THE RETAINABILITY OF ACEHNESE BY ITS SPEAKERS AT THE EASTERN COAST OF SERDANG BEDAGAI REGENCY.

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THE RETAINABILITY OF ACEHNESE BY ITS SPEAKERS

AT THE EASTERN COAST OF SERDANG BEDAGAI REGENCY

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

HADI SAHPUTRA

Registration Number: 809125007

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2013

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i ABSTRACT

Hadi Sahputra. Registration Number: 809125007. The Retainability of Acehnese by Its Speakers at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2013.

This research is on the study of the retainability of Acehnese by its speakers, particularly in the five districts at the eastern coasts of Serdang Bedagai regency. The research design used is qualitative research method which studies on the Acehnese speakers’ attitude on retainability of Acehnese by its speakers. The research subjects are sixty Acehnese speakers from intra and inter-marriage families, who have been living long time in the five districts. The instruments used in this research are questionnaire and interview. Questionnaire is used to find out their daily attitude in communication and to gather the data about the Acehnese speakers on retainability of their vernacular language as such what language they use in the communications and interaction with their husband or wife, their children, their brothers and sisters, their neighbors, and their colleagues. Meanwhile, interview used to find out the positive and negative attitude in obtaining more completed data, deeper, and more accurately about attitudes which carry both positive influences and also negative ones, which affect to the retainability of Acehnese language. The intra-marriage family, the attitudes towards the Acehnese language, and the domains are the factors which enhance the language retainability. The dominant factors are the intra-marriage family, their positive attitudes towards their vernacular language and their domains are very possibly to maintain Acehnese language.

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ii ABSTRAK

Sahputra Hadi. Nomor Pendaftaran: 809125007. Kemampuan Pemertahanan kembali Bahasa Aceh oleh Penuturnya di Pesisir Pantai Timur Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan 2013.

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang kemampuan pemertahanan atau pemeliharaan kembali bahasa Aceh oleh penuturnya, khususnya di lima kecamatan pesisir pantai timur kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Desain penelitian yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yang mengkaji tentang sikap para penutur bahasa Aceh dalam kemampuan pemertahanan atau pemeliharaan kembali bahasa Aceh oleh penuturnya. Subjek penelitian ini adalah enam puluh penutur bahasa Aceh perkawinan sesuku dan antar suku. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa angket dan wawancara. Angket digunakan untuk mengetahui sikap mereka sehari-hari dalam berkomunikasi dan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang penutur bahasa Aceh dalam kemampuan pemertahanan atau pemeliharaan kembali bahasa daerah mereka seperti bahasa apa yang mereka gunakan dalam berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan suami dan istri mereka, anak-anak mereka, saudara dan saudari mereka, jiran mereka, dan teman sekerja mereka. Sedangkan wawancara digunakan untuk mengetahui sikap positif dan negatif dalam memperoleh data-data yang lebih lengkap, lebih mendalam, dan lebih akurat mengenai sikap-sikap yang membawa dampak positif juga dampak negatif yang berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan pemertahanan atau pemeliharaan kembali bahasa Aceh. Perkawinan sesuku, sikap terhadap bahasa Aceh tersebut, dan daerah adalah faktor yang mempertinggi pemertahanan bahasa. Faktor yang berpengaruh adalah perkawinan sesuku, sikap positif terhadap bahasa daerah mereka, dan wilayah adalah sangat memungkinkan untuk mempertahankan bahasa Aceh.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise is only to Allàh S.W.T. Lord of the universe. By His blessing the researcher could finish this thesis.

Recognizing that nothing is achieved alone, the researcher wishes to thank to a lot of people and also institutions that already have helped make this thesis. First and foremost, he would like to express his deep sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., his first and second advisers, for their valuable comments and advice since the beginning of the draft. He would also like to highlight their patience, encouragement and support during all stages of the study.

He would also like to thank all the experience lecturers, the head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the director and vice director of Postgraduate School of State University of Medan.

Thanks are due to his proposal reviewers and thesis examiners who provide him with the most appropriate and valuable commentaries, and informative suggestions.

He would very much like to express his special thanks and appreciation to Bapak Aminuddin, S.Sos, the District Head of Tanjung Beringin in Serdang Bedagai Regency, for his essential support and recommendation.

A special thanks to the Head of Acehnese Association (Aceh Sepakat) and Himpunan Keluarga Aceh (HIPKA) in the five districts of Serdang Bedagai Regency, who(m) helped and supported him to make the research on maintainability of Acehnese by its speakers of a wide range of many villages in Serdang Bedagai regency as he researched this thesis. Furthermore, he also would like to thank all the informants of

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Acehnese speakers who bigheartedly consume their time and contributed him with vital information for analysis. This hard work is also devoted to them, for it is their language, attitudes and views which they have attempted to faithfully reflect to.

Last but not least, on a personal level, he would like to extend his sincerest love and deepest gratitude to his beloved wife; Hj. Zulfikar Faridah Hasibuan, S.E. and both of his sons; Muhammad Arif Hadi and Muhammad Salman Alfariz Hadi for their truthful prayers days and nights.

Medan, 22nd August 2013 The Researcher

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Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. v

LIST OF TABLES……… viii

LIST OF FIGURES………. xi

LIST OF APPENDICES………. xii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of the Study……… 1

1.2The Problems of the Study………. 6

1.3The Objective of the Study……….… 6

1.4The Scope of the Study……….. 6

1.5The Significance of the Study……… 7

1.6The Clarification of Terminologies………. 8

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The Language as Human Communication………. 10

2.2 The Language Retainability……….….. 13

2.3 The Factors of Language Maintenance………...… 15

2.3.1 The Language Use in Family Members Domain….. 16

2.3.2 The Language Use in Neighborhood Domain…….. 16

2.3.3 The Language Use in Workplace Domain……..…. 17

2.4 The Efforts in Retaining Languages………….………….. 18

2.4.1 The Vitality of Local Languages (Vernaculars)…… 23

2.4.2 The Language Use in the Society………..…… 24

2.5 The Language Revitalization……… 25

2.6 The Attitudes of Acehnese Speakers in Retaining Acehnese Language………..………..… 26

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2.8 The Language Identity in Language Retainability……... 29

2.9 The Level of Language Endangerment and Language Attrition……… 30

2.10 The Acehnese Language………...………... 33

2.10.1 The Acehnese Language at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency……….. 35

2.10.2 The Acehnese People at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency………..… 36

2.11 The Relevant Studies………... 37

2.12 The Conceptual Framework……… 39

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design……… 41

3.2 Subjects of the Study………... 42

3.3 Technique for Collecting Data………. 43

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis………. 44

3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study……….….. 45

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Data Analysis……….… 47

4.1.1 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese Language in Pantai Cermin District………….. 53

4.1.2 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese Language in Perbaungan District…………..… 62

4.1.3 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese Language in Teluk Mengkudu District…….… 70

4.1.4 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese Language in Tanjung Beringin District………. 74

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4.1.5 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese

Language in Bandar Khalipah District…….…. 80

4.2 The Findings……….………. 87

4.3 The Discussion………... 88

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions……… 93

5.2 Suggestions………. 94

REFERENCES………. 95

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viii

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1. Some of the possible benefits of minority language

maintenance………..….. 22

Table 2. Community members’ attitudes toward their own languages…… 28

Table 3. Degrees of language endangerment ………... 31

Table 4. The recapitulation of the population of Acehnese………..… 37

Table 5. The ethnic groups in Serdang Bedagai regency……….….… 37

Table 6. The questionnaire option score………..….. 45

Table 7. The Level of Fathers’ and Mothers’ Attitudes in Retaining Acehnese………. 45

Table 8. Father’s Attitude to Retainability of Acehnese Speakers in Core Intra-marriage Family………... 47

Table 9. Mother’s Attitude to Retainability of Acehnese Speakers in Core Intra-marriage Family………..…... 49

Table 10. Father’s Attitude to Retainability of Acehnese Speakers in Core Intra-marriage Family………... 50

Table 11. Mother’s Attitude to Retainability of Acehnese Speakers in Core Intra-marriage Family………... 52

Table 12. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Pantai Cermin District………... 62

Table 13. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Perbaungan District………... 69

Table 14. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Teluk Mengkudu District………...… 74

Table 15. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Tanjung Beringin District……….…. 80

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Table 16. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in

Bandar Khalipah District……… 86 Table 17. The Data from Core Family Domain of Intra-marriage

Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……...… 101 Table 18. The Data from Work Place Domain of Intra-marriage

Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……...… 102

Table 19. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……..… 103

Table 20. The Data from Workplace Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency………... 104

Table 21. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……….…. 105 Table 22. The Data from Work Place Domain of Intra-marriage

Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……... 106

Table 23. The Male of Intramarriage Acehnese Family Speakers’

Identities……….… 107

Table 24. The Female of Intramarriage Acehnese Family Speakers’

Identities………. 108

Table 25. The Intermarriage Acehnese Family Speakers’ Identities…... 109

Table 26. The Data from Extended Family Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of

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Table 27. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of Acehnese

in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency………....… 111 Table 28. The Data from Work Place Domain of Inter-marriage

Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Maintainability

of Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency.…..…. 112 Table 29. The Data from Core Family Domain of Inter-marriage

Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability

of Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency………. 113 Table 30. The Data from Extended Family Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of

Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……….…… 114 Table 31. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……… 115 Table 32. The Data from Work Place Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of

Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……… 116 Table 33. The Male of Intra-marriage Acehnese Family Speakers’ Identites…. 117 Table 34. The Female of Intra-marriage Acehnese Family Speakers’ Identities… 118 Table 36. The Male of Inter-marriage Acehnese Family Speakers’Identites…….119 Table 36. The Female of Inter-marriage Acehnese Family Speakers’ Identities...120

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. The occurrences and non occurrences of language shift... 29

Figure 2. Family tree showing various levels of branching as their

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1. List of maps ……….... 121

Appendix 2. Kuesioner penelitian untuk penutur bahasa Aceh

(Ayah) ……..……… 127

Appendix 3. Kuesioner penelitian untuk penutur bahasa Aceh

(Ibu) ……….……… 133

Appendix 4. Interview script ………..……….. 139

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Naturally, both human beings and their languages are as one unit that cannot be separated. A language is so important that it is supposed to be a mean of communication in a society. The nature may give opportunity for both of them to increase or to decrease in their important performance in the society. The language may use a concept system which donates the community to interpret reality. The complexity of the language may bring in different views. The views may be different so the different views on the reality can bring in different perceptions from many aspects of the lives in the society. Many aspects of the lives in the society have been in progress when the society still does their daily activities, includes the language use in the society. Progress in understanding of many aspects of the lives especially the language use may result in the complexity of reality because the developing linguistic diversity which has given the characterization o f the human beings. Languages are supposed to be the important part of lives in the society which transmits the values. Every language which is used in the society shows the important thing which makes the people understand the values. UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Language (2003:3) defines diversity language is essential to the human heritage. Each and every language embodies the unique cultural wisdom of a people. The loss of any language is thus a loss for all humanity. So, language retainability is necessary to do in order to avoid losing of any languages and also humanity. Moreover, Goa (2006:58) states that successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if human kind and society are to survive. In addition, Jandt (2003:40) states

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that language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and has usually to be used to refer beyond itself.

As long as a society still uses their languages as their prestige and heritage from one generation to another so the language also still survives in their lives. Consequently, a language will be in danger when the community does not use their own language. It is due to the factors that occur in a certain community. It possibly happens to bring some issues on the language endangerment to some communities and to their languages, even local languages in Indonesia. Darhemi (2002) adds that the issue is devoted to problems of endangered languages, particularly endangered languages spoken by minorities, focusing on the sociolinguistic study of the causes, circumstance and result of the endangerment, and other structural and social process related to endangered languages and to their survival. Also Koenig (2002) states that it attempts to analyze the causes, circumstances and results of language endangerment as well as the social conditions and effects of political intervention in favor of survival of endangered minority languages.

Some language experts report that ten local minority languages in the eastern part of Indonesia have been in danger lately. It is similar to what Ethnologue, Lewis and Simon in Obiero (2010: 201) state that of the 6,909 living languages now listed in Ethnologue, 457 are identified as Nearly Extinct, a category which represents a severe level of endangerment.

There is no guarantee that all languages in the world can survive along with their speakers. The expanding era of this globalization, with a small group of nations dominating the scene, has got an adverse effect on the language itself of a community.

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The positive side of the effect, such as: good employment, standard of living, and the negative one of the effect, such as: war, politics, catastrophe, human‟s interference in some cases, have given conspiracy in making some groups socio-economically dominant, and also as a consequence promoted the cultures and languages of these groups over those of other, non dominant groups, Hudson (1985: 81) defines that culture as the kind of knowledge which we learn from other people, either by direct instruction or by watching their behavior. And Crystal (2003); Nettle and Romaine (2000), to such extent that the existence of a large number of smaller languages is endangered. In addit ion, Deumert (2003: 461) stated that case studies of the interactions of these social and political ideologies in a given society, and, in particular, their relationship.

With the exception of the contributions in Brenzinger in Mufwene (1998: 1), which deal mostly with the expansion of some African languages at that expense of other indigenous languages, most of these publications decry the powerlessness of the colonized populations and the fact that colonization has left them no choice but allegedly to lose pride in, and shift from, their ancestral languages.

As the people of Acehnese who use the language of Acehnese have become decreased in number at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency, this condition makes that the Acehnese language in there has become rarely heard to be spoken to or even rarely used in that community. Crystal (2003: 12) stated that the presumption is that any language which has a very small number of speakers is bound to be trouble, and common sense tells us that this should be the case.

The condition, is perhaps, only in places where the circumstances are especially favorable could such a language survive. So, notwithstanding the exceptions, most people

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would accept that a language spoken by less than 100 (one hundred) is in a very dangerous situation. They would then probably think in terms of „sliding scale‟ whereby languages with less than 500 (five hundred) would be somewhat less endangered, those with 1000 (one thousand) even less so, and so on. In addition, Lauder (2012) the Professor of Linguistic expert from University of Indonesia said that the speakers of a language are less than 1.000 it is regarded as the classification of endangered language due to it will be difficult to be maintained if the speakers of the language are very few. What is unclear is the level at which would stop automatically thinking in terms of danger. Yamamoto in Crystal (2000: 14) also recognizes this, „the number of speakers is an immediate index for its endangered situation‟.

Dendy Sugono‟s comments on the National Linguistic Congress XII in Solo (September 4, 2007) beside that there have been 33 indigenous local languages becomes endangered (threatened). This is as the result from the researches of some academic in any universities. Also Asim Gunarwan, (2007), the Professor of Indonesia University, adds that the endangered (threatened) languages happen not only to the minority local languages which the language users are in small number but also happen to majority local languages, such as: Javanese, Balinese, and Malay. He says that it happens due to the mastery of the local languages are not considered given any advantages. Contrary to mastering foreign languages (second languages) where the people who master will obtain such a kind of advantages or benefits. Nevertheless, he adds that maintaining the existence of local threatened languages is a must because those things are much related with the culture preservation. If the local languages become extinct, so the culture will also be gone.

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Acehnese language is one of the vernacular languages at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency; the local Acehnese language is rarely heard in one Acehnese family‟s life, typically among the Acehnese children as they are in the group of a society, such as: in neighborhood, markets, hospitals, banks, schools, offices, and other common places. The local Malay language or Javanese language, as the dominant vernacular languages in that place occur as the daily languages for many people of different backgrounds, includes the Acehnese children who may shift their language due to some typical reasons. This language phenomenon is not regarded as something which means usual matter in a daily life. It really becomes a serious matter or a problem for those who know that language is an identity for any people, typically for Acehnese people and even to their generations as the heir of their own language.

To avoid language shift or even language endangerment it is essential that language maintenance or language revitalization be applied soon. Language must be retained and maintained because language is as a mean of language users‟ identity. Acehnese language is a symbol identity for Acehnese people. As it is stated by Holmes (2001:63) where language is considered as important symbol of a minority group‟s identity, the language is likely to be maintained longer.

The efforts in retaining a language in order not to shift which may possibly cause language endangerment are not easy to do these days. It is due to the language contact because the high of the mobilization of the people. That‟s why it is needed such good of strategy to solve it. The strategy is the policy which will be given to the conceptual decision or political decision, to solve the language problem at the national level so that it

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can be retained or revitalized. A language together with its speakers may exist in a community because of its importance.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated are formulated as follow:

1. To what extent is the retainability of the Acehnese speakers to their language? 2. How is the attitude of Acehnese speakers to maintain Acehnese language at the

eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency?

3. Why do the Acehnese speakers have such attitude to their language?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are stated clearly as follow:

1) to find out to what extent is the retainability of the Acehnese speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency,

2) to find out how the attitude of the Acehnese speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency,

3) to explore why Acehnese speakers have such an attitude to their language.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is to find out the attitude of Acehnese Speakers on the language retainability of Acehnese at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency. The language use is in Acehnese speakers‟ (parents‟) domain. Each domain will be divided

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into daily use and special use language. Daily use language is the language for communication among them for their daily needs while special use language is the one for special needs other than daily needs such as talking on a certain event.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are practically expected to be useful as an input for the speakers of Acehnese to be aware of their language in multilingualism situation.

Theoretically, the findings will be a real fact of present situation of the Acehnese speakers in Serdang Bedagai regency especially in the eastern coast of it. The findings will be a further study of many cases to such extent for the language planners who are interested in this study of language retainability. Such of the findings will be useful as an inspiration for the linguists or language planners to set up and to be aware of the condition of the language. In addition, the findings will be more useful for the linguists and language planners to know the disadvantages of the language users‟ attitudes to their own language which should be retained.

Practically, the findings will be as an input for the Acehnese speakers to be aware of their language in multi dimension. Every man uses a language to interact and communicate in the daily lives. So, without language people cannot communicate and interact each other. Acehnese language is one of vernacular languages, which is very important part for the Acehnese people and other people so that it is essential to make the language live longer and it is also important that the language be retained and revitalized.

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1.6 The Clarification of Terminologies

1) Attitudes

In Language Planning, attitudes to a language have two categories, namely: positive attitude and negative one to a language. Thus, someone‟s attitudes to his or her language may influence the condition of the language. When a group of language speakers of a community has positive or good attitudes to their language, the language may exist, survive, increase, and it may be used longer in daily communication and interaction. On the contrary, the community who has negative or bad attitudes to their language, the language may decrease, shifted, unsafe, not be used any longer and so forth. In this case, the researcher has made the limitation of the attitudes of parents are defined as how are the parents‟ behavior towards their language of Acehnese at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency.

2) Retainability

In one hand, the terminologies of retainability and maintainability are similar in their meaning and purpose, that the process of retaining or maintaining of a language. According to Trask (1998:126) he states that language maintenance or language retainability is the continued use of a language by its speakers, especially in circumstances in which it is under pressure from another language; the opposite of language loss or language death.

In the other hand, the terminologies of retainability and maintainability are a little bit difference. According to Saragih (2013), the maintainability of a language is the process of revitalize a language in its own area, for example the process of maintaining Acehnese language in Aceh or Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) is called

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maintainability. But the process of maintaining Acehnese language in Serdang Bedagai regency or in other places (out side of Aceh or Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) is called retainability. So to avoing misunderstanding, the terminologies of retainability and maintainability have the same meaning and purpose but have different place of the language itself.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study focuses on the retainability of Acehnese by its speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the retainability of Acehnese language by it speakers, their attitudes to their language and why do the Acehnese speakers have such attitude to their language. Based on the analysis, some important conclusions can be drawn as the following:

1. The retainability of Acehnese language in Serdang Bedagai regency, particularly in the five districts at the eastern coasts, is urgent to do because it is found that parents as the Acehnese speakers have good ability to maintain the Acehnese in their family, on the other hand, their children as the generation have less ability to maintain their Acehnese language. There is a tendency that the Acehnese children, is in the situation of unsafe because there is not any intergenerational transmission of Acehnese language from the parents to their children. It happened for both the intra-marriage of Acehnese family and the inter-intra-marriage of Acehnese family. The language, which should be used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.

2. The Acehnese speakers (fathers and mothers) from intra-marriage family have better attitudes than those of inter-marriage family at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency.

3. The Acehnese speakers (fathers and mothers) from intra-marriage family and inter-marriage family at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency

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have such kind of attitude because of the pressure of majority vernacular languages, such as: Malay language, Javanese language, and Indonesian language as the national or the official language.

5.2 Suggestions

It is important to give suggestions to people who concern with Acehnese language to maintain the Acehnese language by giving some supports or good motivations:

1. It is suggested that the speakers of Acehnese; parents in Serdang Bedagai regency, typically in the five district at the eastern coast of it should maintain their good attitude to vitalize their language which is used in daily communication. Good motivations to use Acehnese language by their generations are more important for transmitting Acehnese language itself.

2. It is suggested that the government should have good government policy in education to give extra lessons to elementary schools and junior high schools, such as: local languages (vernacular languages) which are very important to support the local language vitality.

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