JURNAL SULUH FKIP NOMMENSEN VOL 1 NO 1 20144
1
2
ST U D E N T S’
A B IL IT Y
IN A V O ID IN G M IS P L A C E D ,
D A N G L IN G M O D IF IE R IN W R IT IN G P A R A G R A P H
B y . D r s . S a h l a n T a m p u b o l o n , M .H u m
(D o se n K o p e r tis d p k F K IP U n iv e r sita s H K B P N o m m e n se n M e d a n )
A b stra ct:
M isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g
k e sa la h a n
d a la m
m o d ifie r
p e n u lisa n
sebuah
dapat
d ia rtik a n
sebagai
p a ra g a ra f. M isp la c e d
k e sa la h a n d a la m
d a la m
b a h a sa In g g ris , se m e n ta ra d a n g lin g m o d ifie r d a p a t d ia rtik a n
y a n g se c a ra lo g is ta k b isa
phenom ena
d a p a t d ia rtik a n se b a g a i
su a tu
k a ta a ta u p ra sa
p e n u lisa n su a tu k a lim a t
sebuah
d a la m h a l p e n e m p a ta n k a ta , p ra sa
se b a g a i s u a tu
m e m b a ta si k a ta a ta u p ra sa la in d a la m
su a tu k a lim a t. D e s k rip tif k u a lita tif m e ru p a k a n d e sig n p e n e litia n y a n g d ip a k a i d a la m
p e n e litia n in i, se m e n ta ra
sa m p e l y a n g d ip a k a i se b a g a i o b je k p e n e litia n b e rju m la h
e n a m b e la s o ra n g . H a siln y a m a y o rita s sa m p e l m a m p u m e n g h in d a ri m isp la c e d d a n
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r d a la m m e n u lis k a lim a t d a la m se b u a h p a ra g ra f. H a l in i b a ra n g k a li
d ip e n g a ru h i
o le h
te la h
se rin g n y a
p ara
m a h a sisw a
m e n u lis
p arag raf
d a la m
p e rk u lia h a n m e re k a d i P ro d i B a h a sa In g g ris F K IP M e d a n .
K a ta K u n c i :
1.
m isp la c e d , d a n g lin g m o d ifie r, w ritin g p a ra g ra p h
In tr o d u c tio n
T h e B a ck g ro u n d o f th e S tu d y
M a ste rin g o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is v e ry im p o rta n t to m a k e a
q u a lifie d w ritin g . M isp la c e d
se n te n c e s w h ic h
is w o rd s o r w o rd g ro u p a n d p h ra se th a t o c c u rs in
c a u se d iffe re n t m e a n in g a n d d a n g le s to u n d e rsta n d b y re a d e rs.
D a n g lin g m o d ifie r is m isre la te d
to u n d e rsta n d . T h is
c la u se in a se n te n c e w h ic h m a k e s th e re a d e rs h a rd
to p ic so m e tim e s is d iffic u lt to a v o id b y th e w rite r w h e n w ritin g
se n te n c e s a n d p a ra g ra p h . F o r stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t F K IP U H N M e d a n it is
a ssu m e d th a t th e y h a v e a lre a d y k n o w n in a v o id in g th e se m ista k e s
p arag rap h
fo r
th e y
have
a lre a d y
d isc u sse d
it
in
th e i r
le c tu re .
w h ile w ritin g
To
p ro v e
th is
a ssu m p tio n , th is re se a rc h w a s c o n d u c te d to k n o w w h e th e r th e y c a n a v o id m isp la c e d
a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r o r n o t
w h i l e w r i t i n g p a r a g r a p h ..
T h e P r o b le m s o f th e S tu d y
T h e p ro b le m o f th e stu d y is fo rm u la te d a s fo llo w s:
1.
A re th e stu d e n ts a b le to a v o id m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r?
2.
W h at are
th e
d iffic u ltie s
fo u n d
by
th e
stu d e n ts
in
a v o id in g
m isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r?
2 . M isp la c e d
a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r .
T h e M isp la c e d m o d ifie r .
K risz n e r a n d M a n d e ll ( 1 9 8 9 :2 3 5 ) e x p la in e d th a t a m isp la c e d m o d ifie r is a
w o rd o r w o rd g ro u p w h o se p la c e m e n t su g g e sts th a t it m o d ifie s o n e w o rd o r p h ra se
3
w h e n it is in te n d e d to m o d ify a n o th e r, a m isp la c e d m o d ifie r h a s n o re la tio n sh ip w ith
its h e a d w o rd . S im ila r to th e a b o v e o p in io n Jo h n L a n g a n (2 0 0 3 :2 2 8 ) d e fin e d th a t:
m isp la c e d m o d ifie r is w o rd s b e c a u se o f a w k w a rd
w o rd s th e w rite r in te n d e d th e m
p la c e m e n t; d o n o t d e sc rib e th e
to d e sc rib e . M isp la c e d m o d ifie r o fte n c o n fu se s th e
m e a n in g o f a se n te n c e . T o a v o id th e m , p la c e w o rd s a s c lo se a s p o ssib le to w h a t th e y
d e sc rib e .
R e v isio n in m isp la c e d
m o d ifie r .
Jo h n L a n g a n e t a ll (2 0 0 3 :1 6 6 ) sta te d th a t w h e n a m o d ifie r is in th e w ro n g
p la c e , th e re a d e r m a y n o t k n o w ju st w h a t it is m e a n t to d e sc rib e , m isp la c e d m o d ifie r
c a n le a d to m isu n d e rsta n d in g so m e o f w h ic h a re u n in te n tio n a lly h u m o ro u s. T o a v o id
th e m , p la c e w o rd s a s c lo se a s p o ssib le to w h a t it d e sc rib e , so th a t its m e a n in g w ill b e
c le a rly u n d e rsto o d . M o re o v e r D ia n a H a c k e r (1 9 7 6 :6 7 ) sta te d th a t th e m e a n in g o f
E n g lish se n te n c e s is la rg e ly d e te rm in e d b y th e
re a d e r o f its w o rd s, p h ra se s, a n d
c la u se s. If a n y o f th e se e le m e n ts is m isp la c e d , th e se n te n c e w ill b e u n c le a r.
A fte r g e ttin g
th e
e x p la n a tio n
fro m
som e
so u rces,
it c a n
be
u n d e rsto o d th a t th e
m e a n in g o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r T h e m isp la c e d m o d ifie r se n te n c e s a n d its r e v isi o n
L a n g a n (2 0 0 3 :2 2 8 ) g iv e s th e e x a m p le se n te n c e w h ic h h a s m isp la c e d m o d ifie r lik e
“ O u r p h o n e a l m o s t r a n g f i f t e e n t i m e s l a s t n i g h t .”
T h e se n te n c e a b o v e su g g e sts th a t th e p h o n e a lm o st ra n g fifte e n tim e s. B u t in
fa c t d id n o t rin g a t a ll. M isp la c e d m o d ifie r c a n u su a lly b e c o rre c te d b y m o v in g th e
m o d ifie r to b e a m o re se n sib le p la c e in th e se n te n c e , g e n e ra lly n e x t o f v e rb . A n d th e
r i g h t o n e i s w i l l b e : “ O u r p h o n e r a n g a l m o s t f i f t e e n t i m e s l a s t n i g h t .”
T h e se n te n c e h a s a lre a d y h a v e a m e a n in g th a t th e p h o n e ra n g a little u n d e r fifte e n
tim e s is n o w c le a r.
T h e w ro n g p la c e m e n t o f th e w o rd s in th e se n te n c e s w ill m a k e th e se n te n c e
sound
aw k w ard ,
rid ic u lo u s
p la c e m e n t o f m o d ifie rs
or
such
c o n fu sin g .
as
The
w rite r
a lso
need
to
w a tc h
a l m o s t , e v e n , h a r d l y , n e a r l y , o ft e n , a n d
th e
o n ly. A
c o u p le o f e x a m p le s sh o u ld b e e n o u g h th a t c a n b e se e n su c h a s: b ig d o g a lm o s t ra n
a ro u n d th e y a rd tw e n ty tim e s, a n d th e se n te n c e h e n e a rly a te a w h o le b o x o f tre a ts.
In b o th se n te n c e s --w h e n h e "a lm o s t r a n " a n d "n e a r ly a te "--n o th in g h a p p e n e d ! H e
d i d n 't q u i t e
aro u n d
th e
g et aro u n d
y ard
to
d o in g
a lm o s t tw e n ty
e ith e r th in g . W h a t is in te n d e d is: B ig D o g ra n
tim e s, a n d
h e a te
n e a rly a
w h o le b o x o f tre a ts.
M i s p l a c e d a d j e c tiv e s a r e i n c o r r e c tly s e p a r a te d f r o m t h e n o u n s t h e y m o d i f y a n d a l m o s t
a lw a y s d is to rt th e in te n d e d m e a n in g .
E x a m p le :
T h e c h ild a te a c o ld d ish o f c e re a l
fo r b re a k fa st th is m o rn in g . T h e se n te n c e s a b o v e a s if th a t d ish is ta ste c o ld , b u t
a c tu a lly th e c e re a l is c o ld . S o th e rig h t o n e b y p la c in g th e a d je c tiv e n e xt to th e n o u n
it
m o d i fi e s ,
so
th e
se n te n c e
becom es:
The
c h ild
a te
a
d ish
of
c o ld
cerea l fo r
b re a k fa st th is m o rn in g
T h e w r ite r m u s t a ls o w a tc h o u t f o r a d v e r b s s u c h a s o n ly , ju s t, n e a r ly , m e r e ly ,
and
a lm o s t.
They
are
o fte n m isp la c e d a n d c a u se a n u n in te n d e d m e a n in g .
T h is
s e n t e n c e , f o r e x a m p le , m e a n s t h a t I o n l y c o n t r i b u t e d t h e m o n e y : I o n l y c o n t r i b u t e d $
1 0 .0 0 t o t h e f u n d f o r o r p h a n e d c h i l d r e n .
T h e se n te n c e s g iv e s th e m e a n in g th a t th e su b je c t w o rk o n ly c o n trib u te d th e
m o n e y , b u t a c tu a lly th e su b je c t se ld o m d o it, a n d h e w o u ld li k e to sh a re h is m o n e y .
H o w e v e r , t h e s e n t e n c e m e a n s t h a t I c o n t r i b u te d o n l y $ 1 0 .0 0 . A n d a f t e r g e t r e v i s i o n t h e
se n te n c e b e c o m e s: I c o n trib u te d
o n ly
$ 1 0 .0 0 t o t h e f u n d f o r o r p h a n e d c h i l d r e n .
4
L ik e a d je c tiv e s, a d v e rb s a re c o m m o n ly m isp la c e d in e v e ry d a y sp e e c h , a n d m a y n o t
cause
liste n e rs
d iffic u lty .
H o w ev er,
such
se n te n c e s
are
q u ite
im p re c ise
and,
t h e r e f o re . T h e d e a l e r s o l d t h e C a d i l a c t o t h e b u y e r w i t h l e a t h e r s e a t s . T h e s e n t e n c e s
a b o v e in fo rm a s if a b u y e r w ith le a th e r se a ts b u t a c tu a lly it re fe rs to p r o d u c t C a d ila c .
S o th e rig h t o n e is, T h e d e a le r so ld th e C a d ila c w ith le a th e r se a ts to th e b u y e r
M isp la c ed c la u se s m a y c a u se a se n te n c e to so u n d a w k w a rd a n d m a y c re a te a
m e a n in g th a t d o e s n o t m a k e se n se . T h e p ro b le m se n te n c e s b e lo w c o n ta in m isp la c e d
c l a u s e s t h a t m o d i fy t h e w r o n g n o u n s . T o f i x t h e e r r o r s a n d c l a r i f y t h e m e a n i n g , p u t t h e
c la u s e s n e x t to th e n o u n th e y a r e s u p p o s e d to m o d if y .
E x a m p le : T h e w a ite r se rv e d a
d in n e r ro ll to th e w o m a n th a t w a s w e ll b u tte r e d . T h e se n te n c e s a b o v e g iv e s th e
m e a n in g a s if th a t is a b u tte re d w o m a n b u t th e a c tu a lly th e d ish o f d in n e r. S o th e
c o rre c t o n e is, “ T h e w a ite r se rv e d a d in n e r ro ll th a t w a s w e ll b u tte r e d to th e w o m a n ” .
I n c o r r e c t in g a m i s p l a c e d m o d i f ie r, d o n 't c r e a t e a s e n t e n c e w i t h t w o p o s s i b l e m e a n in g s .
E x a m p le : T h e te a c h e r sa id o n M o n d a y sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s. T h e p ro b le m in
th e se n te n c e s is, d id th e te a c h e r sa y th is o n M o n d a y o r w ill sh e r e tu r n th e e ssa y s o n
M o n d a y ? ) . A f t e r g e t c o r r e c ti o n , t h e m e a n i n g o f e s s a y s , t h a t o u r e s s a y s w i l l b e r e t u r n e d
o n M o n d a y a n d th e se n te n c e s b e c o m es, “ T h e te a c h e r sa id sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s
o n M o n d a y ” . T h e o th e r c o rre c tio n is m e a n in g th a t th e te a c h e r sp o k e o n M o n d a y , so
th e se n te n c e s
b e c o m e s : O n M o n d a y th e te a c h e r sa id sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s
S o m e m o d ifie rs, e sp e c ia lly sim p le m o d ifie rs lik e o n ly, ju s t, n e a r ly, b a r e ly
h a v e a b a d h a b it o f slip p in g in to th e w ro n g p la c e in a se n te n c e . F o r in sta n c e , in th e
se n te n c e
b e lo w , d o
th e
stu d e n ts
seek
a d v ic e
fre q u e n tly
or can
th e y
fre q u e n tly
im p ro v e th e ir g ra d e s b y se e k in g a d v ic e ?
C o n fu sio n
S tu d e n ts w h o se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e o fte n c a n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
R e p a ir
W o r k S tu d e n ts w h o o fte n se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e c a n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
R e p a ir
W o r k S tu d e n ts w h o se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e c a n
o fte n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
M o re e x a m p le s a b o u t m isp la c e d m o d ifie r lik e b e lo w :
E x a m p le s o f M isp la c e d M o d ifie r s
R e v isio n s
O n Ju ly 2 0 , 1 9 6 9 , A m e ric a n a stro n a u ts
W a t c h e d b y n e a r l y a f i f t h o f t h e w o r l d 's
N e il A rm stro n g a n d E d w in "B u z z "
p o p u la tio n ,
A ld rin la n d e d o n th e m o o n , w a tc h e d b y
A rm stro n g
n e a r l y a f i f t h o f t h e w o r l d 's p o p u l a t i o n .
la n d e d o n th e m o o n o n Ju ly 2 0 , 1 9 6 9 .
A m e ric a n
and
a stro n a u ts
E d w in
"B uzz"
N e il
A ld rin
(T h e w o rld w a s n o t w a tc h in g th e m o o n ;
t h e w o r l d w a s w a t c h i n g t h e a s t r o n a u t s .)
A n
a u th o r
w ho
d id
n o t re c e iv e
m uch
Today,
read ers
p o e try
o f E m ily
d id
not
of
a ll
ages
e n jo y
th e
D ic k in so n , a n a u th o r
a tte n tio n u n til a fte r h e r d e a th , re a d e rs o f
w ho
re c e iv e
a l l a g e s e n j o y E m i l y D i c k i n s o n 's p o e t r y
u n til a fte r h e r d e a th .
m uch
a tte n tio n
to d a y .
(T h e
5
p h rase,
a n
a u th o r
who
d id
not
r e c e ive
m uch
a tte n tio n
u n t i l a ft e r
her
d e a th , sh o u ld m o d ify E m ily D ic k in so n
or
ra th e r
R ead ers
of
a ll
D i c k i n s o n 's
w ho
d id
ages
p o e try
not
e n jo y
to d a y ,
re c e iv e
E m ily
an
m uch
th a n
or
rea ders
E m ily
D i c k i n s o n 's p o e t r y . )
a u th o r
a tte n tio n
u n til a fte r h e r d e a th .
A c tin g
on
b e h a lf
of
in stitu tio n s
in d iv id u a l in v e sto rs, N e w
Exchange
N ew
Y o rk
shout
out
a c tin g
on
S to c k
Exchange
o p e n in g
b id s
m em b ers
of
and
and
S to c k
m e m b e rs sh o u t o u t o p e n in g
b id s a n d o ffe rs.
o ffers,
(M em b ers
b e h a lf
Y o rk
in stitu tio n s
of
th e
N ew
Y o rk
S to c k
and
E x c h a n g e --ra th e r th a n o p e n in g b id s a n d
in d iv id u a l in v e sto rs.
o ffe rs-- a c t o n b e h a lf o f in stitu tio n s a n d
in v e sto rs.
B a se d o n D ia n a H a c k e r e t a ll (1 9 7 6 :6 7 ) a m o n g th e e le m e n ts m o st e a sily , m isp la c e d
a re th e a d v e rb s a lm o st, ju st, m e re ly , n e a rly , a n d o n ly . T h e m isp la c e m e n t o b sc u re s
m e a n in g in th e se se n te n c e s:
1 . B y w a itin g fo r th e sa le , A m y a lm o st sa v e d te n d o lla rs (M isp la c e d )
B y w a itin g fo r th e sa le , A m y sa v e d a lm o st te n d o lla rs (c o rre c t)
2 . A c c o rd in g to G e o rg e M e a n y , th e la w m e r e ly h e lp e d b ig b u sin e ss (M isp la c e d )
A c c o rd in g to G e o rg e M e a n y , th e la w h e lp e d m e r e ly b ig b u sin e ss (c o rre c t)
3 . B e c a u se n o n e sp o k e G e rm a n , H a n s c o u ld sm ile o n ly a t th e m (M isp la c e d )
B e c a u se n o n e sp o k e G e rm a n , H a n s c o u ld o n ly sm ile a t th e m (c o rre c t)
In o th e r th a t, Je ssie M ic h a e l (1 9 9 6 :1 4 6 ) g a v e th e e x a m p le s o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r
lik e b e llo w :
1 . Y o u w ill o n ly n e e d to p la n t o n e p a c k a g e o f se e d s (M isp la c e d )
Y o u w ill n e e d to p la n t o n ly o n e p a c k a g e o f se e d s (c o rre c t)
2 . M a n y stu d e n ts h a v e , b y th e tim e th e y re a c h th e ir se n io rs y e a r, c o m p le te d a ll th e
re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e ir m a jo r. (M isp la c e d )
B y th e tim e th e y re a c h th e ir se n io rs y e a r, m a n y stu d e n ts h a v e c o m p le te d a ll th e
re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e ir m a jo r (c o rre c t).
e r is a g ro u p o f w o rd s a n d p h ra se s th a t is n o t b e a t in a se n te n c e w h ic h m a k e s th e
se n te n c e is u n c le a r o r in a c c u ra te to d e sc rib e , a n d m a k e re a d e r g e t m isu n d e rsta n d in g
w h e n ta k in g re a d in g it.
T h e D a n g lin g m o d ifie r
T h e sa m e th in g w ith th e d e fin itio n o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r, h e re
o p in io n s
fro m
d iffe re n t
so u rces
lik e :
K irsz n e r
and
m a n d e ll
et
a ll
are so m e
(1 9 8 9 :2 4 3 )
m e n tio n e d th a t a d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is a p h ra se o r w o rd th a t c a n n o t lo g ic a lly , lim it
o r re stric t a n y w o rd o r w o rd g ro u p in th e se n te n c e . B e sid e th a t, Jo h n L a n g a n e t a ll
(2 0 0 3 :2 3 4 )
e x p la in e d
th a t
a
m o d ifie r
th a t
opens
a
se n te n c e
m ust
be
fo llo w e d
im m e d ia te ly b y th e w o rd it m e a n t to d e sc rib e . O th e rw ise , th e m o d ifie r is sa id to b e
6
d a n g lin g a n d th e se n te n c e ta k e s o n a n u n in te n d e d m e a n in g .
H a c k e r (1 9 7 6 :6 5 ) a
w o rd
g ro u p
is
sa id
to
d a n g le
T h e n , b a se d o n D ia n a
w h e n it fa ils to sta c k its se lf
se n sib ly to th e n e x t o f th e se n te n c e .
T h is
k in d
of
it
erro r
o ccu rs
m o st o fte n
w ith
p h rase
th a t c o n ta in
v erb al
( p a r t i c i p l e , g e r u n d a n d i n f i n i t i v e s ). A n d i t i s s i m i l a r t o t h i s , a d a n g l i n g m o d i f i e r i s a
p h ra se o r c la u se th a t m o d ifie r a w o rd n o t c le a rly sta te d in th e se n te n c e s o r th a t d o e s
n o t c o n n e c t g ra m m a tic a lly w ith w h a t it is in te n d e d to m o d ify .
A fte r g e ttin g
som e
so u rces
w h ic h
in fo rm e d
a b o u t d e fin itio n o f d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r, th e n th e w rite r m a k e d e fin itio n d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a s a g ro u p o f w o rd s o r
p h ra se is n o t sp e c ific , illo g ic a lly sta te d in th e se n te n c e s, so it is n o t c le a r th a t w h o
e x p la in a n d w h a t e x p la n a tio n is a b o u t.
R e v isio n in d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
D a n g lin g m o d ifie r c a n b e se e n lik e th e e x a m p le b e llo w :
R a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , it is n a tu ra l to m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . T h e in tro d u c to ry
p h ra se in th e a b o v e se n te n c e lo o k s a s if it is m e a n t to m o d ify a p e rso n o r p e rso n s,
but
no
one
because
of
fo llo w s
th e
is
m e n tio n e d
th e ir
in
th e
se n te n c e . S u c h
p o sitio n , a u to m a tic a lly
p h rase
-- in
th is
c a s e , " i t ."
m o d ify
The
in tro d u c to ry
th e
first
c o n n e c tio n
a d je c tiv e
noun
in
th is
or
p h rases,
p ro n o u n
case
th a t
is illo g ic a l
b e c a u se "it" w a s n o t ra ise d in N o v a S c o tia . S o th e rig h t o n e is,
F o r a p e r so n r a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , it is n a tu ra l to m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . (T h e
p h ra se n o lo n g e r fu n c tio n s a s a n a d je c tiv e )
R a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , I o fte n m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . (T h e p h ra se fu n c tio n s a s a n
a d j e c t i v e b u t n o w a u t o m a t i c a l l y m o d i f i e s " I ," a l o g i c a l c o n n e c t i o n )
S o m e tim e s th e d a n g lin g m o d ifie r e rro r o c c u rs b e c a u se th e se n te n c e fa ils to sp e c ify
a n y th in g to w h ic h th e m o d ifie r c a n re fe r.
E x a m p le : L o o k in g to w a r d th e w e s t, a
fu n n e l sh a p e d c lo u d stirre d u p d u st T h is se n te n c e d o e s n o t sp e c ify w h o is lo o k in g
to w a r d th e w e s t. I n f a c t, th e r e is n o th in g a t a ll in th e s e n te n c e to w h ic h th e m o d if y in g
p h r a s e l o o k i n g t o w a r d t h e w e s t c a n l o g i c a l ly r e f e r. S i n c e t h e m o d i f ie r, l o o k i n g t o w a r d
th e w e s t, is s ittin g n e x t to th e f u n n e l s h a p e d c lo u d , th e s e n te n c e s u g g e s ts th a t th e
c lo u d is d o in g th e lo o k in g .
L o o k in g to w a rd th e w e st, I sa w fu n n e l sh a p e d c lo u d stirre d u p d u st.
N o w th e se n te n c e m e a n s th a t I w a s lo o k in g to w a r d th e w e st.
E x a m p le : W h e n n in e y e a r y e a r s o ld , m y m o th e r e n ro ll in m e d ic a l sc h o o l
T h i s s e n t e n c e m e a n s t h a t m y m o t h e r e n r o l le d i n m e d i c a l w h e n s h e w a s n i n e y e a r s o l d .
W h e n I w a s n in e y e a r s o ld , m y m o th e r e n ro lle d in m e d ic a l sc h o o l.
N o w th e se n te n c e m e a n s th a t I (n o t m y m o th e r!) w a s n in e y e a rs o ld w h e n m y m o th e r
e n ro lle d in m e d ic a l sc h o o l.
T h e re a re so m e e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
C o n fu sio n
C h a n g i n g t h e o i l e v e r y 3 ,0 0 0 m i l e s , t h e r e i s a n e a s y w a y t o k e e p
y o u r c a r ru n n in g sm o o th ly .
R e p a ir
W ork
I f w e c h a n g e t h e o i l e v e r y 3 ,0 0 0 m i l e s , w e c a n k e e p o u r c a r
ru n n in g sm o o th ly .
7
A n i n f i n i t i v e p h r a s e c a n a l s o " d a n g l e ." T h e i n f i n i t i v e p h r a s e b e l o w s h o u l d p r o b a b l y
m o d ify th e p e rso n (s) w h o se t u p th e e x e rc ise p ro g ra m .
C o n fu sio n
To
keep
th e y o u n g re c ru its in te re ste d in g e ttin g in sh a p e , a n
e x e rc ise p ro g ra m w a s se t u p fo r th e su m m e r m o n th s.
R e p a ir
W ork
T o k e e p th e y o u n g re c ru its in te re ste d in g e ttin g in sh a p e , th e
c o a c h in g
sta ff
set
up
an
e x e rc ise
p ro g ram
fo r
th e
sum m er
m o n th s.
M o re e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r se n te n c e s,
E x a m p le s o f D a n g lin g
M o d ifie r s
R e v isio n s
C o st-e ffic ie n t
and
c o m p u te r-a ssiste d
C o st-e ffic ie n t a n d c o n v e n ie n t, m a n y o f
used
t o d a y 's c o r p o r a t e e m p l o y e e s a r e b e i n g
e m p lo y e e s.
tra in e d
(T h e
d e sc rip tiv e
and
c o n v e n ie n t,
th ro u g h
c o m p u te r -a ssiste d
in stru c tio n .
by
c o n v e n ie n t,
in stru c tio n
m any
c o m p a n ie s
is
b e in g
to
tra in
w o rd s, c o st-e ffic ie n t
m o d ify
c o m p u te r -
a s s i s t e d i n s t r u c t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o d a y 's
c o r p o r a t e e m p l o y e e s .)
H a v in g
su b m itte d
re g istra tio n
fo rm
th e
a fte r
co n feren ce
th e
d e a d lin e ,
S u sa n n e e d e d sp e c ia l p e rm issio n fro m
H a v in g
su b m itte d
re g istra tio n
fo rm
th e
a fte r
co n feren ce
th e
d e a d lin e ,
th e
c h a irp e rso n
b efo re
sh e c o u ld g iv e
h e r p re se n ta tio n .
sp e c ia l p e rm issio n
by
th e c h a irp e rso n
( T h e e x a m p l e d o e s n 't m a k e s e n s e a s i t
w as
n e e d e d b e fo re sh e c o u ld g iv e h e r
is
w ritte n .
Som eone
m ust
have
p re se n ta tio n .
su b m itte d th e fo rm
la te . A c c o rd in g to
th e re v isio n , S u sa n su b m itte d th e fo rm
l a t e .)
W hen
p u rc h a sin g
a
c e llu la r
phone,
m a n y p e o p le b e c o m e o v e rw h e lm e d b y
W h e n p u rc h a sin g a c e llu la r p h o n e , th e
th e
w id e
fe a tu re s.
v a rie ty
of
c a llin g
p la n s
and
fe a tu re s o v e rw h e lm s m a n y p e o p le .
w id e
(T h e
v a rie ty
c a llin g
p u rc h a sin g
o f c a llin g
p la n s
and
c e llu la r
p la n s
fe a tu re s
phones.
and
a r e n 't
P e o p le
p u r c h a s e c e l l u l a r p h o n e s .)
John
A . H ig g in
in
E rlin a
(
1998
:
23)
g iv e s
th e
e x a m p le
of
d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r a n d its re v isio n . E x a m p le : ( W ro n g ) T o a c c e ss th e m a p p ro g ra m , a flo p p y
d isk m u st b e in se rte d , (W h o is d o in g th e a c c e ssin g ? N o t th e d isk ) (R ig h t) T o a c c e ss
th e
m ap
p ro g ram , y o u
m u st in se rt a flo p p y d isk .
(Y o u a re th e p e rso n is d o in g
p ro c e ssin g )
S im ila r to Je ssie M ic h a e l e t a ll (1 9 9 6 :1 2 ) m a k e s th e e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
lik e
:
D a n g lin g :
c o m m e rc ia ls
R e p a ire d :
w hen
w hen
are
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
c o m m e rc ia ls a re e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
8
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
I
fin d
R e p a ire d :
W hen
c o m m e rc ia ls a re
I
am
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
3 . R e se a r c h M e th o d o lo g y
R e se a r c h D e sig n
In re se a rc h , m e th o d h a s a n im p o rta n t ro le , b e c a u se a ll a c tiv itie s w h ic h i s
d o n e in fin d in g o r im p ro v in g so m e th in g is b y a n a ly z in g . T o d o th is re se a rc h , th e
w r i t e r w i l l u s e t h e d e s c r i p t i v e q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s e a r c h t h a t i s o n e m e t h o d i n g e t t i n g d a ta
b y d o in g e x p e rim e n t.
P o p u la tio n a n d S a m p le
A c c o rd in g B e st a n d k h a n (2 0 0 6 : 1 3 ), p o p u la tio n is th e w h o le su b je c t o f th e
research
w h ile
sa m p le
is
sm a ll
su b je c t w h ic h
is
e x a m in e d . T h e p o p u la tio n u se d in th is stu d y is th e
D e p a rtm e n t a c a d e m ic
y e a r 2 0 1 0 /2 0 1 1 , w h ile
th e
ta k e n
fro m
p o p u la tio n
to
be
first y e a r stu d e n ts o f E n g lish
sa m p le
is
one
c la ss fro m
th e
p o p u la tio n is c h o se n o u t ra n d o m ly .
T h e In str u m e n t o f c o lle c tin g d a ta
In d o in g a re se a rc h , th e in stru m e n t o f c o lle c tin g d a ta d e te rm in e s th e q u a lity
o f d a ta is c o lle c te d a n d q u a lity o f d a ta d e te rm in e s its re se a rc h . T o g e t th e e x p e c te d
d a ta , it is v e ry im p o rta n t to u se th e in stru m e n t c o lle c tin g d a ta sw e e tly .
To
know
th e
a b ility
of
E B .1 .0 8
m o d ifie r a n d a v o id in g th e m
stu d e n ts
in
m a ste rin g
m isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g
in w ritin g p a ra g ra p h , th e w rite r m a k e s a w ritin g te st.
T h e w rite r g iv e s th e a ssig n m e n ts in th re e ty p e s o f q u e stio n s lik e th e u n d e rsta n d in g
o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r, c h a n g in g th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
se n te n c e s in to g o o d se n te n c e s a n d w ritin g p a ra g ra p h w ith th re e to p ic s .
T h e n th e w rite r g iv e s th e stu d e n ts c h a n c e to d o th e te st a t th e ir h o m e so th a t th e y
h a v e m u c h tim e a n b e c o n c e n tra te in d o in g it, a n a ly z e th e d a ta a n d ta b u la tio n a n d
th e a v e ra g e o f sc o re re su lt.
T h e S c o r in g th e te st
T est
K in d o f q u e stio n
1.
D e fin itio n o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
2.
C h a n g in g th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r se n te n c e s in to
3.
W ritin g p a ra g ra p h w ith th re e to p ic s.
co rrect
Score
10
a
30
se n te n c e s.
T o ta l
100
4 . F in d in g s a n d d isc u ssio n s
F in d in g s.
A fte r a n a ly z in g th e d a ta , it is
60
fo u n d th a t th e fin d in g s a s th e fo llo w in g s:
8 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e d e x c e lle n t
9
1 stu d e n t a re c a te g o riz e g o o d
3 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e a v e ra g e
0 stu d e n t a re c a te g o riz e fa ir
4 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e b a d
The
p e rc e n ta g e o f stu d e n ts a b ility in a n sw e rin g th e q u e stio n s
a b ility
N o.
C a te g o ry
T o tal
P e rc e n ta g e
1
e x c e lle n t
8
50%
2
good
1
6 .2 5 %
3
average
3
1 8 .7 5 %
4
fa ir
0
0%
5
bad
4
25%
a b le
a b le
a b le
u n a b le
B a se d o n th e ta b le a b o v e , th e w rite r ta k e s th e c o n c lu sio n th a t 4 stu d e n ts
u n a b le in m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a n d 1 2 stu d e n ts a re a b le in
m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r.
B a se d o n th e re su lt o f re se a rc h w h ic h h a s b e e n d o n e b y th e w rite r, so th e w rite r
c o n c lu d e s th a t:
1.
T h e a b ility o f th e first
y e a r 2 0 1 3 /2 0 1 4 stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t stu d e n ts
F K IP N o m m e n se n in a v o id in g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is g o o d e n o u g h ,
th a t is 7 5 % o r1 2 stu d e n ts a re a b le to d o th e e x e rc ise . It c a n b e p ro v e d fro m
th e ir
w ritin g te st re su lt
2.
T h e re w e re 8 stu d e n ts o r 5 0 % w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry e x c e lle n t, 1
s t u d e n t o r 6 .2 5 %
1 8 .7 5 %
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry g o o d , 3 stu d e n ts o r
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry a v e ra g e a n d 4 stu d e n ts o r 2 5 %
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry b a d . It c a n b e sa id th a t 1 2 o r 7 5 % a re a b le
a n d 4 o r 2 5 % a re u n a b le in m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r.
3.
T h e re a re so m e p ro b le m s a n d d iffic u ltie s a re fo u n d
b y th e first y e a r 2 0 1 3 /2 0 1 4
stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t F K IP N o m m e n se n M e d a n :
1.
Som e
of
th e m
d id
not
fu lly
u n d e rsta n d
about
m isp la c e d
an d
d a n g lin g
2.
L a c k o f v o c a b u la ry m a k e s stu d e n ts d iffic u lt to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s.
3.
Som e
m o d ifie r.
o f th e m
does not know
to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s a n d ju st g u e ss th e
an sw er.
4.
T h e la z in e ss o f stu d e n ts m a k e s th e m
g e t lo w
k n o w le d g e in u n d e rsta n d in g
5.
M isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a re n e w su b je c t so it m a k e th e m d iffic u lt to
m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g .
u n d e rsta n d .
D isc u ssio n s
T o a v o id th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is n o t e a sy fo r stu d e n ts w h e n
w ritin g p a ra g ra p h . T h e stu d e n ts n e e d c a re fu ln e ss a n d th e r ig h t m e a n in g o f e v e ry
se n te n c e . B u t w h e n w rite r g iv e th e m w ritin g te st, m o st o f th e m h a v e k n o w n w e ll o f
m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a n d c a n a v o id th e m
10
in th e te st. M isp la c e d a n d
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a lw a y s o c c u r w h e n stu d e n ts d o n o t k n o w th e p la c e m e n t o f so m e
m o d if ie r s u c h a s a l m o s t , e v e n , h a r d l y , n e a r l y , o ft e n , a n d o n l y , s o m e o f th e m
in flu e n c e
o f In d o n e sia . T h e y
get
a lso m a k e in c o m p le te ly stru c tu re th a t th e y a lw a y s
fo rg e t to h a v e su b je c t in th e se n te n c e s.
A lth o u g h m o st o f th e stu d e n ts a re a b le to a v o id m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r, b u t so m e o f th e m still g e ts d iffic u lt in u n d e rsta n d in g it. T h e se c a se s w e e
c a u se d b y th re e fa c to rs:
1.
T h e b a d h a b itu a l o f stu d e n ts in stu d y in g a t c o lle g e . T h e y a re a lw a y s a c tiv e
le ss a n d d id n o t w a n t to in c re a se th e ir a b ility in m a ste rin g e v e ry su b je c t, d id
n o t m a ste r m o re v o c a b u la rie s. T h e y a re la z y to d o so m e e x e rc ise s a n d d o n o t
w a n t to k n o w a b o u t so m e th in g n e w .
2.
T h e u n q u a lifie d le c tu re rs in te a c h in g e v e ry su b je c t. T h e le c tu re rs d o n o t
e x p la in th e w h o le su b je c t w e ll a n d se ld o m g iv e th e w ritin g e x e rc ise s a n d
d o e s n o t c a re o f th e w e a k stu d e n ts.
3.
T h e in c o m p le te c o lle g e fa c ilitie s. T h e c o lle g e d id n o t h a v e th e w ifi a re a to
a c c e ss in te rn e t a n d d id c o m p le te th e E n g lish b o o k s e sp e c ia lly a b o u t w ritin g .
11
R E FE R E N C E S
E rlin a . (1 9 9 8 ). A n la is is P e n g g u n a a n
K a ta
U la n g
D a la m
ba ha sa
In d o n e sia
T u lis .
M e d a n : U n im e d .
B e s t , W ,J . &
K a h n , J .V ( 2 0 0 6 ) . R e s e a r c h i n E d u c a t i o n . B o s t o n . P e a r s o n E d u c a t i o n
In c.
G .
K i r s n e r .l a u r i e ,
R .M a n d e l l s . 1 9 8 9 .
The
H o lt
H a n d b o o k.
P h ila d e lp h ia :
D rex el
U n iv e rsity
H a c k e r .D i a n a . 1 9 7 6 . T h e B e d fo r d H a n d b o o k . N e w Y o r k : M a r t i n S .p r e s s
H o r n b y .A S .1 9 7 4 . G u i d e t o p a t t e r n a n d u s a g e .N e w y o r k : O x f o r d U n v e r s i t y p r e s s
L a n g a n .J o h n , J a n e t M .G o l d s t e i n . 2 0 0 3 . E n g l i s h B r u s h u p . N e w Y o r k : M c G r a w H i l l
L a n g a n .J o h n . 2 0 0 3 . S e n t n c e S k i l l . N e w Y o r k : M c G r a w H i l l
M i c h a e l .J e s s i e , e t a l l . 1 9 9 6 . T o w a r d s
b e tte r
B a k ti sd n b h d .
12
E n g lish
g r a m m a r . S a la n g g o r: F a ja r
2
ST U D E N T S’
A B IL IT Y
IN A V O ID IN G M IS P L A C E D ,
D A N G L IN G M O D IF IE R IN W R IT IN G P A R A G R A P H
B y . D r s . S a h l a n T a m p u b o l o n , M .H u m
(D o se n K o p e r tis d p k F K IP U n iv e r sita s H K B P N o m m e n se n M e d a n )
A b stra ct:
M isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g
k e sa la h a n
d a la m
m o d ifie r
p e n u lisa n
sebuah
dapat
d ia rtik a n
sebagai
p a ra g a ra f. M isp la c e d
k e sa la h a n d a la m
d a la m
b a h a sa In g g ris , se m e n ta ra d a n g lin g m o d ifie r d a p a t d ia rtik a n
y a n g se c a ra lo g is ta k b isa
phenom ena
d a p a t d ia rtik a n se b a g a i
su a tu
k a ta a ta u p ra sa
p e n u lisa n su a tu k a lim a t
sebuah
d a la m h a l p e n e m p a ta n k a ta , p ra sa
se b a g a i s u a tu
m e m b a ta si k a ta a ta u p ra sa la in d a la m
su a tu k a lim a t. D e s k rip tif k u a lita tif m e ru p a k a n d e sig n p e n e litia n y a n g d ip a k a i d a la m
p e n e litia n in i, se m e n ta ra
sa m p e l y a n g d ip a k a i se b a g a i o b je k p e n e litia n b e rju m la h
e n a m b e la s o ra n g . H a siln y a m a y o rita s sa m p e l m a m p u m e n g h in d a ri m isp la c e d d a n
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r d a la m m e n u lis k a lim a t d a la m se b u a h p a ra g ra f. H a l in i b a ra n g k a li
d ip e n g a ru h i
o le h
te la h
se rin g n y a
p ara
m a h a sisw a
m e n u lis
p arag raf
d a la m
p e rk u lia h a n m e re k a d i P ro d i B a h a sa In g g ris F K IP M e d a n .
K a ta K u n c i :
1.
m isp la c e d , d a n g lin g m o d ifie r, w ritin g p a ra g ra p h
In tr o d u c tio n
T h e B a ck g ro u n d o f th e S tu d y
M a ste rin g o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is v e ry im p o rta n t to m a k e a
q u a lifie d w ritin g . M isp la c e d
se n te n c e s w h ic h
is w o rd s o r w o rd g ro u p a n d p h ra se th a t o c c u rs in
c a u se d iffe re n t m e a n in g a n d d a n g le s to u n d e rsta n d b y re a d e rs.
D a n g lin g m o d ifie r is m isre la te d
to u n d e rsta n d . T h is
c la u se in a se n te n c e w h ic h m a k e s th e re a d e rs h a rd
to p ic so m e tim e s is d iffic u lt to a v o id b y th e w rite r w h e n w ritin g
se n te n c e s a n d p a ra g ra p h . F o r stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t F K IP U H N M e d a n it is
a ssu m e d th a t th e y h a v e a lre a d y k n o w n in a v o id in g th e se m ista k e s
p arag rap h
fo r
th e y
have
a lre a d y
d isc u sse d
it
in
th e i r
le c tu re .
w h ile w ritin g
To
p ro v e
th is
a ssu m p tio n , th is re se a rc h w a s c o n d u c te d to k n o w w h e th e r th e y c a n a v o id m isp la c e d
a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r o r n o t
w h i l e w r i t i n g p a r a g r a p h ..
T h e P r o b le m s o f th e S tu d y
T h e p ro b le m o f th e stu d y is fo rm u la te d a s fo llo w s:
1.
A re th e stu d e n ts a b le to a v o id m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r?
2.
W h at are
th e
d iffic u ltie s
fo u n d
by
th e
stu d e n ts
in
a v o id in g
m isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r?
2 . M isp la c e d
a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r .
T h e M isp la c e d m o d ifie r .
K risz n e r a n d M a n d e ll ( 1 9 8 9 :2 3 5 ) e x p la in e d th a t a m isp la c e d m o d ifie r is a
w o rd o r w o rd g ro u p w h o se p la c e m e n t su g g e sts th a t it m o d ifie s o n e w o rd o r p h ra se
3
w h e n it is in te n d e d to m o d ify a n o th e r, a m isp la c e d m o d ifie r h a s n o re la tio n sh ip w ith
its h e a d w o rd . S im ila r to th e a b o v e o p in io n Jo h n L a n g a n (2 0 0 3 :2 2 8 ) d e fin e d th a t:
m isp la c e d m o d ifie r is w o rd s b e c a u se o f a w k w a rd
w o rd s th e w rite r in te n d e d th e m
p la c e m e n t; d o n o t d e sc rib e th e
to d e sc rib e . M isp la c e d m o d ifie r o fte n c o n fu se s th e
m e a n in g o f a se n te n c e . T o a v o id th e m , p la c e w o rd s a s c lo se a s p o ssib le to w h a t th e y
d e sc rib e .
R e v isio n in m isp la c e d
m o d ifie r .
Jo h n L a n g a n e t a ll (2 0 0 3 :1 6 6 ) sta te d th a t w h e n a m o d ifie r is in th e w ro n g
p la c e , th e re a d e r m a y n o t k n o w ju st w h a t it is m e a n t to d e sc rib e , m isp la c e d m o d ifie r
c a n le a d to m isu n d e rsta n d in g so m e o f w h ic h a re u n in te n tio n a lly h u m o ro u s. T o a v o id
th e m , p la c e w o rd s a s c lo se a s p o ssib le to w h a t it d e sc rib e , so th a t its m e a n in g w ill b e
c le a rly u n d e rsto o d . M o re o v e r D ia n a H a c k e r (1 9 7 6 :6 7 ) sta te d th a t th e m e a n in g o f
E n g lish se n te n c e s is la rg e ly d e te rm in e d b y th e
re a d e r o f its w o rd s, p h ra se s, a n d
c la u se s. If a n y o f th e se e le m e n ts is m isp la c e d , th e se n te n c e w ill b e u n c le a r.
A fte r g e ttin g
th e
e x p la n a tio n
fro m
som e
so u rces,
it c a n
be
u n d e rsto o d th a t th e
m e a n in g o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r T h e m isp la c e d m o d ifie r se n te n c e s a n d its r e v isi o n
L a n g a n (2 0 0 3 :2 2 8 ) g iv e s th e e x a m p le se n te n c e w h ic h h a s m isp la c e d m o d ifie r lik e
“ O u r p h o n e a l m o s t r a n g f i f t e e n t i m e s l a s t n i g h t .”
T h e se n te n c e a b o v e su g g e sts th a t th e p h o n e a lm o st ra n g fifte e n tim e s. B u t in
fa c t d id n o t rin g a t a ll. M isp la c e d m o d ifie r c a n u su a lly b e c o rre c te d b y m o v in g th e
m o d ifie r to b e a m o re se n sib le p la c e in th e se n te n c e , g e n e ra lly n e x t o f v e rb . A n d th e
r i g h t o n e i s w i l l b e : “ O u r p h o n e r a n g a l m o s t f i f t e e n t i m e s l a s t n i g h t .”
T h e se n te n c e h a s a lre a d y h a v e a m e a n in g th a t th e p h o n e ra n g a little u n d e r fifte e n
tim e s is n o w c le a r.
T h e w ro n g p la c e m e n t o f th e w o rd s in th e se n te n c e s w ill m a k e th e se n te n c e
sound
aw k w ard ,
rid ic u lo u s
p la c e m e n t o f m o d ifie rs
or
such
c o n fu sin g .
as
The
w rite r
a lso
need
to
w a tc h
a l m o s t , e v e n , h a r d l y , n e a r l y , o ft e n , a n d
th e
o n ly. A
c o u p le o f e x a m p le s sh o u ld b e e n o u g h th a t c a n b e se e n su c h a s: b ig d o g a lm o s t ra n
a ro u n d th e y a rd tw e n ty tim e s, a n d th e se n te n c e h e n e a rly a te a w h o le b o x o f tre a ts.
In b o th se n te n c e s --w h e n h e "a lm o s t r a n " a n d "n e a r ly a te "--n o th in g h a p p e n e d ! H e
d i d n 't q u i t e
aro u n d
th e
g et aro u n d
y ard
to
d o in g
a lm o s t tw e n ty
e ith e r th in g . W h a t is in te n d e d is: B ig D o g ra n
tim e s, a n d
h e a te
n e a rly a
w h o le b o x o f tre a ts.
M i s p l a c e d a d j e c tiv e s a r e i n c o r r e c tly s e p a r a te d f r o m t h e n o u n s t h e y m o d i f y a n d a l m o s t
a lw a y s d is to rt th e in te n d e d m e a n in g .
E x a m p le :
T h e c h ild a te a c o ld d ish o f c e re a l
fo r b re a k fa st th is m o rn in g . T h e se n te n c e s a b o v e a s if th a t d ish is ta ste c o ld , b u t
a c tu a lly th e c e re a l is c o ld . S o th e rig h t o n e b y p la c in g th e a d je c tiv e n e xt to th e n o u n
it
m o d i fi e s ,
so
th e
se n te n c e
becom es:
The
c h ild
a te
a
d ish
of
c o ld
cerea l fo r
b re a k fa st th is m o rn in g
T h e w r ite r m u s t a ls o w a tc h o u t f o r a d v e r b s s u c h a s o n ly , ju s t, n e a r ly , m e r e ly ,
and
a lm o s t.
They
are
o fte n m isp la c e d a n d c a u se a n u n in te n d e d m e a n in g .
T h is
s e n t e n c e , f o r e x a m p le , m e a n s t h a t I o n l y c o n t r i b u t e d t h e m o n e y : I o n l y c o n t r i b u t e d $
1 0 .0 0 t o t h e f u n d f o r o r p h a n e d c h i l d r e n .
T h e se n te n c e s g iv e s th e m e a n in g th a t th e su b je c t w o rk o n ly c o n trib u te d th e
m o n e y , b u t a c tu a lly th e su b je c t se ld o m d o it, a n d h e w o u ld li k e to sh a re h is m o n e y .
H o w e v e r , t h e s e n t e n c e m e a n s t h a t I c o n t r i b u te d o n l y $ 1 0 .0 0 . A n d a f t e r g e t r e v i s i o n t h e
se n te n c e b e c o m e s: I c o n trib u te d
o n ly
$ 1 0 .0 0 t o t h e f u n d f o r o r p h a n e d c h i l d r e n .
4
L ik e a d je c tiv e s, a d v e rb s a re c o m m o n ly m isp la c e d in e v e ry d a y sp e e c h , a n d m a y n o t
cause
liste n e rs
d iffic u lty .
H o w ev er,
such
se n te n c e s
are
q u ite
im p re c ise
and,
t h e r e f o re . T h e d e a l e r s o l d t h e C a d i l a c t o t h e b u y e r w i t h l e a t h e r s e a t s . T h e s e n t e n c e s
a b o v e in fo rm a s if a b u y e r w ith le a th e r se a ts b u t a c tu a lly it re fe rs to p r o d u c t C a d ila c .
S o th e rig h t o n e is, T h e d e a le r so ld th e C a d ila c w ith le a th e r se a ts to th e b u y e r
M isp la c ed c la u se s m a y c a u se a se n te n c e to so u n d a w k w a rd a n d m a y c re a te a
m e a n in g th a t d o e s n o t m a k e se n se . T h e p ro b le m se n te n c e s b e lo w c o n ta in m isp la c e d
c l a u s e s t h a t m o d i fy t h e w r o n g n o u n s . T o f i x t h e e r r o r s a n d c l a r i f y t h e m e a n i n g , p u t t h e
c la u s e s n e x t to th e n o u n th e y a r e s u p p o s e d to m o d if y .
E x a m p le : T h e w a ite r se rv e d a
d in n e r ro ll to th e w o m a n th a t w a s w e ll b u tte r e d . T h e se n te n c e s a b o v e g iv e s th e
m e a n in g a s if th a t is a b u tte re d w o m a n b u t th e a c tu a lly th e d ish o f d in n e r. S o th e
c o rre c t o n e is, “ T h e w a ite r se rv e d a d in n e r ro ll th a t w a s w e ll b u tte r e d to th e w o m a n ” .
I n c o r r e c t in g a m i s p l a c e d m o d i f ie r, d o n 't c r e a t e a s e n t e n c e w i t h t w o p o s s i b l e m e a n in g s .
E x a m p le : T h e te a c h e r sa id o n M o n d a y sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s. T h e p ro b le m in
th e se n te n c e s is, d id th e te a c h e r sa y th is o n M o n d a y o r w ill sh e r e tu r n th e e ssa y s o n
M o n d a y ? ) . A f t e r g e t c o r r e c ti o n , t h e m e a n i n g o f e s s a y s , t h a t o u r e s s a y s w i l l b e r e t u r n e d
o n M o n d a y a n d th e se n te n c e s b e c o m es, “ T h e te a c h e r sa id sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s
o n M o n d a y ” . T h e o th e r c o rre c tio n is m e a n in g th a t th e te a c h e r sp o k e o n M o n d a y , so
th e se n te n c e s
b e c o m e s : O n M o n d a y th e te a c h e r sa id sh e w o u ld re tu rn o u r e ssa y s
S o m e m o d ifie rs, e sp e c ia lly sim p le m o d ifie rs lik e o n ly, ju s t, n e a r ly, b a r e ly
h a v e a b a d h a b it o f slip p in g in to th e w ro n g p la c e in a se n te n c e . F o r in sta n c e , in th e
se n te n c e
b e lo w , d o
th e
stu d e n ts
seek
a d v ic e
fre q u e n tly
or can
th e y
fre q u e n tly
im p ro v e th e ir g ra d e s b y se e k in g a d v ic e ?
C o n fu sio n
S tu d e n ts w h o se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e o fte n c a n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
R e p a ir
W o r k S tu d e n ts w h o o fte n se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e c a n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
R e p a ir
W o r k S tu d e n ts w h o se e k th e ir in stru c to rs' a d v ic e c a n
o fte n im p ro v e
th e ir g ra d e s.
M o re e x a m p le s a b o u t m isp la c e d m o d ifie r lik e b e lo w :
E x a m p le s o f M isp la c e d M o d ifie r s
R e v isio n s
O n Ju ly 2 0 , 1 9 6 9 , A m e ric a n a stro n a u ts
W a t c h e d b y n e a r l y a f i f t h o f t h e w o r l d 's
N e il A rm stro n g a n d E d w in "B u z z "
p o p u la tio n ,
A ld rin la n d e d o n th e m o o n , w a tc h e d b y
A rm stro n g
n e a r l y a f i f t h o f t h e w o r l d 's p o p u l a t i o n .
la n d e d o n th e m o o n o n Ju ly 2 0 , 1 9 6 9 .
A m e ric a n
and
a stro n a u ts
E d w in
"B uzz"
N e il
A ld rin
(T h e w o rld w a s n o t w a tc h in g th e m o o n ;
t h e w o r l d w a s w a t c h i n g t h e a s t r o n a u t s .)
A n
a u th o r
w ho
d id
n o t re c e iv e
m uch
Today,
read ers
p o e try
o f E m ily
d id
not
of
a ll
ages
e n jo y
th e
D ic k in so n , a n a u th o r
a tte n tio n u n til a fte r h e r d e a th , re a d e rs o f
w ho
re c e iv e
a l l a g e s e n j o y E m i l y D i c k i n s o n 's p o e t r y
u n til a fte r h e r d e a th .
m uch
a tte n tio n
to d a y .
(T h e
5
p h rase,
a n
a u th o r
who
d id
not
r e c e ive
m uch
a tte n tio n
u n t i l a ft e r
her
d e a th , sh o u ld m o d ify E m ily D ic k in so n
or
ra th e r
R ead ers
of
a ll
D i c k i n s o n 's
w ho
d id
ages
p o e try
not
e n jo y
to d a y ,
re c e iv e
E m ily
an
m uch
th a n
or
rea ders
E m ily
D i c k i n s o n 's p o e t r y . )
a u th o r
a tte n tio n
u n til a fte r h e r d e a th .
A c tin g
on
b e h a lf
of
in stitu tio n s
in d iv id u a l in v e sto rs, N e w
Exchange
N ew
Y o rk
shout
out
a c tin g
on
S to c k
Exchange
o p e n in g
b id s
m em b ers
of
and
and
S to c k
m e m b e rs sh o u t o u t o p e n in g
b id s a n d o ffe rs.
o ffers,
(M em b ers
b e h a lf
Y o rk
in stitu tio n s
of
th e
N ew
Y o rk
S to c k
and
E x c h a n g e --ra th e r th a n o p e n in g b id s a n d
in d iv id u a l in v e sto rs.
o ffe rs-- a c t o n b e h a lf o f in stitu tio n s a n d
in v e sto rs.
B a se d o n D ia n a H a c k e r e t a ll (1 9 7 6 :6 7 ) a m o n g th e e le m e n ts m o st e a sily , m isp la c e d
a re th e a d v e rb s a lm o st, ju st, m e re ly , n e a rly , a n d o n ly . T h e m isp la c e m e n t o b sc u re s
m e a n in g in th e se se n te n c e s:
1 . B y w a itin g fo r th e sa le , A m y a lm o st sa v e d te n d o lla rs (M isp la c e d )
B y w a itin g fo r th e sa le , A m y sa v e d a lm o st te n d o lla rs (c o rre c t)
2 . A c c o rd in g to G e o rg e M e a n y , th e la w m e r e ly h e lp e d b ig b u sin e ss (M isp la c e d )
A c c o rd in g to G e o rg e M e a n y , th e la w h e lp e d m e r e ly b ig b u sin e ss (c o rre c t)
3 . B e c a u se n o n e sp o k e G e rm a n , H a n s c o u ld sm ile o n ly a t th e m (M isp la c e d )
B e c a u se n o n e sp o k e G e rm a n , H a n s c o u ld o n ly sm ile a t th e m (c o rre c t)
In o th e r th a t, Je ssie M ic h a e l (1 9 9 6 :1 4 6 ) g a v e th e e x a m p le s o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r
lik e b e llo w :
1 . Y o u w ill o n ly n e e d to p la n t o n e p a c k a g e o f se e d s (M isp la c e d )
Y o u w ill n e e d to p la n t o n ly o n e p a c k a g e o f se e d s (c o rre c t)
2 . M a n y stu d e n ts h a v e , b y th e tim e th e y re a c h th e ir se n io rs y e a r, c o m p le te d a ll th e
re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e ir m a jo r. (M isp la c e d )
B y th e tim e th e y re a c h th e ir se n io rs y e a r, m a n y stu d e n ts h a v e c o m p le te d a ll th e
re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e ir m a jo r (c o rre c t).
e r is a g ro u p o f w o rd s a n d p h ra se s th a t is n o t b e a t in a se n te n c e w h ic h m a k e s th e
se n te n c e is u n c le a r o r in a c c u ra te to d e sc rib e , a n d m a k e re a d e r g e t m isu n d e rsta n d in g
w h e n ta k in g re a d in g it.
T h e D a n g lin g m o d ifie r
T h e sa m e th in g w ith th e d e fin itio n o f m isp la c e d m o d ifie r, h e re
o p in io n s
fro m
d iffe re n t
so u rces
lik e :
K irsz n e r
and
m a n d e ll
et
a ll
are so m e
(1 9 8 9 :2 4 3 )
m e n tio n e d th a t a d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is a p h ra se o r w o rd th a t c a n n o t lo g ic a lly , lim it
o r re stric t a n y w o rd o r w o rd g ro u p in th e se n te n c e . B e sid e th a t, Jo h n L a n g a n e t a ll
(2 0 0 3 :2 3 4 )
e x p la in e d
th a t
a
m o d ifie r
th a t
opens
a
se n te n c e
m ust
be
fo llo w e d
im m e d ia te ly b y th e w o rd it m e a n t to d e sc rib e . O th e rw ise , th e m o d ifie r is sa id to b e
6
d a n g lin g a n d th e se n te n c e ta k e s o n a n u n in te n d e d m e a n in g .
H a c k e r (1 9 7 6 :6 5 ) a
w o rd
g ro u p
is
sa id
to
d a n g le
T h e n , b a se d o n D ia n a
w h e n it fa ils to sta c k its se lf
se n sib ly to th e n e x t o f th e se n te n c e .
T h is
k in d
of
it
erro r
o ccu rs
m o st o fte n
w ith
p h rase
th a t c o n ta in
v erb al
( p a r t i c i p l e , g e r u n d a n d i n f i n i t i v e s ). A n d i t i s s i m i l a r t o t h i s , a d a n g l i n g m o d i f i e r i s a
p h ra se o r c la u se th a t m o d ifie r a w o rd n o t c le a rly sta te d in th e se n te n c e s o r th a t d o e s
n o t c o n n e c t g ra m m a tic a lly w ith w h a t it is in te n d e d to m o d ify .
A fte r g e ttin g
som e
so u rces
w h ic h
in fo rm e d
a b o u t d e fin itio n o f d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r, th e n th e w rite r m a k e d e fin itio n d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a s a g ro u p o f w o rd s o r
p h ra se is n o t sp e c ific , illo g ic a lly sta te d in th e se n te n c e s, so it is n o t c le a r th a t w h o
e x p la in a n d w h a t e x p la n a tio n is a b o u t.
R e v isio n in d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
D a n g lin g m o d ifie r c a n b e se e n lik e th e e x a m p le b e llo w :
R a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , it is n a tu ra l to m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . T h e in tro d u c to ry
p h ra se in th e a b o v e se n te n c e lo o k s a s if it is m e a n t to m o d ify a p e rso n o r p e rso n s,
but
no
one
because
of
fo llo w s
th e
is
m e n tio n e d
th e ir
in
th e
se n te n c e . S u c h
p o sitio n , a u to m a tic a lly
p h rase
-- in
th is
c a s e , " i t ."
m o d ify
The
in tro d u c to ry
th e
first
c o n n e c tio n
a d je c tiv e
noun
in
th is
or
p h rases,
p ro n o u n
case
th a t
is illo g ic a l
b e c a u se "it" w a s n o t ra ise d in N o v a S c o tia . S o th e rig h t o n e is,
F o r a p e r so n r a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , it is n a tu ra l to m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . (T h e
p h ra se n o lo n g e r fu n c tio n s a s a n a d je c tiv e )
R a ise d in N o v a S c o tia , I o fte n m iss th e sm e ll o f th e se a . (T h e p h ra se fu n c tio n s a s a n
a d j e c t i v e b u t n o w a u t o m a t i c a l l y m o d i f i e s " I ," a l o g i c a l c o n n e c t i o n )
S o m e tim e s th e d a n g lin g m o d ifie r e rro r o c c u rs b e c a u se th e se n te n c e fa ils to sp e c ify
a n y th in g to w h ic h th e m o d ifie r c a n re fe r.
E x a m p le : L o o k in g to w a r d th e w e s t, a
fu n n e l sh a p e d c lo u d stirre d u p d u st T h is se n te n c e d o e s n o t sp e c ify w h o is lo o k in g
to w a r d th e w e s t. I n f a c t, th e r e is n o th in g a t a ll in th e s e n te n c e to w h ic h th e m o d if y in g
p h r a s e l o o k i n g t o w a r d t h e w e s t c a n l o g i c a l ly r e f e r. S i n c e t h e m o d i f ie r, l o o k i n g t o w a r d
th e w e s t, is s ittin g n e x t to th e f u n n e l s h a p e d c lo u d , th e s e n te n c e s u g g e s ts th a t th e
c lo u d is d o in g th e lo o k in g .
L o o k in g to w a rd th e w e st, I sa w fu n n e l sh a p e d c lo u d stirre d u p d u st.
N o w th e se n te n c e m e a n s th a t I w a s lo o k in g to w a r d th e w e st.
E x a m p le : W h e n n in e y e a r y e a r s o ld , m y m o th e r e n ro ll in m e d ic a l sc h o o l
T h i s s e n t e n c e m e a n s t h a t m y m o t h e r e n r o l le d i n m e d i c a l w h e n s h e w a s n i n e y e a r s o l d .
W h e n I w a s n in e y e a r s o ld , m y m o th e r e n ro lle d in m e d ic a l sc h o o l.
N o w th e se n te n c e m e a n s th a t I (n o t m y m o th e r!) w a s n in e y e a rs o ld w h e n m y m o th e r
e n ro lle d in m e d ic a l sc h o o l.
T h e re a re so m e e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
C o n fu sio n
C h a n g i n g t h e o i l e v e r y 3 ,0 0 0 m i l e s , t h e r e i s a n e a s y w a y t o k e e p
y o u r c a r ru n n in g sm o o th ly .
R e p a ir
W ork
I f w e c h a n g e t h e o i l e v e r y 3 ,0 0 0 m i l e s , w e c a n k e e p o u r c a r
ru n n in g sm o o th ly .
7
A n i n f i n i t i v e p h r a s e c a n a l s o " d a n g l e ." T h e i n f i n i t i v e p h r a s e b e l o w s h o u l d p r o b a b l y
m o d ify th e p e rso n (s) w h o se t u p th e e x e rc ise p ro g ra m .
C o n fu sio n
To
keep
th e y o u n g re c ru its in te re ste d in g e ttin g in sh a p e , a n
e x e rc ise p ro g ra m w a s se t u p fo r th e su m m e r m o n th s.
R e p a ir
W ork
T o k e e p th e y o u n g re c ru its in te re ste d in g e ttin g in sh a p e , th e
c o a c h in g
sta ff
set
up
an
e x e rc ise
p ro g ram
fo r
th e
sum m er
m o n th s.
M o re e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r se n te n c e s,
E x a m p le s o f D a n g lin g
M o d ifie r s
R e v isio n s
C o st-e ffic ie n t
and
c o m p u te r-a ssiste d
C o st-e ffic ie n t a n d c o n v e n ie n t, m a n y o f
used
t o d a y 's c o r p o r a t e e m p l o y e e s a r e b e i n g
e m p lo y e e s.
tra in e d
(T h e
d e sc rip tiv e
and
c o n v e n ie n t,
th ro u g h
c o m p u te r -a ssiste d
in stru c tio n .
by
c o n v e n ie n t,
in stru c tio n
m any
c o m p a n ie s
is
b e in g
to
tra in
w o rd s, c o st-e ffic ie n t
m o d ify
c o m p u te r -
a s s i s t e d i n s t r u c t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o d a y 's
c o r p o r a t e e m p l o y e e s .)
H a v in g
su b m itte d
re g istra tio n
fo rm
th e
a fte r
co n feren ce
th e
d e a d lin e ,
S u sa n n e e d e d sp e c ia l p e rm issio n fro m
H a v in g
su b m itte d
re g istra tio n
fo rm
th e
a fte r
co n feren ce
th e
d e a d lin e ,
th e
c h a irp e rso n
b efo re
sh e c o u ld g iv e
h e r p re se n ta tio n .
sp e c ia l p e rm issio n
by
th e c h a irp e rso n
( T h e e x a m p l e d o e s n 't m a k e s e n s e a s i t
w as
n e e d e d b e fo re sh e c o u ld g iv e h e r
is
w ritte n .
Som eone
m ust
have
p re se n ta tio n .
su b m itte d th e fo rm
la te . A c c o rd in g to
th e re v isio n , S u sa n su b m itte d th e fo rm
l a t e .)
W hen
p u rc h a sin g
a
c e llu la r
phone,
m a n y p e o p le b e c o m e o v e rw h e lm e d b y
W h e n p u rc h a sin g a c e llu la r p h o n e , th e
th e
w id e
fe a tu re s.
v a rie ty
of
c a llin g
p la n s
and
fe a tu re s o v e rw h e lm s m a n y p e o p le .
w id e
(T h e
v a rie ty
c a llin g
p u rc h a sin g
o f c a llin g
p la n s
and
c e llu la r
p la n s
fe a tu re s
phones.
and
a r e n 't
P e o p le
p u r c h a s e c e l l u l a r p h o n e s .)
John
A . H ig g in
in
E rlin a
(
1998
:
23)
g iv e s
th e
e x a m p le
of
d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r a n d its re v isio n . E x a m p le : ( W ro n g ) T o a c c e ss th e m a p p ro g ra m , a flo p p y
d isk m u st b e in se rte d , (W h o is d o in g th e a c c e ssin g ? N o t th e d isk ) (R ig h t) T o a c c e ss
th e
m ap
p ro g ram , y o u
m u st in se rt a flo p p y d isk .
(Y o u a re th e p e rso n is d o in g
p ro c e ssin g )
S im ila r to Je ssie M ic h a e l e t a ll (1 9 9 6 :1 2 ) m a k e s th e e x a m p le s o f d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
lik e
:
D a n g lin g :
c o m m e rc ia ls
R e p a ire d :
w hen
w hen
are
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
c o m m e rc ia ls a re e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
8
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
I
fin d
R e p a ire d :
W hen
c o m m e rc ia ls a re
I
am
w a tc h in g
a
c la ssic
film
such
as
gone
w ith
th e
w in d ,
e sp e c ia lly irrita tin g .
3 . R e se a r c h M e th o d o lo g y
R e se a r c h D e sig n
In re se a rc h , m e th o d h a s a n im p o rta n t ro le , b e c a u se a ll a c tiv itie s w h ic h i s
d o n e in fin d in g o r im p ro v in g so m e th in g is b y a n a ly z in g . T o d o th is re se a rc h , th e
w r i t e r w i l l u s e t h e d e s c r i p t i v e q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s e a r c h t h a t i s o n e m e t h o d i n g e t t i n g d a ta
b y d o in g e x p e rim e n t.
P o p u la tio n a n d S a m p le
A c c o rd in g B e st a n d k h a n (2 0 0 6 : 1 3 ), p o p u la tio n is th e w h o le su b je c t o f th e
research
w h ile
sa m p le
is
sm a ll
su b je c t w h ic h
is
e x a m in e d . T h e p o p u la tio n u se d in th is stu d y is th e
D e p a rtm e n t a c a d e m ic
y e a r 2 0 1 0 /2 0 1 1 , w h ile
th e
ta k e n
fro m
p o p u la tio n
to
be
first y e a r stu d e n ts o f E n g lish
sa m p le
is
one
c la ss fro m
th e
p o p u la tio n is c h o se n o u t ra n d o m ly .
T h e In str u m e n t o f c o lle c tin g d a ta
In d o in g a re se a rc h , th e in stru m e n t o f c o lle c tin g d a ta d e te rm in e s th e q u a lity
o f d a ta is c o lle c te d a n d q u a lity o f d a ta d e te rm in e s its re se a rc h . T o g e t th e e x p e c te d
d a ta , it is v e ry im p o rta n t to u se th e in stru m e n t c o lle c tin g d a ta sw e e tly .
To
know
th e
a b ility
of
E B .1 .0 8
m o d ifie r a n d a v o id in g th e m
stu d e n ts
in
m a ste rin g
m isp la c e d
and
d a n g lin g
in w ritin g p a ra g ra p h , th e w rite r m a k e s a w ritin g te st.
T h e w rite r g iv e s th e a ssig n m e n ts in th re e ty p e s o f q u e stio n s lik e th e u n d e rsta n d in g
o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r, c h a n g in g th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
se n te n c e s in to g o o d se n te n c e s a n d w ritin g p a ra g ra p h w ith th re e to p ic s .
T h e n th e w rite r g iv e s th e stu d e n ts c h a n c e to d o th e te st a t th e ir h o m e so th a t th e y
h a v e m u c h tim e a n b e c o n c e n tra te in d o in g it, a n a ly z e th e d a ta a n d ta b u la tio n a n d
th e a v e ra g e o f sc o re re su lt.
T h e S c o r in g th e te st
T est
K in d o f q u e stio n
1.
D e fin itio n o f m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r
2.
C h a n g in g th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r se n te n c e s in to
3.
W ritin g p a ra g ra p h w ith th re e to p ic s.
co rrect
Score
10
a
30
se n te n c e s.
T o ta l
100
4 . F in d in g s a n d d isc u ssio n s
F in d in g s.
A fte r a n a ly z in g th e d a ta , it is
60
fo u n d th a t th e fin d in g s a s th e fo llo w in g s:
8 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e d e x c e lle n t
9
1 stu d e n t a re c a te g o riz e g o o d
3 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e a v e ra g e
0 stu d e n t a re c a te g o riz e fa ir
4 stu d e n ts a re c a te g o riz e b a d
The
p e rc e n ta g e o f stu d e n ts a b ility in a n sw e rin g th e q u e stio n s
a b ility
N o.
C a te g o ry
T o tal
P e rc e n ta g e
1
e x c e lle n t
8
50%
2
good
1
6 .2 5 %
3
average
3
1 8 .7 5 %
4
fa ir
0
0%
5
bad
4
25%
a b le
a b le
a b le
u n a b le
B a se d o n th e ta b le a b o v e , th e w rite r ta k e s th e c o n c lu sio n th a t 4 stu d e n ts
u n a b le in m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a n d 1 2 stu d e n ts a re a b le in
m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r.
B a se d o n th e re su lt o f re se a rc h w h ic h h a s b e e n d o n e b y th e w rite r, so th e w rite r
c o n c lu d e s th a t:
1.
T h e a b ility o f th e first
y e a r 2 0 1 3 /2 0 1 4 stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t stu d e n ts
F K IP N o m m e n se n in a v o id in g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is g o o d e n o u g h ,
th a t is 7 5 % o r1 2 stu d e n ts a re a b le to d o th e e x e rc ise . It c a n b e p ro v e d fro m
th e ir
w ritin g te st re su lt
2.
T h e re w e re 8 stu d e n ts o r 5 0 % w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry e x c e lle n t, 1
s t u d e n t o r 6 .2 5 %
1 8 .7 5 %
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry g o o d , 3 stu d e n ts o r
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry a v e ra g e a n d 4 stu d e n ts o r 2 5 %
w h o w e re re g a rd e d a s h a v in g c a te g o ry b a d . It c a n b e sa id th a t 1 2 o r 7 5 % a re a b le
a n d 4 o r 2 5 % a re u n a b le in m a ste rin g m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r.
3.
T h e re a re so m e p ro b le m s a n d d iffic u ltie s a re fo u n d
b y th e first y e a r 2 0 1 3 /2 0 1 4
stu d e n ts o f E n g lish d e p a rtm e n t F K IP N o m m e n se n M e d a n :
1.
Som e
of
th e m
d id
not
fu lly
u n d e rsta n d
about
m isp la c e d
an d
d a n g lin g
2.
L a c k o f v o c a b u la ry m a k e s stu d e n ts d iffic u lt to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s.
3.
Som e
m o d ifie r.
o f th e m
does not know
to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s a n d ju st g u e ss th e
an sw er.
4.
T h e la z in e ss o f stu d e n ts m a k e s th e m
g e t lo w
k n o w le d g e in u n d e rsta n d in g
5.
M isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a re n e w su b je c t so it m a k e th e m d iffic u lt to
m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g .
u n d e rsta n d .
D isc u ssio n s
T o a v o id th e m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r is n o t e a sy fo r stu d e n ts w h e n
w ritin g p a ra g ra p h . T h e stu d e n ts n e e d c a re fu ln e ss a n d th e r ig h t m e a n in g o f e v e ry
se n te n c e . B u t w h e n w rite r g iv e th e m w ritin g te st, m o st o f th e m h a v e k n o w n w e ll o f
m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a n d c a n a v o id th e m
10
in th e te st. M isp la c e d a n d
d a n g lin g m o d ifie r a lw a y s o c c u r w h e n stu d e n ts d o n o t k n o w th e p la c e m e n t o f so m e
m o d if ie r s u c h a s a l m o s t , e v e n , h a r d l y , n e a r l y , o ft e n , a n d o n l y , s o m e o f th e m
in flu e n c e
o f In d o n e sia . T h e y
get
a lso m a k e in c o m p le te ly stru c tu re th a t th e y a lw a y s
fo rg e t to h a v e su b je c t in th e se n te n c e s.
A lth o u g h m o st o f th e stu d e n ts a re a b le to a v o id m isp la c e d a n d d a n g lin g
m o d ifie r, b u t so m e o f th e m still g e ts d iffic u lt in u n d e rsta n d in g it. T h e se c a se s w e e
c a u se d b y th re e fa c to rs:
1.
T h e b a d h a b itu a l o f stu d e n ts in stu d y in g a t c o lle g e . T h e y a re a lw a y s a c tiv e
le ss a n d d id n o t w a n t to in c re a se th e ir a b ility in m a ste rin g e v e ry su b je c t, d id
n o t m a ste r m o re v o c a b u la rie s. T h e y a re la z y to d o so m e e x e rc ise s a n d d o n o t
w a n t to k n o w a b o u t so m e th in g n e w .
2.
T h e u n q u a lifie d le c tu re rs in te a c h in g e v e ry su b je c t. T h e le c tu re rs d o n o t
e x p la in th e w h o le su b je c t w e ll a n d se ld o m g iv e th e w ritin g e x e rc ise s a n d
d o e s n o t c a re o f th e w e a k stu d e n ts.
3.
T h e in c o m p le te c o lle g e fa c ilitie s. T h e c o lle g e d id n o t h a v e th e w ifi a re a to
a c c e ss in te rn e t a n d d id c o m p le te th e E n g lish b o o k s e sp e c ia lly a b o u t w ritin g .
11
R E FE R E N C E S
E rlin a . (1 9 9 8 ). A n la is is P e n g g u n a a n
K a ta
U la n g
D a la m
ba ha sa
In d o n e sia
T u lis .
M e d a n : U n im e d .
B e s t , W ,J . &
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