. In identifying the data, the researcher did the multi-check on every datum by using certain idioms dictionaries.

3. Sorted out the gathered data to find those that are compatible with the criteria established.

E. Techniques of Data Analysis

The techniques of analyzing the data in this research were:

1. Collecting the data by reading the original movie script of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and their translated version in Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.

2. Taking the English idiomatic expressions and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia.

3. Classifying and analyzing the English idiomatic expressions based on their types

4. Comparing the idiomatic expressions which are found in the source text with their translated expression in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text.

5. Classifying and analyzing the collected data based on their translation strategies,

6. Analyzing the data based on the comparison to determine the degree of meaning equivalence, and

7. Counting the data according to the classification system to get the fixed number of each phenomenon in the tables.

8. Encoding each of the data in order to make the classification of the data easier to be analyzed.

The classification of the data and their codes is presented as follows:

a. In terms of the types of English idioms 1) Phrasal Verb (PV)

2) Partial Idioms (PI) 3) Total Idioms (TI)

b. In terms of strategies to translate idioms

1) Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form (ISF)

2) Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (IDF)

3) Translation by paraphrase (TP) 4) Translation by omission (OM) c. In terms of meaning equivalence

1) Equivalent Meaning

a) Complete meaning (CM) b) Partly equivalent meaning

(1) Increased meaning (IM) (2) Decrease meaning (DM) 2) Non Equivalent

a) Completely different meaning (DIFF) b) Completely no meaning (NM)

Below is the sample of coding in this analysis: 00:06:18/PV/NI/CM Note:

● 00:06:18 : Time of the dialogue ● TP: Types of Strategy

● PV : Types of Idiom ● CM : Degree of meaning equivalence

For more detail information, this table below shows the complete data analysis of idiomatic expression found in Pirates of Caribbean: On Stranger Tides movie text.

Table.1. The Sample of Data Sheet

F. Trustworthiness of Data

To achieve trustworthiness of the data, many different strategies are employed in qualitative research. In this research, to gain the credibility of the data, the researcher applied deep observation by watching the movie and reading the movie script and Bahasa Indonesia subtitle of the movie carefully. By doing this, the data are obtained and put into the data sheet according to their categories; types of idioms, strategies to translate idioms, and degree of meaning equivalence. In order to check N

o

Code Source Language Text

Target Language Text

Types Strategy

Meaning equivalence

PV PI TI _ISF _IDF TP _OM CM IM DM Dif

f

NM

1. 00:06:18 PV/NI/ CM

dependability, the researcher examined the data consistently since the data are able to be changed due to conditions when data are rechecked. In terms of conformability, the researcher also discussed the data and the findings with the researcher‟s consultants. Triangulation was also conducted by the researcher and researcher‟s colleagues who study the same major program translation.

A. Findings

1. Description of the Types of the English Idioms

The types of English idioms that are found in the English text of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides movie are phrasal verbs, partial idioms, and total idioms. Phrasal verbs occur 29 times out of 60 idioms which are found in the text. In percentage, phrasal verbs have 48.3%, followed by total idioms which occur 16 times or have 26.6%. The gap between both of the types above regarding the number of frequency is obvious. Meanwhile, there are also 15 idioms or 25% which are categorized as partial idioms. The detail is given in the following table.

Table 2.The Occurrence of Types of English Idioms

2. Description of the Translation Strategies

There are four translation strategies that are found in the translation of idiomatic expressions of the English Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

No Types of Idiom Frequency Percentage

1. Phrasal Verbs 29 48.3%

2. Partial Idioms 15 25%

3. Total Idioms 16 26.7%

into Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text. Those four strategies are (1) translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form, (2) translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) translation by paraphrase, and the last (4) translation by omission. The detail of the analysis of strategies used by the translator to translate idiomatic expressions can be seen in the table below.

Table 3.The Occurrence of Translation Strategies

No Strategies Frequency Percentage

1. Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form

1 1.7%

2. Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

6 10%

3. Translation by paraphrase 48 80%

4. Translation by omission 5 8.3%

Total 60 100%

From the table above, it can be seen that translation by paraphrase is the strategy that has the highest frequency and percentage of occurrence. Out of 60 idiomatic expressions which are found in the movie text, there are 48 idioms which are translated using this strategy. Since translation by paraphrase takes 80% out of the total idiomatic expressions, the rest strategies obviously has low degree of frequencies and percentages of occurrence. Translation by omission strategy has only 8.3% or 5 times of occurrence, followed by the strategy of translating idiom by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form occurs 6 times or

has 10%. The lowest occurrence of all strategies is the translating idiom using idiom with similar meaning and form which the frequency is only 1 times or 1.7%.

3. Description of Degree of the Meaning Equivalence

In this research, the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of idiomatic expressions from English into Bahasa Indonesia shows a very satisfying result. The translation of idiomatic expressions from English into Bahasa Indonesia are frequently equivalent. Out of 60 English idioms, 75% or 45 idioms were translated equivalently in the target language text. Thus, only 15 or 25% idioms which are translated as non-equivalent meaning. Below, a table which shows the frequency and percentage of both equivalent and non-equivalent degree of meaning is presented.

Table 4.The Occurrence of Degree of Meaning Equivalence

No Equivalence of Meaning Frequency Percentage

1. Equivalent Meaning 45 75%

a. Complete meaning 39 65%

b. Partially Equivalent

. Increased meaning 2 3.3%

Decreased meaning 4 6.7%

2. Non-Equivalent Meaning 15 25%

a. Completely different meaning 10 16.7% b. Completely no meaning 5 8.3%

However, the 45 idioms which were translated equivalently into Bahasa Indonesia were not always classified as fully equivalent meaning. Since the translator can add or omit some certain information from source language to target language, the translation becomes partly equivalent (increased or decreased in meaning). The table above also shows the frequency and percentage of the three kinds of equivalent degree. Complete meaning has the highest frequency with the occurrence 39 times or 65%, followed by decreased meaning at 6.7%, and increased meaning as the lowest category with only 3.3%. Meanwhile, non-equivalent meaning translation is also divided into two.

According to the table above, out of 15 non-equivalent meaning translations, the completely different meaning occurs 10 times (16.7%) and the completely no meaning occurs 5 times (8.3%). The total frequencies of non-equivalent meaning translation compared to non-equivalent meaning ones are relatively low. It means that the translator has successfully translated the idiomatic expressions in equivalent meanings.

B. Discussion

1. Types of English Idioms a. Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are idioms which consist of verb and adverb or preposition or a combination of both. These adverbs and prepositions are often called particles when they are used in phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are very common in English. Therefore, they can be found in many occasions. The finding has also

presented that out of 60 idioms, phrasal verbs has the frequency of 29 or 48.3% which is the highest among the types. The example is presented below.

Datum 17

SL : As long as my sailors get their money, they're willing to put up with any number of peculiarities.

TL : Selama anak buahku dibayar, mereka bersedia melakukan apa saja.

(00:24:45/PV/TP/CM)

The expression above happened when a character of the movie named Angelica offers Jack Sparrow to sail with her and take her to The Fountain of Youth. Angelica tries to coax him by saying this, and she uses a phrasal verb type in her words. The phrasal verb type which she uses is put up with. It consists of verb and two particles; adverb and preposition. The meaning of this expression is very different from the meanings of the verb they are formed from. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, this idiom means to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience or someone who behaves unpleasantly.

The following datum also shows the example of phrasal verbs. Datum 45

SL : Gibbs, I was just on me way to break you out of jail. TL : Gibbs, aku baru saja akan membebaskanmu dari penjara.

(01:26:33/PV/IDF/CM)

The idiomatic expression above appears when Jack Sparrow and Barbossa are watching surreptitiously their opponents who keep the chalices for ritual at The Fountain of Youth and then Gibbs comes join them. Jack is disappointed by Gibbs

as Gibbs stole his map of the fountain just after Jack saved him from the court and jail back then. Jack says the sarcastic sentence above which is addressed to Gibbs in order to make Gibbs remember what he did last time. Jack uses phrasal verb type break you out in his sentence which according to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, this idiom means to escape from prison.

Another example is presented below.

Datum 56

SL : I will not have that smile on your face as I strike you down. TL : Takkan ada senyuman itu setelah aku mengalahkanmu.

(01:53:57/PV/TP/DIFF)

The statement above happened when a character of the movie, named Captain Barbosa is amid the fight with Blackbeard to take the revenge for the previous accident that causing Barbosa lost one of his leg. The phrasal verb type of idiom which found among his statement is a phrasal verb with the combination of a verb and an adverb/preposition. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, this idiom means to make somebody dies suddenly or starts to suffer from a serious illness.

Another example of phrasal verbs is explained in the following datum. Datum 58

SL : I am not such the fool to take on Blackbeard without a little venomous advantage.

TL : Aku tak sebodoh itu. Membunuh Blackbeard tanpa sedikit bantuan racun.

The datum above happened when Captain Barbossa has successfully stabbed Blackbeard by using the sword which has been smeared with a poison. The phrasal verbs take on consists of a verb take and a preposition which also an adverb on. The meaning will seem unrelated to the situation where this expression happened if these words are interpreted as individual word. Therefore, this expression should be interpreted as a single unit. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, this idiom means to compete against or fight someone

b. Partial Idioms

Based on the finding, partial idioms take the lowest rank of frequency and percentage. The frequency of partial idioms is 15 or 25% out of 60 idioms which are found in the movie. Partial idioms are the idioms which in their combination involving a word that has its usual meaning and the other has a meaning that is peculiar to the particular sequence.

The following datum is presented as an example of partial idiom. Datum 32

SL : Fight to the bitter end, you cack-handed deck apes! TL : Lawan sekuat tenaga, keparat!

(00:41:33/PI/IDF/ DIFF) The sentence above appears when the main character named Captain Jack Sparrow leads a group of sailors to take Blackbeard‟s ship and then they have a fight with Blackbeard‟s crew. The idiom „to the bitter end refers to a certain end but it has no relation with bitter as an unpleasant sharp taste. According to Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, to the bitter end means persevering to the end, whatever the

outcome. Therefore, since bitter is the word that has the peculiar meaning and the word end has its usual meaning, this idiom is categorized as Partial Idiom.

The second example is presented to give the explanation in detail Datum 44

SL : Pray tell. TL : Katakan.

(01:23:06/PI/TP/DM) This idiom is stated sarcastically by Blackbeard to Philip who gets angry when Blackbeard treats the beautiful mermaid that Philip is in love with badly. Blackbeard called the mermaid as „the creature‟ over and over and this makes Philip gets irritated. He yells to Blackbeard that the beautiful mermaid he called creature has a name. Blackbeard thinks it is ridiculous yet he asks him anyway by using the idiom above. The idiom pray tell means a polite yet sarcastic way to ask someone or people tell about something. The word tell in that expression has usual meaning yet the word pray has peculiar meaning if it is used to ask people about something like the word please does. Therefore, this idiom is considered as partial idioms.

One more datum of this type of idiom below is presented as an additional example.

Datum 47

SL : Maybe she will have a change of heart when the sun rises TL : Mungkin dia akan berubah pikiran ketika matahari terbit.

(01:28:17/PI/IDF/CM) The idiomatic expression above appears when Blackbeard forces a mermaid to cry by torturing and threatening her in order to obtain the mermaid‟s tears for the

ritual in the Fountain of Youth. Angelica then tries to calm the angry Blackbeard by saying the statement which contains the idiomatic expression above. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, the idiomatic expression (a) change of heart means to change their opinion or the way they feel about something. Therefore, this idiom is counted as partial idiom since the word change has usual meaning and heart is relatively peculiar to represent an opinion. c. Total Idioms

Total idiom is an idiom whose meaning cannot be completely predicted. Each word which constructs the whole expression does not directly refer to the meaning. The example is presented below.

Datum 6

SL : Last I heard, you were hell bent to find the Fountain of Youth. TL : Terakhir aku dengar, kau sedang mencari Mata Air Awet Muda.

(00:08:18/TI/OM/NM) The idiom above is stated by Gibbs to Jack when they are on their way to get out from London after escaping from the courthouse. Gibbs and Jack are friends yet this is the first time they meet and talk after a long time. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary this idiom means to be extremely determined to do something, without considering the risks or possible dangerous results. However, the words hell and bent which construct the idiom does not refer to any part of the meaning and this make this idiom is considered as total idiom.

Datum 9 SL : (It) doesn‟t ring a bell.

TL : Masih belum ingat.

(00:10:57/TI/TP/CM)

The idiom above occurs when Captain Jack Sparrow is tricked by British Army to meet George Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Uneburg, Arch treasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire King of Great Britain and Ireland. Sparrow does not know who the person he is facing. He even says that the man‟s face is familiar, he wonders if he has ever threatened the duke before. When someone tells him who is actually George Augustus is, Jack says it doesn‟t ring a bell, an idiom which means it does not sound familiar. However, according to Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, the original form of the idiom is ring a bell. Itis an informal expression which means revive a distant recollection; sound familiar. It is relatively obvious that the every single word that builds the whole expression does not refer to the meaning of the expression. Therefore, this idiom is categorized as total idiom.

The following is another example of total idiom. Datum 37

SL : You and I are as thick as thieves, love. TL : Hubungan kita sangat dekat

(00:54:49/TI/TP/CM)

The idiomatic expression above occurs when Captain Jack Sparrow tries to convince Angelica to tell him what are the secret rituals and what are needed in attaining the advantages of The Fountain of Youth. According to

Cambridge-Advanced Learner Dictionary, the idiomatic expression „as thick as thieves‟ means to be very close friends and share secrets, etc. This idiom has a completely unpredicted meaning since there is no word of the expression which is referring to the meaning of the whole unit expression that mentions a certain kind of relationship. Therefore, this idiom is considered as a total idiom.

2. Translation Strategies

Based on the findings, there are four strategies used by the translator to translate idioms. From those strategies, translation by using a non-idiomatic expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form is the strategy which has the highest frequency. It is considered as the common way to translate idioms when the precise match of idioms in the target language cannot be found or the translator has a lesser amount of knowledge of idioms in the target language. Besides, there are some reasons which determine the way an idiom can be translated into another language. Those reasons are the availability of an idiom with a similar meaning in the target language, the significance of the specific lexical items which constitute the idiom, as well as the appropriateness or inappropriateness of using idiomatic language in a given register in the target language. The further discussions about the strategies used by the translator to translate idioms are presented below.

a. Translation by Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning and Similar Form This strategy encompasses not only using an equivalent idiom from target language which expresses the similar meaning from the idiom in the source language but it should also consist of equivalent lexical item. Therefore, this kind

of match is occasionally to find. The example is presented below. Based on the data findings, there is only one datum which is translated uses this strategy.

Datum 50

SL : Ah, you pretended to love her, then you left her and broke her heart. TL : Kau pura-pura mencintainya, lalu kau pergi dan menghancurkan

hatinya.

(01:30:44/PI/ISF/CM) The idiom above occurs when Jack Sparrow tells Gibbs that he is falling in love with a girl whose feeling had been hurt by him previously. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the idiom break somebody‟s heart means to make someone who loves you very sad, usually by telling them you have stopped loving them. This idiom has been translated into menghancurkan hatinya in Bahasa Indonesia which has similar meaning to making someone very sad. This translation also uses equivalent lexical item and similar form/structure, the word broke or break is lexically equal with hancur, and the word heart is lexically equal with hati. The word „her‟ is optional in nature, according to the context of the sentence and it means dia or in Bahasa Indonesia it can be replaced by „–nya‟ after the noun. If the idiom menghancurkan hatinya is translated back into English, it will be break her heart. Therefore, the idiom from source language above has been translated with an idiom in the target language which has similar meaning and form.

b. Translation by Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form This strategy can be used when there is no equivalent idiom of target language which consists of equivalent lexical items with the idiom from source

language. This kind of strategy results in an idiom with different form but stylistically close to the idiom in the source language text. There are 7 data which are translated using this strategy.

The following datum is presented as an example of how this strategy is applied.

Datum 10

SL : Find the proper one and dispose of this impostor. TL : Temukan Jack Sparrow yang asli dan habisi penipu ini!

(00:11:23PV/IDF/CM) The idiom dispose of is stated by George Augustus when he assumes that his men had brought him wrong person who only look like Jack Sparrow. This idiom is classified as phrasal verbs. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the idiom dispose of means to get rid of someone or something or deal with something so that the matter is finished. This idiom has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia with an idiom habisi which means to kill someone or something. Both idioms from SL and TL have similar meaning or their meanings are relatively equivalent. However, it cannot be said equivalent in terms of form since the idiom of the TL has different lexical item with the SL. If the idiom dispose of is translated into Bahasa Indonesia, it will be buang while the idiom habisi is translated into English it will be finished. Thus this idiom has been translated using an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form. Here is other example.

Datum 31

SL : Think you might be better off if you just...stay out of it. TL :Mungkin sebaiknya kau.. jangan ikut campur.

(00:40:00/PV/IDF/CM)

The idiomatic expression above appears when Jack is trying to convince Angelica to not be involved in his plan of taking over Blackbeard‟s ship. According to McGraw-Hill‟s Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verb, this idiomatic expression means to remain uninvolved in some piece of business. On the text above, Stay out of it is translated into jangan ikut campur in Bahasa Indonesia. This idiomatic expression jangan ikut campur has similar meaning to not to interfere or get involved in a situation where the involvement of someone who is told this expression is not wanted/not helpful. Although both the idiomatic expressions from source language and target language has similar meaning, yet they do not share the equivalent lexical items. If the expression jangan ikut campur is translated back to English, it will be don‟t get mixed.

Another example is presented below. Datum 34 SL : Yes, though I see it as a bit of a long shot. TL : Benar. Meskipun sepertinya butuh usaha keras.

(00:45:45/TI/IDF/CM)

The idiom above occurs when Blackbeard asks a cleric if his soul can be saved or not and then the cleric states the dialogue above which contains an idiom. According to Cambridge-Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the idiom a long shot means something you try although it is unlikely to be successful. This idiom is

translated into usaha keras which means a large amount of effort to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties. If the idiom „long shot‟ are translated into Bahasa Indonesia, it would be „usaha panjang‟. Thus, In terms of form both idiomatic expressions from SL and TL are not equivalent.

c. Translation by Paraphrase

This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when there is no equivalent in the target language. It is also one of the strategies that can help the translator to save time if he/she is not familiar with the expression or has less knowledge of idiomatic expressions in the target language. Unlike the two previous translation strategies which involve idiom as the result in the target language, the result of the translation of the idiom using this strategy is a non-idiomatic expression. The translator can check the meaning of the idiom in a dictionary and make the translation based on the explanation.

There is another reason for its frequency. The translator decided to use this strategy since it is stylistically neutral, thus it comes to be convenient when an idiom seems inappropriate to be used due to differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages. The examples of the data which uses the translation strategy by paraphrase can be seen below.

Datum 5

SL : But... an impostor with a ship and in need of a crew. Which, as fate would have it, so am I.

TL : Tapi.. peniru yang memiliki kapal. Dan membutuhkan awak. Kebetulan, aku juga butuh.

PV PI TI IS ID TP OM CM IM DM D NM 38. 00:56:58

PV/TP/CM

You have fallen for your own con, love.

Kau terperangkap tipuanmu sendiri, sayang.

√ √ √

39. 00:59:49 TI/TP/DIFF

But when it comes time to churn butter..

Namun dalam hal pasangan,

√ √ √

40. 00:59:49 PI/TP/CM

But when it comes time to churn butter, so to speak, they snatch a sailor out of a boat..

Namun dalan hal pasangan, dikatakan, mereka menarik pelaut dari perahu…

√ √ √

41. 01:01:32 PI/TP/DM

Aye, and good riddance

Ya, bagus √ √ √

42. 01:13:10 PI/TP/CM

On the off chance that this does not go well for me, I would like it noted here and now that I am fully prepared to believe in whatever I must.

Andaikan hal ini tidak berjalan baik

padaku..perlu dicatat sekarang

bahwa aku siap mempercayai apa pun yang harus dipercaya.

√ √ √

43. 01:14:53 PI/TP/CM

This I cannot wait to see.

Aku tak sabar untuk melihatnya.

83

No Code Source Language Target Language

Types of Idioms Translation strategies Meaning Equivalence

PV PI TI ISF ID

F

TP OM CM IM DM Dif

f

NM

44. 01:23:06 PI/TP/DM

Pray tell. Katakan. √ √ √

45. 01:26:33 PV/IDF/CM

Gibbs, I was just on me way to break you out of jail.

Gibbs, aku baru saja akan

membebaskanmu dari penjara.

√ √ √

46. 01:27:24 PV/TP/CM

Staked out to die, to dry in the sun.

Dipancang sampai mati lemas.

√ √ √

47. 01:28:17 PI/IDF/CM

Maybe she will have a change of heart when the sun rises.

Mungkin dia akan berubah pikiran ketika matahari terbit.

√ √ √

48. 01:30:17 PV/TP/CM

Throwing in with Barbossa.

Bersekutu dengan Barbossa.

√ √ √

49. 01:30:37 TI/TP/CM

Out with it! Katakan. √ √ √

50. 01:30:44 PI/ISF/CM

Ah, you pretended to love her, then you left her and broke her heart.

Kau pura-pura

mencintainya, lalu kau pergi dan

menghancurkan hatinya

PV PI TI IS ID TP OM CM IM DM D NM 51. 01:36:44

PV/OM/NM

We were off the coast of Hispaniola when we came under attack.

Kami berada di lepas pantai Hispaniola ketika diserang.

√ √ √

52. 01:37:05 PI/OM/NM

Every plank, every rail, every spar, all at once, began to creak.

Semua bagian kapal mulai berderak.

√ √ √

53. 01:37:11 PV/TP/DM

Our own ship turned against us..

Kapal itu melawan kami..

√ √ √

54. 01:39:38 PV/TP/CM

Fan out. Berpencar! √ √ √

55. 01:42:28 PV/TP/DIFF

Now you bring it up... Baru sekarang kau sadar..

√ √ √

56. 01:53:57 PV/TP/DIFF

I will not have that smile on your face as I strike you down.

Takkan ada senyuman itu setelah aku

mengalahkanmu.

√ √ √

57. 01:54:48 TI/TP/CM

Someone make a note of that man's bravery.

Perhatikan keberanian pria itu.

85

No Code Source Language Target Language

Types of Idioms

Translation strategies

Meaning Equivalence

PV PI TI ISF ID

F

TP OM CM IM DM Dif

f

NM

58. 01:56:30 PV/TP/DIFF

I am not such the fool to take on Blackbeard without a little

venomous advantage.

Aku tak sebodoh itu. Membunuh

Blackbeard tanpa sedikit bantuan racun.

√ √ √

59. 02:03:25 PV/TP/CM

You're making that up.

Bohong! √ √ √

60. 02:06:00 TI/TP/CM

Feast your eyes. Lihat ini √ √ √