Chapter II The Strategies Of Katniss Struggle Of Life In “Quarter Quell Iii Games” In The Hunger Games: Catching Fire By Suzanne Collins
2. REVIEW AND RELATED OF LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
Novel according to Peck and Coyle in book : Literary Terms and Criticism
(1984:102) said that novel is a move away from an essentially religious view of
life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most
novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in
which they find themselves. In fact, novels tend to tell the same few stories time
and time again. Novelists frequently focus on the tensions between individuals
and the society in which they live, presenting characters who are at odds with that
society. Novels, however, are long works with a great amount of detail on every
page. As readers, our real interest lies in the complications the novelist creates
within the familiar pattern of characters at odds with their society that enable us to
gain a vivid sense of what it is like for particular individuals to be caught in
certain events. A productive critical method for achieving a sense of a novel’s
complexity is to look closely at scenes which you found interesting or memorable,
seeing how to details create a vivid and distinctive impression of an individual and
society conflict. The novel is a work of prose fiction written in the narrative,
usually in story form. The word comes from the Italian, novella which means “a
story or piece of news.” The novel is literary form of the most popular in the
world. This form of literature is the most outstanding, because the vast power of
communication in society. As literature, the novel can be devided into two groups,
namely the work seriously and works of entertainment, but not all are able to
demanded not only a work beautiful, attractive, and this also provide
5
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entertainment for us. But he also demanded more than that. The novel is novel
primary requirement is taken it must attract, entertain and bring people out of
complacency after reading.
From the above statement, concluded that novel is a work of prose fiction
written in the narrative. Novelists frequently focus on the tensions between
individuals and the society in which they live, presenting characters who are at
odds with that society. Novel is long works with a great amount of detail on every
page.
2.2 Plots
Plot according to Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing (1995:88) said that plot is all the actions or incidents,
speeches, thoughts, and observations are linked together to make up an entirety,
sometimes called an organic unity. The essence of this unity is the development
and resolution of a conflict in character. The plot is interactions of causes and
effects as they develop sequentially or chronologically. Plot of stories are made up
mostly of actions or incidents that follow each other sequentially. Finding a
sequential or narrative order, however, is only the first step toward the more
important consideration. The plot is the controls governing the development of the
actions. In a well-plotted story, things precede or follow each other not simply
because time ticks away, but more importantly because effects follow causes.
From the above statement, concluded that plot is organized how actions
should be related to each other, how some events have relationship with the other
6
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events. And the plot is interactions of causes and effects as they develop
sequentially or chronologically.
2.3 Characters
Character according to Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An
Introduction to Reading and Writing (1995:131) said that character is natural
facsimile of a human being, with all the good and bad traits of being human. The
character is interaction with another character, with a difficult situation, or with an
idea or general circumstances that force action. Through action, speech,
description, and commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring
about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also charaters you may
laugh at, dislike, or even hate. Characters from every area of life, and, because we
all share the same capacities for concern, involvement, sympathy, happiness,
sorrow, exhilaration, and disappointment, you should be able to interest yourself
in characters and the ways they deal with their circumstances.
From the above statement, concluded that character is any representation of an
individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended
dramatic or verbal representation. Through action, speech, description, and
commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring about, rooting for,
and even loving, although there are also charaters you may laugh at, dislike, or
even hate.
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.4 Setting
Setting according Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing (1995:158) said that setting is concerned with the places
where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time
period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. Background
elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and
social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence of the
events recounted in a work of fiction. The setting is important to give realistic
impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really
happened.
From above the statement, concluded that setting is the place or location of the
action. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily
lifestyle of the characters. The setting provides the historical and cultural context
for characters.
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
The intrinsic approach starts from the interpretation and analysis of literary
works itself. We are interested in discussing the author, social environment, and
the literature, because of the literature. Romantic flow is the flow that can only
change the system of Neo-Classical critical with pressing arguments relativism.
Other times require other standards as well. Old methods such as classical
rhetoric, poetica, and the dimensions must be learned again and again translated in
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
modern terms. The trend is actually an attempt to imitate the methods of the
natural sciences.
"Poetica" in the 19th century moved to the tastes of readers. This supports the
idea that art can be enjoyed simply irrational. The concentration of research
literature aimed at literature itself. Sir Sidney Lee concludes theory approach to
the academic literature is “In literary history we seek the external circumstance,
political, social, economics, in which literature is produced”. Wellek and Warren
(1977:158) continues that the old methods such as Classical rhetoric, poetika, and
the dimensions must be learned and translated in modern terms. New methods
based on a survey of modern literary forms have been widely introduced. Such
research will be widely used in France is the method of explication de textes.
While in Germany developed the formal analysis based on the parallels between
works of art and art history, which has been pioneered by Walzel. Later, the
Russian formalist movement and his followers in Czechoslovakia and Poland
greatly stimulate the development of literary studies. In the UK, followers I.A.
Richards began to focus on the text and the poetry critic in America began trying
to restore a group of primary concern in the study of literature. Many studies of
novel who not only see the connection works with the social structure, but
studying the artistic method, point of view, and narrative techniques.
Intrinsic approach takes part from the literary work itself. Intrinsic approach
emphasizes the analysis intertext by describing the elements of the prose that
explained before. Wellek and Warren (1977: 139) in book “Theory of Literature”
said that intrinsic approach are being introduced based on a survey of the wider
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
range of forms in modern literature. They also stated that the main part of intrinsic
approach is based on the text of literary works itself by doing an interpretation and
analysis of it (1977: 139).
2.6 Descriptive Research
According to John W. Best (1982:42) in book “Methodology of Educational
Research” said that there are three types of analysis that can be used to classify
educational research is historical research, description research, and experimental
research.
Historical research is research that applies the scientific method of solving a
problem from a historical perspective. Collection and interpretation process that
occurred in the past, the present, the future also.
Descriptive research is a type of research that is happening in the present. In it
there is an attempt description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the
current situation. It is purpose to describe and explored the circumstances that
occurred at this time.
Experimental research is the only research that can test hypotheses to establish
causal relationships. This is the strongest chain of reasoning about relationships
between variables.
In writing this paper, the writer uses type of description research. Descriptive
research is a type of research that is happening in the present. In it there is an
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
attempt description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the current situation.
It is purpose to describe and explored the circumstances that occurred at this time.
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1 Novel
Novel according to Peck and Coyle in book : Literary Terms and Criticism
(1984:102) said that novel is a move away from an essentially religious view of
life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most
novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in
which they find themselves. In fact, novels tend to tell the same few stories time
and time again. Novelists frequently focus on the tensions between individuals
and the society in which they live, presenting characters who are at odds with that
society. Novels, however, are long works with a great amount of detail on every
page. As readers, our real interest lies in the complications the novelist creates
within the familiar pattern of characters at odds with their society that enable us to
gain a vivid sense of what it is like for particular individuals to be caught in
certain events. A productive critical method for achieving a sense of a novel’s
complexity is to look closely at scenes which you found interesting or memorable,
seeing how to details create a vivid and distinctive impression of an individual and
society conflict. The novel is a work of prose fiction written in the narrative,
usually in story form. The word comes from the Italian, novella which means “a
story or piece of news.” The novel is literary form of the most popular in the
world. This form of literature is the most outstanding, because the vast power of
communication in society. As literature, the novel can be devided into two groups,
namely the work seriously and works of entertainment, but not all are able to
demanded not only a work beautiful, attractive, and this also provide
5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
entertainment for us. But he also demanded more than that. The novel is novel
primary requirement is taken it must attract, entertain and bring people out of
complacency after reading.
From the above statement, concluded that novel is a work of prose fiction
written in the narrative. Novelists frequently focus on the tensions between
individuals and the society in which they live, presenting characters who are at
odds with that society. Novel is long works with a great amount of detail on every
page.
2.2 Plots
Plot according to Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing (1995:88) said that plot is all the actions or incidents,
speeches, thoughts, and observations are linked together to make up an entirety,
sometimes called an organic unity. The essence of this unity is the development
and resolution of a conflict in character. The plot is interactions of causes and
effects as they develop sequentially or chronologically. Plot of stories are made up
mostly of actions or incidents that follow each other sequentially. Finding a
sequential or narrative order, however, is only the first step toward the more
important consideration. The plot is the controls governing the development of the
actions. In a well-plotted story, things precede or follow each other not simply
because time ticks away, but more importantly because effects follow causes.
From the above statement, concluded that plot is organized how actions
should be related to each other, how some events have relationship with the other
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
events. And the plot is interactions of causes and effects as they develop
sequentially or chronologically.
2.3 Characters
Character according to Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An
Introduction to Reading and Writing (1995:131) said that character is natural
facsimile of a human being, with all the good and bad traits of being human. The
character is interaction with another character, with a difficult situation, or with an
idea or general circumstances that force action. Through action, speech,
description, and commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring
about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also charaters you may
laugh at, dislike, or even hate. Characters from every area of life, and, because we
all share the same capacities for concern, involvement, sympathy, happiness,
sorrow, exhilaration, and disappointment, you should be able to interest yourself
in characters and the ways they deal with their circumstances.
From the above statement, concluded that character is any representation of an
individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended
dramatic or verbal representation. Through action, speech, description, and
commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring about, rooting for,
and even loving, although there are also charaters you may laugh at, dislike, or
even hate.
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.4 Setting
Setting according Roberts and Jacobs in book Literature: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing (1995:158) said that setting is concerned with the places
where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time
period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. Background
elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and
social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence of the
events recounted in a work of fiction. The setting is important to give realistic
impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really
happened.
From above the statement, concluded that setting is the place or location of the
action. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily
lifestyle of the characters. The setting provides the historical and cultural context
for characters.
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
The intrinsic approach starts from the interpretation and analysis of literary
works itself. We are interested in discussing the author, social environment, and
the literature, because of the literature. Romantic flow is the flow that can only
change the system of Neo-Classical critical with pressing arguments relativism.
Other times require other standards as well. Old methods such as classical
rhetoric, poetica, and the dimensions must be learned again and again translated in
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
modern terms. The trend is actually an attempt to imitate the methods of the
natural sciences.
"Poetica" in the 19th century moved to the tastes of readers. This supports the
idea that art can be enjoyed simply irrational. The concentration of research
literature aimed at literature itself. Sir Sidney Lee concludes theory approach to
the academic literature is “In literary history we seek the external circumstance,
political, social, economics, in which literature is produced”. Wellek and Warren
(1977:158) continues that the old methods such as Classical rhetoric, poetika, and
the dimensions must be learned and translated in modern terms. New methods
based on a survey of modern literary forms have been widely introduced. Such
research will be widely used in France is the method of explication de textes.
While in Germany developed the formal analysis based on the parallels between
works of art and art history, which has been pioneered by Walzel. Later, the
Russian formalist movement and his followers in Czechoslovakia and Poland
greatly stimulate the development of literary studies. In the UK, followers I.A.
Richards began to focus on the text and the poetry critic in America began trying
to restore a group of primary concern in the study of literature. Many studies of
novel who not only see the connection works with the social structure, but
studying the artistic method, point of view, and narrative techniques.
Intrinsic approach takes part from the literary work itself. Intrinsic approach
emphasizes the analysis intertext by describing the elements of the prose that
explained before. Wellek and Warren (1977: 139) in book “Theory of Literature”
said that intrinsic approach are being introduced based on a survey of the wider
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
range of forms in modern literature. They also stated that the main part of intrinsic
approach is based on the text of literary works itself by doing an interpretation and
analysis of it (1977: 139).
2.6 Descriptive Research
According to John W. Best (1982:42) in book “Methodology of Educational
Research” said that there are three types of analysis that can be used to classify
educational research is historical research, description research, and experimental
research.
Historical research is research that applies the scientific method of solving a
problem from a historical perspective. Collection and interpretation process that
occurred in the past, the present, the future also.
Descriptive research is a type of research that is happening in the present. In it
there is an attempt description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the
current situation. It is purpose to describe and explored the circumstances that
occurred at this time.
Experimental research is the only research that can test hypotheses to establish
causal relationships. This is the strongest chain of reasoning about relationships
between variables.
In writing this paper, the writer uses type of description research. Descriptive
research is a type of research that is happening in the present. In it there is an
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
attempt description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the current situation.
It is purpose to describe and explored the circumstances that occurred at this time.
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara