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AN ANALYSIS OF HEDGES IN WRITTEN TEXTS OF
THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF
PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013
By:
ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI
NIM 200932114
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
i
ii
AN ANALYSIS OF HEDGES IN WRITTEN TEXTS OF
THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF
PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013
SKRIPSI
Presented to the University of Muria Kudus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program
In the Department of English Education
By
ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI
NIM 200932114
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
iii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
Everything is begun by the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful
Make a great job with bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Man jadda wa jadda
Faith, effort, prayer, and love are my motivation
Actually there is an easy after difficulty (QS Al – Insiroh:6)
DEDICATION
This skripsi is dedicated to:
Allah SWT the migthty
Her beloved mom Mrs. Murwati (Alm)
and daddy Mr. Heriyono who always
give their love, attention, pray, and
everything for her
Her dearest “Panda” who always faithful
loves and support her
Her beloved friends “Eleveners plus”
who always help for their skripsi
iv
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Allah SWT the God of universe for blessing and guidance so
that the writer finish her skripsi entitled “An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts
of The Second Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013”.
The writer realizes that she would not be able to finish her skripsi without
the guidances, advices, suggestions and encouragements from many persons.
Through this occasion, the writer would like to express the sincere gratitude and
appreciation for many people in completing her skripsi. They are:
1. Dr. Drs. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd, as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty University of Muria Kudus.
2. Diah Kurniati, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the Head of English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty University of Muria Kudus.
3. Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd as the first advisor who has given guidance and
suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi.
4. Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the second advisor who has given guidance
and suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi.
5. Her beloved parents, and all of her families who always motivate and pray for
the writer for finishing this skripsi.
6. Her dearest “Panda” who always give the writer the greatest love and support
to do the best in this skripsi.
vii
7. Her beloved friends “E+” (Eleveners Plus) who assist and back up the writer to
compose this skripsi.
Finally, the writer believes that there is nothing perfect in the world and
this skripsi is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms are
always needed for the betterment. Hopefully, this skripsi will be useful and give
benefit for herself and everyone especially in the field of English teaching
learning.
Kudus, September 2013
The writer
Astri Dewi. M
NIM. 200932114
viii
ABSTRACT
Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts of The
Second Semester Students of Paragraph Wring Class of Muria
Kudus University in Academic Year 2013. Skripsi. English
Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
Muria Kudus University. Advisor: (1) Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2)
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
Key Words : Analysis, Hedges, Written Texts
Writing is way of expression of communication. Writing is considered as
the most difficult skill to learn.The purposes of writing are to express one’s self,
to provide information for one’s reader, to persuade the reader, and to create a
literary work. In written texts usually hedges is used. It is because of hedges is the
expression of tentativness possibility in language use to reduce the strength of
statement.
In this research, there are two objectives of the research. They are: (i) to
identify the types of hedges used in written texts of the second semester students
of Muria Kudus University in the academic year 2013. (ii) To know the function
of types of hedges in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus
University in the academic year 2013.
The design of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of
this research is the types of hedges. Meanwhile, the data source is written texts of
the second semester students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in academic year 2013.
Based on the analysis of students’ texts, the writer found (i) The frequency
of the types of hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of
Muria Kudus University in academic year 2013 are modal auxiliary verbs, modal
lexical verbs, approximate degree of quantity and time , adjectival, adverbial and
nominal modal phrase, introductory phrases, “if” clause, compound hedges. With
the frequency 127,13 , 69, 34, 22, 22, 16 (ii) The frequency of the function of
hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus
University in academic year 2013 are accuracy oriented (attribute), accuracy
oriented (reliability), writer oriented, and reader oriented. With the frequency 62,
220, 5, 34.
Relating to the analyzing of hedges, the writer suggests that the students
should be able to understand and use hedges in making claim or statement.the
lecturers of English Education Department must teach students how to identify
and use hedges devices effectively in their writing and properly not only in
making English Skripsi, but also in the other English written texts. This research
can be used in the contribution for further researcher concerning hedges.
ix
ABSTRAKSI
Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. Analisa Hedges di Dalam Teks Tertulis di
Mahasiswa-Mahasiswi Semester Dua di Kelas Menulis Paragraf di
Universitas Muria Kudus di Tahun Akademik 2013. Skripsi.
Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan
Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muria Kudus. Pembimbing: (1)
Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
Kata Kunci : Analisa, Hedges, Teks Tertulis
Menulis adalah cara berekspresi dalam komunikasi. Menulis dianggap
sebagai keterampilan yang paling sulit untuk belajar. Tujuan penulisan adalah
untuk mengekspresikan diri sendiri, untuk memberikan informasi bagi pembaca,
untuk membujuk pembaca, dan menciptakan karya sastra. Dalam teks tertulis
biasanya hedges digunakan. Hal ini karena hedges adalah ekspresi kemungkinan
sementara dalam penggunaan bahasa untuk mengurangi kekuatan pernyataan.
Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah: (i) untuk
mengidentifikasi hedges yang digunakan dalam teks-tek stertulis dari mahasiswa
semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013. (ii) Untuk
mengetahui fungsidari hedges nilai dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa
semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013.
Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data di
penelitian ini adalah tipe hedges. Sedangkan sumber datanya adalah teks tertulis
dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik2013.
Berdasarkan analisis teks siswa, penulis menemukan(i) Frekuensi jenis
hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II
Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013 adalahkata kerja bantu
modal, modal leksikalverb, derajat perkiraan kuantitas dan waktu, kata sifat, dan
adverbianominal frase modal, frase pengantar, klausa "jika", lindung nilai
senyawa. Dengan frekuensi 127, 13, 69, 34, 22, 20, 16. (ii) Frekuensi fungsi
hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II di
kelas menulis paragraf Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013
adalah akurasi berorientasi (atribut), akurasi berorientasi (reliabilitas) , orientasi
penulis, dan orientasi pembaca. Dengan frekuensi 66, 220, 7, 32.
Berhubungan dengan analisis hedges, penulis menyarankan bahwa para
siswa harus dapat memahami dan menggunakan hedges dalam membuat klaim
atau pernyataan. Dosen Jurusan Bahasa Inggris Pendidikan harus mengajarkan
siswa bagaimana untuk mengidentifikasi dan menggunakan perangkat hedges
secara efektif dalam tulisan mereka dan benar tidak hanya dalam membuat skripsi
inggris, tetapi juga dalam menulis teks bahasa inggris. Penelitian ini dapat
digunakan dalam kontribusi bagi peneliti lebih lanjut mengenai hedges.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER .........................................................................................................
LOGO ............................................................................................................
TITLE ...........................................................................................................
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ....................................................................
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL ..........................................................................
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL .......................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
ABSTRAKSI.................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
x
xi
xiv
xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Research .................................................................
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem......................................................................
4
1.3
Objective of the Research .....................................................................
5
1.4
Significance of the Research ................................................................
5
1.5
Scope of the Research ...........................................................................
5
1.6
Operational Definition ..........................................................................
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Hedges .................................................................................................
7
2.1.1 Definition of Hedges.............................................................................
7
2.1.2 Types of Hedges ..................................................................................
8
2.1.3 Functions of Hedges .............................................................................
11
2.2
Writing .................................................................................................
13
2.3
Paragraph Writing Class .......................................................................
14
xi
2.4
Argumentative Texts ...........................................................................
14
2.5
Review of Previous Research ...............................................................
15
2.6
Theoretical Framework .........................................................................
16
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1
Design of the Research..........................................................................
18
3.2
Data and Data Source ............................................................................
19
3.3
Data Collection......................................................................................
19
3.4
Data Analysis ........................................................................................
20
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH
4.1
Research Findings .................................................................................
22
4.1.1 The Types of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year
2013 .......................................................................................................
22
4.1.1.1 The Numbering Types of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second
Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in
Academic Year 2013 ............................................................................
43
4.1.2 The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
xii
44
4.1.1.1 The Numbering Function of Hedges in Written Texts of The
Second Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
62
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1
The Type of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
63
5.1.1 Modal Auxiliary Verb ........................................................................
64
5.1.2 Modal Lexical Verb ...........................................................................
66
5.1.3 Approximate Degree of Quantity and Time .......................................
67
5.1.4 Adjectival, Adverbial and Modal Phrase ...........................................
68
5.1.5 Introductory Phrase ............................................................................
69
5.1.6 If Clause .............................................................................................
70
5.1.7 Compound Hedges .............................................................................
71
5.2
The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year
2013 ......................................................................................................
72
5.2.1 Accuracy Oriented sub unit (Attribute) ..............................................
72
5.2.2 Accuracy Oriented (Reliability) .........................................................
73
5.2.3 Writer Oriented ..................................................................................
74
Reader Oriented ..................................................................................
75
5.2.4
xiii
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1
Conclusion ............................................................................................
76
6.2
Suggestion .............................................................................................
77
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 78
APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 79
STATEMENT............................................................................................... 99
CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................. 100
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
4.1.1
Types Found in The Texts 1 ..............................................................
24
4.1.2
Types Found in The Texts 2 ..............................................................
24
4.1.3
Types Found in The Texts 3 ..............................................................
25
4.1.4
Types Found in The Texts 4 ..............................................................
26
4.1.5
Types Found in The Texts5 ...............................................................
27
4.1.6
Types Found in The Texts 6 ..............................................................
27
4.1.7
Types Found in The Texts 7 ..............................................................
28
4.1.8
Types Found in The Texts 8 ..............................................................
29
4.1.9
Types Found in The Texts 9 ..............................................................
30
4.1.10 Types Found in The Texts 10 ............................................................
30
4.1.11 Types Found in The Texts 11 ............................................................
32
4.1.12 Types Found in The Texts 12 ............................................................
33
4.1.13 Types Found in The Texts 13 ............................................................
34
4.1.14 Types Found in The Texts 14 ............................................................
36
4.1.15 Types Found in The Texts 15 ............................................................
37
4.1.16 Types Found in The Texts 16 ............................................................
37
4.1.17 Types Found in The Texts 17 ............................................................
38
4.1.18 Types Found in The Texts 18 ............................................................
39
4.1.19 Types Found in The Texts 19 ............................................................
40
4.1.20 Types Found in The Texts 20 ............................................................
41
xv
4.2.1
Function Found in TheTexts 1. ..........................................................
45
4.2.2
Function Found in The Texts 2 ..........................................................
46
4.2.3
Function Found in The Texts 3 ..........................................................
46
4.2.4
Function Found in The Texts 4 ..........................................................
47
4.2.5
Function Found in The Texts 5 .........................................................
48
4.2.6
Function Found in TheTexts 6 ...........................................................
46
4.2.7
Function Found in The Texts 7 ..........................................................
46
4.2.8
Function Found in The Texts 8 ..........................................................
50
4.2.9
Function Found in The Texts 9 ..........................................................
51
4.2.10 Function Found in The Texts 10 ........................................................
51
4.2.11 Function Found in The Texts 11 ........................................................
53
4.2.12 Function Found in The Texts 12 ........................................................
53
4.2.13 Function Found in The Texts 13 ........................................................
55
4.2.14 Function Found in The Texts 14 ........................................................
56
4.2.15 Function Found in The Texts 15 ........................................................
56
4.2.16 Function Found in The Texts 16 ........................................................
57
4.2.17 Function Found in The Texts 17 ........................................................
58
4.2.18 Function Found in The Texts 18 ........................................................
56
4.2.19 Function Found in The Texts 19 ........................................................
59
4.2.20 Function Found in The Texts 20 ........................................................
60
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1. The Students’ Argumentative Texts of Paragraph Writing A Class of
Muria Kudus University...........................................................................
xvii
78
THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF
PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013
By:
ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI
NIM 200932114
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
i
ii
AN ANALYSIS OF HEDGES IN WRITTEN TEXTS OF
THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF
PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013
SKRIPSI
Presented to the University of Muria Kudus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program
In the Department of English Education
By
ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI
NIM 200932114
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
iii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
Everything is begun by the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful
Make a great job with bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Man jadda wa jadda
Faith, effort, prayer, and love are my motivation
Actually there is an easy after difficulty (QS Al – Insiroh:6)
DEDICATION
This skripsi is dedicated to:
Allah SWT the migthty
Her beloved mom Mrs. Murwati (Alm)
and daddy Mr. Heriyono who always
give their love, attention, pray, and
everything for her
Her dearest “Panda” who always faithful
loves and support her
Her beloved friends “Eleveners plus”
who always help for their skripsi
iv
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Allah SWT the God of universe for blessing and guidance so
that the writer finish her skripsi entitled “An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts
of The Second Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013”.
The writer realizes that she would not be able to finish her skripsi without
the guidances, advices, suggestions and encouragements from many persons.
Through this occasion, the writer would like to express the sincere gratitude and
appreciation for many people in completing her skripsi. They are:
1. Dr. Drs. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd, as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty University of Muria Kudus.
2. Diah Kurniati, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the Head of English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty University of Muria Kudus.
3. Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd as the first advisor who has given guidance and
suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi.
4. Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the second advisor who has given guidance
and suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi.
5. Her beloved parents, and all of her families who always motivate and pray for
the writer for finishing this skripsi.
6. Her dearest “Panda” who always give the writer the greatest love and support
to do the best in this skripsi.
vii
7. Her beloved friends “E+” (Eleveners Plus) who assist and back up the writer to
compose this skripsi.
Finally, the writer believes that there is nothing perfect in the world and
this skripsi is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms are
always needed for the betterment. Hopefully, this skripsi will be useful and give
benefit for herself and everyone especially in the field of English teaching
learning.
Kudus, September 2013
The writer
Astri Dewi. M
NIM. 200932114
viii
ABSTRACT
Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts of The
Second Semester Students of Paragraph Wring Class of Muria
Kudus University in Academic Year 2013. Skripsi. English
Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
Muria Kudus University. Advisor: (1) Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2)
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
Key Words : Analysis, Hedges, Written Texts
Writing is way of expression of communication. Writing is considered as
the most difficult skill to learn.The purposes of writing are to express one’s self,
to provide information for one’s reader, to persuade the reader, and to create a
literary work. In written texts usually hedges is used. It is because of hedges is the
expression of tentativness possibility in language use to reduce the strength of
statement.
In this research, there are two objectives of the research. They are: (i) to
identify the types of hedges used in written texts of the second semester students
of Muria Kudus University in the academic year 2013. (ii) To know the function
of types of hedges in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus
University in the academic year 2013.
The design of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of
this research is the types of hedges. Meanwhile, the data source is written texts of
the second semester students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in academic year 2013.
Based on the analysis of students’ texts, the writer found (i) The frequency
of the types of hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of
Muria Kudus University in academic year 2013 are modal auxiliary verbs, modal
lexical verbs, approximate degree of quantity and time , adjectival, adverbial and
nominal modal phrase, introductory phrases, “if” clause, compound hedges. With
the frequency 127,13 , 69, 34, 22, 22, 16 (ii) The frequency of the function of
hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus
University in academic year 2013 are accuracy oriented (attribute), accuracy
oriented (reliability), writer oriented, and reader oriented. With the frequency 62,
220, 5, 34.
Relating to the analyzing of hedges, the writer suggests that the students
should be able to understand and use hedges in making claim or statement.the
lecturers of English Education Department must teach students how to identify
and use hedges devices effectively in their writing and properly not only in
making English Skripsi, but also in the other English written texts. This research
can be used in the contribution for further researcher concerning hedges.
ix
ABSTRAKSI
Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. Analisa Hedges di Dalam Teks Tertulis di
Mahasiswa-Mahasiswi Semester Dua di Kelas Menulis Paragraf di
Universitas Muria Kudus di Tahun Akademik 2013. Skripsi.
Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan
Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muria Kudus. Pembimbing: (1)
Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
Kata Kunci : Analisa, Hedges, Teks Tertulis
Menulis adalah cara berekspresi dalam komunikasi. Menulis dianggap
sebagai keterampilan yang paling sulit untuk belajar. Tujuan penulisan adalah
untuk mengekspresikan diri sendiri, untuk memberikan informasi bagi pembaca,
untuk membujuk pembaca, dan menciptakan karya sastra. Dalam teks tertulis
biasanya hedges digunakan. Hal ini karena hedges adalah ekspresi kemungkinan
sementara dalam penggunaan bahasa untuk mengurangi kekuatan pernyataan.
Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah: (i) untuk
mengidentifikasi hedges yang digunakan dalam teks-tek stertulis dari mahasiswa
semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013. (ii) Untuk
mengetahui fungsidari hedges nilai dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa
semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013.
Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data di
penelitian ini adalah tipe hedges. Sedangkan sumber datanya adalah teks tertulis
dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik2013.
Berdasarkan analisis teks siswa, penulis menemukan(i) Frekuensi jenis
hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II
Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013 adalahkata kerja bantu
modal, modal leksikalverb, derajat perkiraan kuantitas dan waktu, kata sifat, dan
adverbianominal frase modal, frase pengantar, klausa "jika", lindung nilai
senyawa. Dengan frekuensi 127, 13, 69, 34, 22, 20, 16. (ii) Frekuensi fungsi
hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II di
kelas menulis paragraf Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013
adalah akurasi berorientasi (atribut), akurasi berorientasi (reliabilitas) , orientasi
penulis, dan orientasi pembaca. Dengan frekuensi 66, 220, 7, 32.
Berhubungan dengan analisis hedges, penulis menyarankan bahwa para
siswa harus dapat memahami dan menggunakan hedges dalam membuat klaim
atau pernyataan. Dosen Jurusan Bahasa Inggris Pendidikan harus mengajarkan
siswa bagaimana untuk mengidentifikasi dan menggunakan perangkat hedges
secara efektif dalam tulisan mereka dan benar tidak hanya dalam membuat skripsi
inggris, tetapi juga dalam menulis teks bahasa inggris. Penelitian ini dapat
digunakan dalam kontribusi bagi peneliti lebih lanjut mengenai hedges.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER .........................................................................................................
LOGO ............................................................................................................
TITLE ...........................................................................................................
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ....................................................................
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL ..........................................................................
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL .......................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
ABSTRAKSI.................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
x
xi
xiv
xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Research .................................................................
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem......................................................................
4
1.3
Objective of the Research .....................................................................
5
1.4
Significance of the Research ................................................................
5
1.5
Scope of the Research ...........................................................................
5
1.6
Operational Definition ..........................................................................
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Hedges .................................................................................................
7
2.1.1 Definition of Hedges.............................................................................
7
2.1.2 Types of Hedges ..................................................................................
8
2.1.3 Functions of Hedges .............................................................................
11
2.2
Writing .................................................................................................
13
2.3
Paragraph Writing Class .......................................................................
14
xi
2.4
Argumentative Texts ...........................................................................
14
2.5
Review of Previous Research ...............................................................
15
2.6
Theoretical Framework .........................................................................
16
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1
Design of the Research..........................................................................
18
3.2
Data and Data Source ............................................................................
19
3.3
Data Collection......................................................................................
19
3.4
Data Analysis ........................................................................................
20
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH
4.1
Research Findings .................................................................................
22
4.1.1 The Types of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year
2013 .......................................................................................................
22
4.1.1.1 The Numbering Types of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second
Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in
Academic Year 2013 ............................................................................
43
4.1.2 The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
xii
44
4.1.1.1 The Numbering Function of Hedges in Written Texts of The
Second Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
62
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1
The Type of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus
University in Academic Year 2013 ......................................................
63
5.1.1 Modal Auxiliary Verb ........................................................................
64
5.1.2 Modal Lexical Verb ...........................................................................
66
5.1.3 Approximate Degree of Quantity and Time .......................................
67
5.1.4 Adjectival, Adverbial and Modal Phrase ...........................................
68
5.1.5 Introductory Phrase ............................................................................
69
5.1.6 If Clause .............................................................................................
70
5.1.7 Compound Hedges .............................................................................
71
5.2
The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second
Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year
2013 ......................................................................................................
72
5.2.1 Accuracy Oriented sub unit (Attribute) ..............................................
72
5.2.2 Accuracy Oriented (Reliability) .........................................................
73
5.2.3 Writer Oriented ..................................................................................
74
Reader Oriented ..................................................................................
75
5.2.4
xiii
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1
Conclusion ............................................................................................
76
6.2
Suggestion .............................................................................................
77
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 78
APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 79
STATEMENT............................................................................................... 99
CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................. 100
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
4.1.1
Types Found in The Texts 1 ..............................................................
24
4.1.2
Types Found in The Texts 2 ..............................................................
24
4.1.3
Types Found in The Texts 3 ..............................................................
25
4.1.4
Types Found in The Texts 4 ..............................................................
26
4.1.5
Types Found in The Texts5 ...............................................................
27
4.1.6
Types Found in The Texts 6 ..............................................................
27
4.1.7
Types Found in The Texts 7 ..............................................................
28
4.1.8
Types Found in The Texts 8 ..............................................................
29
4.1.9
Types Found in The Texts 9 ..............................................................
30
4.1.10 Types Found in The Texts 10 ............................................................
30
4.1.11 Types Found in The Texts 11 ............................................................
32
4.1.12 Types Found in The Texts 12 ............................................................
33
4.1.13 Types Found in The Texts 13 ............................................................
34
4.1.14 Types Found in The Texts 14 ............................................................
36
4.1.15 Types Found in The Texts 15 ............................................................
37
4.1.16 Types Found in The Texts 16 ............................................................
37
4.1.17 Types Found in The Texts 17 ............................................................
38
4.1.18 Types Found in The Texts 18 ............................................................
39
4.1.19 Types Found in The Texts 19 ............................................................
40
4.1.20 Types Found in The Texts 20 ............................................................
41
xv
4.2.1
Function Found in TheTexts 1. ..........................................................
45
4.2.2
Function Found in The Texts 2 ..........................................................
46
4.2.3
Function Found in The Texts 3 ..........................................................
46
4.2.4
Function Found in The Texts 4 ..........................................................
47
4.2.5
Function Found in The Texts 5 .........................................................
48
4.2.6
Function Found in TheTexts 6 ...........................................................
46
4.2.7
Function Found in The Texts 7 ..........................................................
46
4.2.8
Function Found in The Texts 8 ..........................................................
50
4.2.9
Function Found in The Texts 9 ..........................................................
51
4.2.10 Function Found in The Texts 10 ........................................................
51
4.2.11 Function Found in The Texts 11 ........................................................
53
4.2.12 Function Found in The Texts 12 ........................................................
53
4.2.13 Function Found in The Texts 13 ........................................................
55
4.2.14 Function Found in The Texts 14 ........................................................
56
4.2.15 Function Found in The Texts 15 ........................................................
56
4.2.16 Function Found in The Texts 16 ........................................................
57
4.2.17 Function Found in The Texts 17 ........................................................
58
4.2.18 Function Found in The Texts 18 ........................................................
56
4.2.19 Function Found in The Texts 19 ........................................................
59
4.2.20 Function Found in The Texts 20 ........................................................
60
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1. The Students’ Argumentative Texts of Paragraph Writing A Class of
Muria Kudus University...........................................................................
xvii
78