Asuhan Keperawatan pada Ny. N dengan prioritas masalah Gangguan Kebutuhan Tidur pada Klien Halusinasi di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Prof. Muhammad Ildrem Provinsi Sumatera Utara Medan

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Intrinsic Approach

Based on Theory of Literature, (Wellek, 1997) intrinsic approach concern with interpretation and analysis of the works of literature itself. Rene Wellek try to explain that a literary work should be examined from the internal elements. The study of literature with intrinsic approach usually concern with the content and the form of the works itself. According to Rene Wellek (1997: 158) many novel studies not only see the relations of literature with the social structure, but also study of the artistic, perspective or point of view and narrative techniques. The basic elements to analyzing literary works are theme, point of view, plot, character, characterization, dramatic, conflict. These elements will help the student in analyzing literary works based on intrinsic approach.

Not much different from Wellek, Edgar. V Robert and Henry E. Jacob in their book An Introduction to Reading and Writing About Literature says that they are some aspects of fiction (novel), there are : character (the people that goes along in the story), plot ( the development and the organization of stories), structure (the way a plot is assembled), theme (the meaning and the whole idea of the story), point of view ( the position or stance of the narrator), and style (the words that tells the story).

2.2 Novel

The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella, which means the new staff that small. The novel was originally developed in the region from other forms or narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a

shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination.

Basically, fiction meant anything made up, crafted, or shaped, but today the word refers to prose stories based in the author imagination (Edgar V. Robert and Henry E. Jacob, 1995:2). Ress’ ( 1973:106 ) stated that novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerate length in which characters and action representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. While according to Reeve (1975: 26) novel is a picture of real and manners and of the time in which it was written.

2.2.1 Character

Characters are the persons presented in works of narrative (such as a novel, drama, or film) who convey their personal qualities through dialogues and actions by which the reader or audience understand their thoughts, feelings, intentions and motives.

Character is a human being in the fiction who plays action in the novel. The character does the action like making conversations or doing activities. By understanding there would have been required as a manifestation of the human figure and his life to be told.

Karl (1967:238) defines that a character is interest in the very personal reason that we want to see how other people live, how they make decision and react to responsibility, how they pursue their goal.

a human. Specifically, the quality was in him and that determine how humans act in a variety of conditions or attempt to deal with the surrounding environment”.

Roberts (1995: 131) says, “As in a life, the figure could be lazy or ambitious, agitates or calm, like fighting or timid, assertive or shy, confident or doubtful, very brave or scared, noisy or quiet, can be trusted or liked to lie, conscientious or careless, unreasonable or irritable, biased or unfair, or fraudulent blunt, "winner" or "loser" and so on

Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do.

Novelist try to create fictional people whose situations affect the reader as the situation of real people. Authors describe the more simple characters in novels with no more than few phrases that identify the character’s most important traits. In their book An Introduction to Reading and Writing about Literature, Roberts and Jacobs describe that in analyzing a literary character, the writer begins to determine the character’s outstanding traits. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, avoiding eye contact, or always thinking oneself the center of attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person’s primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in life). Thus, characters may be ambitious, lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful, thoughtful or inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self-doubting, kind or cruel, quiet or

noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased, straightforward or underhanded, “winner or loser”, and so on (1995: 132).

E.M. Foster (1927) says, “There are two basic types of characters “round character” and “flat character.”

Round character is a major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including

Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as "two-dimensional characters" or supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story, along with round characters.

2.2.2 Setting

Rene and Austin (1982:131) say that setting refers to geographical location of the story, time priod, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story.

The setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Stories actually have two types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The Physical setting is of course

where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can be equally general or specific.

2.2.3 Plot

Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story.

Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.

There are five main elements in a plot. The first is the exposition or the introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. The second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs when a series of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are established by the time the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time, events begin to get complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement, tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next. The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the

main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending. 2.2.4 Point of View

Point Of View is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem,

There are four basic of point of view, they are:

• The omniscient point of view, in which the author himself tells the story in the third person. The narrator knows everything about everyone in the story and can bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he chooses. • The first of point of view, the writer must whether the “I” is to be major or

minor character, protagonist or observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has heard at second hand.

• Observer’s point of view, in a modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related from the vision of the single character used by the author as a central observer or central intelligence through whom anything cleared.

• The objective point of view, though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the author using this technique refrains from making a side, commenting on the action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but does not interpret.

2.2.5 Theme

The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.' In other words, what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing of a novel, play, short story or poem? This belief, or idea, transcends cultural barriers. It is usually universal in nature. When a theme is universal, it touches on the human experience, regardless of race or language. It is what the story means. Often, a piece of writing will have more than one theme.

According to Wikipedia, theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.

Theme, according to Stanton (1965:20) and Kenny (1966:88) is the meaning contained by a story. But there are many meanings conceived and offered by the story (the novel), then the problem is a special meaning which can be expressed as the theme.

Theme is also a general basic idea that supports a literature, and it implies in the text as semantic structure and connects with similarities and differences. Themes become basic development of the whole story, so it must represent the whole part of novel.

2.3 Effort

Effort has to do with how much work you're putting into something. A great achievement can also be considered a great effort. Effort has to do with how hard you're trying. If something is easy, it doesn't take much effort. If it's hard, it

takes a lot of effort. Effort is about trying to get something done, even if it doesn't always work out.

2.3.1 Sacrifice

A sacrifice is a loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause. Though no longer used only in a religious context, sacrifice comes from the Latin sacra and facere, meaning "to perform sacred rites." If we've studied ancient cultures like the Incas, we've probably heard of "human sacrifice," where a person is killed in a sacred ceremony to please the gods. But those kinds of sacrifices don't happen anymore.

Sacrifice is a gift that is based on sincere moral consciousness solely. Sacrifice is the result of devotion. Sacrifice handed over willingly selflessly, without any agreement, without any transactions, whenever needed.

Devotion more points to sacrifice more action while pointing to the administration. In the court of always demanded sacrifice, but not necessarily sacrifice demanded devotion.

Life is a struggle that must always be done by every creature in order to survive. Sacrifice itself can be shaped material (which can be seen, held) and immaterial form (only be felt). and the sacrifices made by sincere and noble purpose will definitely provide exceptional results (not vain or useless).

2.3.2 Care

Care is a basic values and attitude of attention and act proactively to conditions or circumstances around us. Care is an attitude of partiality us to engage in issues, circumstances or conditions that occur around us.

People care about are those who are called to do something in order to inspire, change, kindness to the surrounding environment. When he saw a certain situation, when he witnessed the condition of the people then he would be moved to do something. What is done is expected to help repair or surrounding conditions.

2.3.3 Responsibility

Responsibility according to Indonesian dictionary is, the state ought to bear everything. Thus responsible under Indonesian general dictionary is obliged to bear, carry, bear everything, and suffer the consequences.

The responsibility is the human's consciousness behavior or actions that intentionally or not on purpose. Responsibility also means doing as the embodiment of awareness of the obligation.

Responsibility it is natural, meaning that has become part of human life, that every human being on overload with responsibility. Responsibility is the hallmark of civilized the human. The human felt responsible because he or she realized due to the good or bad deeds, and also aware that the other party or the court requires sacrifice.

2.4 Love

Love has unlimited power and plays an important role in human’s life. Love does not need the formula of scientific studies. It is needed understanding, honor, respect and tolerance. The term love is also applied to the state of feeling and love is also part human life. Love makes life sweeter, stronger, and fuller. All

of us have had love since we were young and will have it till someday we leave the world also we experience love from our earliest moment.

Love is described as an abstract thing found in every man and woman’s life. It cannot be separated from human life. Love has been old already and even historians do not know how long it will live.

where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can be equally general or specific.

2.2.3 Plot

Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story.

Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.

There are five main elements in a plot. The first is the exposition or the introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. The second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs when a series of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are established by the time the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time, events begin to get complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement, tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next. The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the

main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending. 2.2.4 Point of View

Point Of View is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem,

There are four basic of point of view, they are:

• The omniscient point of view, in which the author himself tells the story in the third person. The narrator knows everything about everyone in the story and can bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he chooses. • The first of point of view, the writer must whether the “I” is to be major or

minor character, protagonist or observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has heard at second hand.

• Observer’s point of view, in a modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related from the vision of the single character used by the author as a central observer or central intelligence through whom anything cleared.

• The objective point of view, though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the author using this technique refrains from making a side, commenting on the action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but does not interpret.

2.2.5 Theme

The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.' In other words, what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing of a novel, play, short story or poem? This belief, or idea, transcends cultural barriers. It is usually universal in nature. When a theme is universal, it touches on the human experience, regardless of race or language. It is what the story means. Often, a piece of writing will have more than one theme.

According to Wikipedia, theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.

Theme, according to Stanton (1965:20) and Kenny (1966:88) is the meaning contained by a story. But there are many meanings conceived and offered by the story (the novel), then the problem is a special meaning which can be expressed as the theme.

Theme is also a general basic idea that supports a literature, and it implies in the text as semantic structure and connects with similarities and differences. Themes become basic development of the whole story, so it must represent the whole part of novel.

2.3 Effort

Effort has to do with how much work you're putting into something. A great achievement can also be considered a great effort. Effort has to do with how hard you're trying. If something is easy, it doesn't take much effort. If it's hard, it

takes a lot of effort. Effort is about trying to get something done, even if it doesn't always work out.

2.3.1 Sacrifice

A sacrifice is a loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause. Though no longer used only in a religious context, sacrifice comes from the Latin sacra and facere, meaning "to perform sacred rites." If we've studied ancient cultures like the Incas, we've probably heard of "human sacrifice," where a person is killed in a sacred ceremony to please the gods. But those kinds of sacrifices don't happen anymore.

Sacrifice is a gift that is based on sincere moral consciousness solely. Sacrifice is the result of devotion. Sacrifice handed over willingly selflessly, without any agreement, without any transactions, whenever needed.

Devotion more points to sacrifice more action while pointing to the administration. In the court of always demanded sacrifice, but not necessarily sacrifice demanded devotion.

Life is a struggle that must always be done by every creature in order to survive. Sacrifice itself can be shaped material (which can be seen, held) and immaterial form (only be felt). and the sacrifices made by sincere and noble purpose will definitely provide exceptional results (not vain or useless).

2.3.2 Care

Care is a basic values and attitude of attention and act proactively to conditions or circumstances around us. Care is an attitude of partiality us to engage in issues, circumstances or conditions that occur around us.

People care about are those who are called to do something in order to inspire, change, kindness to the surrounding environment. When he saw a certain situation, when he witnessed the condition of the people then he would be moved to do something. What is done is expected to help repair or surrounding conditions.

2.3.3 Responsibility

Responsibility according to Indonesian dictionary is, the state ought to bear everything. Thus responsible under Indonesian general dictionary is obliged to bear, carry, bear everything, and suffer the consequences.

The responsibility is the human's consciousness behavior or actions that intentionally or not on purpose. Responsibility also means doing as the embodiment of awareness of the obligation.

Responsibility it is natural, meaning that has become part of human life, that every human being on overload with responsibility. Responsibility is the hallmark of civilized the human. The human felt responsible because he or she realized due to the good or bad deeds, and also aware that the other party or the court requires sacrifice.

2.4 Love

Love has unlimited power and plays an important role in human’s life. Love does not need the formula of scientific studies. It is needed understanding, honor, respect and tolerance. The term love is also applied to the state of feeling and love is also part human life. Love makes life sweeter, stronger, and fuller. All

of us have had love since we were young and will have it till someday we leave the world also we experience love from our earliest moment.

Love is described as an abstract thing found in every man and woman’s life. It cannot be separated from human life. Love has been old already and even historians do not know how long it will live.