AMERICAN SOUTHERN DIALECT OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN RACE TO WITCH MOUNTAIN.
American Southern Dialect of the Main Character
In Race to Witch Mountain Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana
Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Faridatul Hasanah Reg. Number A93212185
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2016
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ABSTRACT
Hasanah, Faridatul. 2016. Ameican Southern Dialect used by the Main Character
in Race to Witch Mountain, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Pd.
Key Term : Language Variation, American Southern Dialect, Phonological
Features, Grammatical Features, Vocabulary Variation.
This Research focuses on analyzing one of American English (AE) Dialect, which is used by Jack Bruno in a movie “Race to Witch Mountain”. Moreover, the two statements of problems in this research. First, the researcher intends to describe the pattern of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno, so that the researcher can classify it easily. Second, the researcher analyzes it
more deeply to know the effect of using American Southern Dialect in Race to
Witch Mountain’s movie.
In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method, so that the main instrument of this research is the researcher herself. Moreover, the data source derived from Jack Bruno’s movie “Race to Witch Mountain”. Further, the steps of collecting the data are don’t loading the transcript, watching the movie, focusing on main character (jack Bruno), sorting all dialect, making a table put all the data. Then, the researcher analysis the data throw classifying it and putting it into table and the last is making conclusion.
The finding of this research is the researcher found some American southern dialect, which is use by jack Bruno. However, tended to use his dialect with aliens because of solidarity.
However, the researcher suggests for further researcher, related to research of American southern dialect, to analyze deeper, because this research more or less need to refine.
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INTISARI
Hasanah Faridatul, 2016. AmericanSouthern Dialect Used by the Main Character
in Race to Witch Mountain Movie, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Pd.
Key Term : Language Variation, American Southern Dialect, Phonological
Features, Grammatical Features, Vocabulary Variation.
Penelitian ini fokus untuk mengkaji pada dialek Inggris-Amerika (IA), yang
digunakan oleh Jack Bruno dalam film “Race to Witch Mountain”. Selain itu ada
dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama, peneliti bermaksud untuk menggambarkan pola dialek Amerika Selatan yang digunakan oleh Jack Bruno. Dengan bergitu, penelitian ini bisa mengklasifikasikannya dengan mudah. Yang kedua, peneliti mengkajinya lebih dalam untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan dialek Amerika Selatan di film “Race to Witch Mountain”.
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori kualitatif dari metode deskriptif. Jadi, instrument utama dari penelitian ini adalah peneliti itu sendiri.
Selain itu, sumber data yang berasal dari film Jack Bruno dengan judul “Race to
Witch Mountain”. Selanjutnya, cara untuk mengumpulkan data: download
transkrip. menonton film, memperhatikan dan focus pada karakter utama (Jack Bruno), menyortir semua dialek, membuat table untuk meletakkan semua data. Kemudian, peneliti mengkaji data yang sudah diklasifikasikan dan dimasukkan ke dalam tabel, dan yang terakhir membuat kesimpulan.
Hasil dari penetilian ini adalah peneliti menemukan beberapa dialek Amerika Selatan, yang digunakan oleh Jack Bruno. Bagaimanapun, Ia cenderung menggunakan dialek dengan aliens sebagai solidaritas.
Peneliti ini juga menyarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya terkait penelitian dialek Amerika Selatan untuk meningkatkkan penelitian ini lebih dalam, karena penelitian ini kurang lebihnya untuk disempurnakan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSIDE COVER PAGE ... i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE ... ii
MOTTO ... iii
DECLARATION PAGE ... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ... v
THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vi
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL SHEET ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... ix
ABTRACT ... x
INTISARI ... xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study ... 1
1.2Statement of the Problems ... 6
1.3Objective of Study ... 6
1.4Significance of the Study ... 7
1.5Scope and Limitation ... 7
1.6Definition of Key Term ... 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED OF LITERATURE 2.1Language ... 10
2.1.1Language Variation ... 10
2.1.2 Kinds of Language Variety ... 11
2.1.3 The Classification of Language Variation ... 14
2.1.4 Socio-situational Factors and Language Varieties ... 17
2.2 Dialect ... 17
2.2.1 Phonological Features ... 19
2.2.2 Grammatical Pattern ... 21
2.2.3 Vocabulary Variation ... 22
2.3 Standard American English (SAE) ... 22
2,3.1 Northern English ... 24
2.3.2 Midland English ... 24
2.3.3 Southern English ... 24
2.4 Previous Study ... 27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 29
3.2 Subject of the Research ... 30
3.3 Research Instrument ... 30
3.4 Data ... 30
3.5 Data sources ... 35
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3.7 Technique Data Analysis ... 32
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DICUSSIONS 4.1 Findings ... 33
4.1.1 Dialect ... 33
4.1.1.1Phonological Features ... 34
4.1.1.2 Grammatical Pattern ... 59
4.1.1.3 Vocabulary Variation ... 68
4.2 The Effect of Jack Bruno Best on American Southern Dialect .... 69
4.3 Discussion ... 72
CHAPTER V CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 75
5.2 Suggestion ... 77
REFERENCES ... 80 APPENDICES 1
APPENDICES 2 APPENDICES 3
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher explains about the background of the study, the statement of problems. Objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and the definition of key terms.
1.1Background of the Study
From every beginning of human being‟s life, everyone-old and young speak in many different languages. Since human were born, everyone has already used language especially when they learn to speak. Language is a system of visual, auditory or tactile symbols of communication and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can help people do their daily activities, in any situation and condition. Language as a means of commutation is used to share human ideas, knowledge, and feelings. Human stars to learn something by using language and cannot live without making any communication with others. Therefore, it can be said that language is the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another is primarily spoken, and even it can be transferred to other media, such as movie.
Language variation does not equate with language ungrammaticality, but speakers are still (often unconsciously) sensitive to what is and is not possible in their native tongue. Language variation is a core concept in sociolinguistics.
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Sociolinguists investigate whether this linguistic variation can be attributed to differences in the social characteristics of the speakers using the language, but also investigate whether elements of the surrounding linguistic context promote or inhibit the usage of certain structures (wikipedia, 2016). Language variation is a specific linguistic items or human speech pattern (e.g. sound, words, grammatical features, etc.) which is uniquely associated with some external factors, such as a social group (Wardhaugh, 2010). The other factor of language variation is geographical area. It is dialect (O‟Grady et al., 2001).
Dialect is a variety of language spoken or written by a group of people. Dialect spoken by people in different regions is called regional dialect. Whereas, dialect which spoken by different groups in society is called social dialect or sociolect. Sociolect are based on social factors such as education, age, sex, etc. And Also, Schilling Estes (2006) found that dialect is used to refer to an entire language variety, with features on all levels of language patterning, an example, phonology, grammar, and the lexicon. As in the sound, the word movie is uttered differently between British and American speaker. British pronounce movie as /‟mu;vi/ and American pronounce movie as /‟muvi/. Then, as the word, British talk about knock up means „rouse from sleep by knocking‟, while people in American English call the word knock up means „make pregnant. As the grammatical, speakers of African-American English (AAE) tend to I had some lunch but in Standard American English (SAE) I didn‟t have no lunch. American ask did you taken a bath? While the English ask have you taken a bath? And also comes from Bloomer (2006:114) that the dialect is a variety of language that only
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used to in particular group and shaped by regional origins also socio economic background and distinguished by phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.
The study of linguistic make use of the concept of the „linguistic variable.‟ One simple linguistic variable in English in pronunciation of the final sound in words like spending, running, listening, thinking, and talkingare usually pronounced spendin’, runnin’, listen, thinkin’, and talkin’. It‟s called linguistic features which are final sound (ng) with its two variations dropping -ing in phonological feature. The dropping -ing for instance, the sentence such as „He was singing in the rain,‟ „Running is fun‟ „it‟s a fishing boat,‟ and „are you going?‟are usually pronounced „He was singin’ in the rain,‟ „Runnin’ is fun‟ „it‟s a fishin’ boat,‟ and last „its goin’?‟. Then the grammatical feature sometimes the people says ‘people is’ the Standard English the people must uses „people are‟. Vocabulary variation is saying in the different word but in the same meaning so that‟s way the researcher is going to analyze the dialect variation within the main character in Race to Witch Mountain movie based on the phonological features, grammatical features and vocabulary variation to find out the pattern and the effect in language variation. There are some American movie that show a dialect of some characters. on of them Race to Witch Mountain.
Race to Witch Mountain is a 2009 science fiction/thriller film and a remake of the 1975 Disney film Escape to Witch Mountain, which is based on the 1968novel of the same name by Alexander Key. The film is directed by Andy Fickman and stars Dwayne Jahnson, AnnaSophia Robb, Alexander ludwid, Ciaran
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Hinds, and Carla Gugino. Filming began in Los Angeles in March 2008. It was released on Marxh 13, 2009.
There are ten characters in Race to Witch mountain movie, they are Jack bruno, Sara, Seth, Henry Burke, Dr. Alex Friedman, The Siphon, Harlan‟ a friend of Alex‟s, Eddie Cortez, Pope, William J. Birnes the host of UFO Hunters, Whitley Strieber.
Dwayne Johnson as Jack Bruno who is a Las Vegas cab driver, a former convict. The director wrote in a cab driver as a main character because there was a unique relationship between the driver and his passengers. Fickman explained, "When Dwayne's driving and two aliens appear in his cab, he's stuck with them, there is an implied contract that I will get you to your destination, because that's what he does”. This is Dwayne Johnson's second Disney film, the first one being the 2007 family comedy film. the Game Plan, also directed by Andy Fickman.
In the present study, most of the researchers about dialect were done in undergraduated thesis as Rika Santika (2014) she has successfully research about dialect in the written text. Focused on the data of literary works from United States whereas the previous research takes the data from England. And the research also still used same kinds of literary works in the novel.
In the other hand, Language variaton seems to be rapidly by Navita (2016) concluded that language is the most important as a tool to verbal communicate in dialy activity that used of special terms as jargon from certan community. It is
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also found in the Journal of English Linguistic (2009) by Thomas et al, puts that the findings of a few acoustic and other characteristics trigger a specific national perception of Palin‟s verbal behaviour.
After reviewing some previous research about dialect, the researcher tries to analyzed “American Sourthern Dialect of the Main Character in Race to Wich Mountain”. The reseacher took the sourthern dialect in that movie because one of the actors in that movie has uniqueness and strange language of the pronunciation. namely is Jack Bruno.
Overall, the researcher found the result of the pattern dialect in Race to Witch Mountain that consist of three features they are, phonology feature, grammatical features, and vocabulary variation used by qualitative method. The researcher takes the transcript in “Race to Witch Mountain” movie as the data for my research. To found the analysis, the researcher looking for the utterances, the word and the dialogue that consist of phonology feature, grammatical feature, and vocabulary variation used by Jack Bruno as the main character in „Race to Witch Mountain’ movie. In this analysis, the dialect is aim at southern because the setting of this location of this movie Los Angles, south California part of United Stated. There are some southern including south area, they are:at the At-lantic at the southern border of New Jersey, West Virginia, and the heading south thought North California, South California, and Midland.
The result of this research display what is features of phonological feature, Grammatical feature, and Vocabulary Variation of American the southern dialect
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used by the main character in Race to Witch Mountain movie. And also how use the feature and prove about the effect of American southern dialect that used by the main characters.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Based on the background of the study written above, the writer proposes to analyze dialect used by Jack Bruno in ‘Race to Witch Mountain’ movie. The research problem can be formulated as follow:
1. What are the patterns of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’?
2. What is the effect of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’?
1.3 Objective of Study
Based on the research problem above, there are two objectives of the study, as follow:
1. To describe the pattern of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain.
2. To find the effect of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain.
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1.4 Significance of the Study
The aim of this research to give contribution to enrich linguistic lectures source in teaching about language variation especially in American dialect, they can use this research as example of patterns of American Southern dialect used by main character in‟ Race to Witch Mountain‟ by Jack Bruno. In addition, also prove effect of the dialect in this movie.
1.5 Scope and limitation
The researcher focused on main characters‟ dialect of “Race to Witch Mountain” movie by Jack Bruno (phonology features, grammatical patterns, vocabulary variation) of American Southern dialect that used by the main character (Jack Bruno) in Race to Witch Mountain movie. One might address the weakness if this research is the object derived from written text not spoken text and the text got the transcript from the movie. So that‟s why this research cannot find the vowel, intonation and etc.
1.6 Definition of key term
The researcher provides the definition of key word of this study which is avoiding the misunderstanding and misunderstanding, some of definition as follow:
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variation is become the natural part which happen in human language that influenced by several factors such as socioeconomic status, region, and ethnicity, age, level, of education and other.
2. Dialect is a variety of a language that is distinguished from other verities of the same language by features of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, and by its use by a group of speakers who are set off from other geographically or socially.
3. American Southern dialect is a dialect are spoken throughout the southern United Stated, southern, including those areas souths and east of a line starting at the At-Lantic at the southern bonder of New Jersey and heading westward almost to West Virginia, and then heading south though North California and south California; and Midland, including the area between the Northern and Southern areas.
4. Phonology feature is features that consist of vowels, diphthongs and syllable.
5. Grammatical features are features that consist of using special grammar like auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, preposition verb omitting, about to, and ya‟ll.
6. Vocabulary variation is features that consist of special vocabularies that appear and every region has special vocabulary.
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7. Jack Bruno is an actor in Race to Witch Mountain movie and his real name Dwayne Douglas Johnson. He is as a Las Vegas cab driver in that movie.
8. Race to Witch Mountain is a film by Jack Bruno published in march 13, 2009. It was immediately successful.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
These chapters‟ present theories used to analyze data. There are four subchapters in this chapter, they are definition of language, Dialect, and Standard American English.
2.1 Language
Language is many things a system of communication, a medium for
thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, a factor in nation building. All normal human being speak at least one language, and it is hard to imagine much significant social or intellectual activity taking place in its absence. Each of us, then, has a stake in understanding how language is organized and how it is used. (O‟Grady, 1989:1)
2.1.1 Language Variation
Actually variety is a sociolinguistic term referring to language in context. In other word variety is a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances (Holmes, 1992). It means that the variety is a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances, with a distinctive social purpose that applied in the certain context. Variety in this
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term include of different accents, different linguistic styles, different dialects and even different language which contrast each other.
The language variations can be found in the different speech communities. Speech community is a group of people who speak common dialect. Some communities will select different dialect of a language in the different context in which they are speaking. The speech community it can be involve of the student in the certain community.
2.1.2 Kinds of Language Variety
A variety of language based on the users 1) Idiolect
According to Fromkin (2007, p.409) Idiolect is the language variation which used by an individual. The speakers have a variety in their language that can make some differentiates among of them. In other word language variation is variety of language spoken by each individual speaker of the language. One speaker may have different particular variety in their language which relate to the voice, diction, language style etc.
2) Dialect
Dialect is a variety of language spoken or written by a group of people. Dialect spoken by people in different regions is called regional dialect. Whereas, dialect which spoken by different groups in society is
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called social dialect or sociolect. Sociolects are based on social factors such as education, age, sex, etc. (Fromkin, 2007)
Many linguistics said that dialect is a collection attributes such as phonetic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, semantic which make one group of speaker have different of the other group of speaker although they speak in the same Language.
a. Variety of language base on the use of the language (register) According O‟Grady (1976, p.351) states that register is refer to the use of the language or the function of the language itself. Register is also the term which refers to language that used by several groups of people with common interest or jobs, or the language used in situations associated with such group.
This variety divides into some types as follow: 1) Journalistic variety of language
The characteristic of this variety are simple, communicative and brief. It is simple because it must be understood easily, communicative because it delivers news precisely and brief because there is limited time and column (wikipedia, 2016). 2) Military variety of language
This variety is known as a resolute and brief language. 3) Scientific variety of language
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The scientific variety of language must be clear, efficient and not ambiguity.
4) Literature variety of language
According (wikipedia, 2016). It is usually used by literary men. The use of this variety is stressed on esthetic side such as poem, and another literary work.
b. Variety of language base on formality This term divides into five types; they are:
1) Frozen language variety
Frozen language variety is language the most formal variety which usually used in a formal ceremony, official and solemn atmosphere.
2) Casual language variety
It is used in daily activities and non-formal situation. In addition, this variety is usually used in the casual situation. 3) Intimate language variety
This variety used in a close relationship between users of language. It can be a close friend, family or the others. Usually the student uses this language in their gossip.
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Gleason (1963, p.367) variety in terms of facilities language variation in terms of facilities in view of the means used. Variety language consists of two parts:
1) Variety of spoken language
This variety is caused by the speech organ. It also called by oral language variety. It is delivered and supported by non-linguistic factors such as intonation, gesture, and other supra-segmental features.
2) Variety of written language
Written variety of language must be conducted completely. There are non-non-linguistic factors that influence it. Moreover, this variety is used punctuation symbols.
2.1.3 The Classification of Language Variation
There are two kinds of language variation in this term as follow: a. The social language varieties
It means that the language variation happens in the social circumstances that relate with the users, participants, social setting and function of the interaction. Divide into three language variation, they are:
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1) Slang
Slang is very informal language that usually used by youth people or teenagers in the informal setting but sometime the old people used it in their conversation. It is usually has changing every time, it means that the vocabulary in slang is always new and secret language that applied in one community but the outsiders may know about the meaning of it. Slang consists with the non-standard words and phrases in a given language.
Slang has been defined as one of those things that everybody can recognize and no one can define. The use of Slang language introduces many new words into the language by recombining old words into new meaning (Fromkin, 2003).
There are some reasons why the people in one community use it but the main reason is they want to be different from other which include of the social identify of cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large.
2) Argot
Argot is variant of language that used by the community in the certain job, profession or social class and more secret (Matttiello, p.6) because it more secret language the outside or people except the community do not know and not understand about the meaning of it. Usually it used by the criminals and drug users. Argot is also called
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by non-standard vocabulary which used by group of community in common interest, isolation, or their opposition to authority.
3) Jargon
Jargon is the special or technical vocabulary in certain occupation (Akmajian, 1995) Other definition said that jargon is speech usually associated with or used within a particular occupation, hobby, or sport. It means that jargon is the technical term which usually used by people in certain occupation, hobby, field, sport (Jannedy, 1994) and so on that may know by the outside people. Everyone in every job and every field has some language in term. For example, in technological term we know „soft-ware” but never find this term in the medical term. Besides, people who work in the medical field know what the meaning of “soft-ware” is.
b. The Regional Language Varieties
Regional dialects are Language varieties that are defined in terms of geographical boundaries. In other word, regional dialect is the language variety that used by people in the different region. The study that explains about the regional dialect is called by dialectology. The boundaries of areas where a particular linguistic form is used are marked by lines called isoglosses (Jannedy, 1994). This term is including of the language variety that base on the users which have explained by the researcher above.
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Jannedy (1994) stated that the information of U.S. regional dialect in part has its beginnings in England as speakers from various regions of England Journeyed across the Atlantic and settled the Eastern seaboard of the United Stated. Dialectal boundaries still present today is reflected in these earliest settlement patterns. Settlers from eastern regional of central and southern England settled in eastern New England the Virginia Tidewater area.
2.1.4 Socio-situational Factors and Language Varieties
O‟Grady (1976) stated that Socio-situational factors and variation in the using of the language is influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Non-linguistic factor involves social factor. Social factors that influence the uses of language consist of social status, education level, age, gender and other. Whereas, Situational factors consist of: who is speaking, what language, to whom, when, where and on what issues.
2.2 Dialect
Dialect variation is a part of language variation. It is a regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties (O‟Grady et al, 2001). Also, Schilling Estes (2006, p.312) found that dialect is used to refer to an entire language variety, with features on all levels of language patterning, for example, phonology, grammar, and the lexicon. It means the English speaker likes American,
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Britain and Australian may speak different in phonology, grammar and vocabulary to speak English.
According to Wardhaugh (1977), dialect is a “variety of a language associated with a particular group of speaker and mutually intelligible with other varieties” (p. 221). It means that dialect is a specific attribute that differentiates one way of speaking from other‟s. dialect may specify the person using it since dialect appears quite uniquely to one‟s ears. Sometimes, one dialect may share a similar attribute with another dialect and other verities. It makes a dialect has a great relation with other varieties.
The term dialectology is used to refer to the study of regional dialect. Modern dialectology got its start in Europe about century ago as a result of the interest of historical linguist in observing the spread of sound change. This early work was principally concerned with phonology. Later work has considered other aspects of language, but phonology is still the greatest area of concentration, with the lexicon in second place. Dialectology has been comparatively less interested in morphology and syntax. O‟Grady (1976, p.327)
The work of dialectology is often published in form of article, but the most character form for the result of their investigation is the dialect atlas. A dialect atlas contains numerous map that exhibit regional in a language. The boundaries between dialect (and subdialect) are represented on these map by means of lines called isoglosses. The latter are generally drawn with respect to
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one feature (usually phonological or lexical) these lines are meant to indicate hat with respect to the feature of features in question, people on one side share one variant while those on the other share a different one. (Aronoff, 1976).
Dialect has parts of linguistics features. The linguistics features are studying the variable of linguistics. Wardhaugh (2006, p.143) stated that linguistic variable is a linguistic item and it has identifiable. The variable its self is included the phonology features, grammatical variation, and vocabulary variation.
2.2.1 Phonological Features
There are many different sounds in single language. As competition of “r-less” and other dialects which illustrates phonological difference among (Hyams and Rodman, 2003). The linguist adds, there are many difference among the dialects of American English. Hyams and Rodman (2003. P.450) claimed to illustrate the different sound of English by reference to word in which sounds occur. For instance, some readers pronounce Mary, marry,
and merry in the same, others pronounce the three words differently as /mӕri/ and /mԑri/; and still others pronounce two of them.
From difference phonology features; we can find the regional dialect where a person comes from. As the example /h/ is pronounced at the beginning of both head and herb in British dialect. Whereas in American English dialect it is not pronounced in the second word. Then, in English dialect /h/ regularly dropped from most word in which it is pronounced in
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American, such as house, pronounce /aws/, and hero, pronounced /iro/ (Hyams and Rodman, 2003).
According to (Wardhaught, 2006) stated that structure of phonology features that have varieties of vernacular varieties in Unites Stated such as verb -ing dropping. In this research, the researcher looks the utterances of verb -ing dropping used by Jack Bruno in Race to Witch Mountain movie. There are eight features of phonology that appear in the movie they are, -ing
ending, [d] dropping, [h] dropping, [th] dropping, [t]dropping, [be] dropping, vowel changing, contacting pronunciation. One of the example is -in ending. For example, of -in ending in the movie
No The dialogue Time
1. Jack are your parents gonna be OK, with you guys spendin’ all this money?
(00:13:19,879) -->
(00:13:27,719)
The –in pronunciation is also featured in Jack Bruno‟s dialogs which represent the distinctive dialect. It is by simplifying the pronunciation of the –ing form of a verb (verb + ing) and words ended by –ing. The most common –in ending appears in the –in ending appears in the –ing form of a verb above.
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In this case, sound can also identify the social class of the speaker. A linguist Labov (1972b) provided the example of sound that identifies the social class where is the person belongs to. For instance, the pronouncing
car and cart in New York City in their r-less verities are identified people as using a type of pronunciation associated with lower-class speech in that city (Wardhaught, 2003).
2.2.2 Grammatical Pattern
Dialect also is very grammatical pattern. Wardaught (1977) states that “grammatical differences among dialect are largely morphological in nature” (p. 221). Added that the variation of using vernacular form of grammar in the present tense verb forms, for example: Irfan go to mosque every day (Holmes, 1992, p. 160). There is also that the variation can be found in the use of past tense verb form, for example: the flies was making… (Holmes, 1992). According to O‟Grady (1976, p. 331) stated that southerner speech has special meaning in their grammatical such as auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, preposition verb omitting, ya‟ll, might could, „about to‟ like (fixing to). One of the example the grammatical pattern used by Jack Bruno is auxiliary verb changing.
For example, auxiliary verb changing
No The dialogue Time
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1 -->
(00:55: 22,815)
Jack Bruno used is in people’s fears began to rise. As the Standard English, the correct grammar in that sentence is people {are} fears began to rise. The verb of {is} is used to the subject he, she, it and the name of person, or the singular person. Sometime Jack Bruno used are as Standard English.
2.2.3 Vocabulary Variation
There are vocabulary differences in the verities spoken in different region too. For example, people take lift to the first floor (out second floor) in England, but an elevator in the United States. Using word can also identify the social class of people. In England, in the 1950s shows that use of sitting room (upper-class speaker) is different from lounge the rest (lower-class) and referred to the lavatory (upper-class) rather than the toilet
(lower-class) Holmes. 2012).
2.3 Standard American English (SAE)
The standard dialect in the United States is called Standard American English (SAE), as with any standard dialect, SAE is not a well-defined variety but rather an idealization, which even now defies definition because agreement on what exactly constitution this variety is lacking. SAE is not a
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single unitary, homogeneous dialect but instead comprises a number of varieties. Jannedy (1994, p.369) When we speak of SAE, we usually have in mind features of grammar more than pronunciation. In the United States, where class consciousness is minimal, pronunciation is not terribly important. Thus, there are varieties of SAE that are spoken with northern accents, etc. But that are still considered standard. This is not to say that we do not make evaluations of speech based on accent, because we do. But we seem to be far more “tolerant” of variation in accent than we are of grammatical variation. Compare, for example, the varieties of English spoken by Connecticut native George Bush, Arkansan Bill Clinton, and Texan Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential debates. Most would agree that all three are speakers of SAE. And yet they all speak with distinctly different accents.
According (O‟Grady, 1976) stated Generally speaking, the study of American dialectology has proceeded like the settlement of United States itself, from east to west. The most extensively published studied and the most certain generalization concern the eastern seaboard and adjoining states. Here was find three major dialect areas: Northern, encompassing the area north of a line running westward from central new Jersey thought northern Pennsylvania; southern, including those areas south and east of a line starting at the at-lantic at the southern border of New jersey and heading westward almost to West Virginia, and then heading south thought North Carolina and south Caroline; and Midland, including the areas between the northern and southern areas. The northern dialect area contains Eastern New England
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(Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut as a major sub-area.
2.3.1 Northern English
O‟ Grady (1976, p.331) stated The northern dialect is set off by use of such vocabulary terms as pail rather than bucket, angleworm for earthworm,
and pit rather than seed in a cherry. Phonologically it has a phonemic distinction between the vowels in morning, /s/ in greasy, and /u/ in root.
Eastern New England is set off from the rest of the Northern dialect by the loss of postvocalic /r/ (i.e.,/r/ when not before vowels in such as words as
barn, four, and daughter) and the use of /a/ for /ӕ/ in words such as aunt, bath, and half.
2.3.2 Midland English
(Dobrovolsky,1976) The midland dialect is distinguished by vocabulary items such as skillet for frying pan, blinds for window shades, and poke for a paper sack. Phonologically it retains postvocalic /r/ and has /θ/ finally in with. Northern Midland is distinguished by run for a small stream and /a/ in frog, hog, and fog, which do not rhyme with dog. Southern Midland has redworm for earthworm, pack for carry, and /a/ for /ai/ in words such as write and ride.
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2.3.3 Southern English
(O‟Grady, 1976) stated Southern English is marked by loss of postvocalic /r/, /z/, in Mrs., and the use of tote for carry and brans for string beans. It shares with Southern Midland the use of you-all for the second person plural pronoun, /yuw/ in words such as news and due, shucks rather than husks for the coverings of corn, and might could for might be able to.
Southern American English (SAE) is the most widely recognized regional dialect of American English, but as most of its speakers know, widespread recognition is a mixed blessing. SAE is also the regional dialect that is most negatively evaluated. In a recent study of folk beliefs about American dialects, Dennis Preston (1996) found that 90% of his respondents from Michigan and Indiana and 96% of those from South Carolina recognized SAE as a distinct variety of American English. Both the Michigan and Indiana respondents, however, also evaluated SAE as the most “incorrect” variety of American English (New York City speech was the only serious competitor), and the South Carolina respondents were ambivalent about its correctness as well. Misunderstandings about what comprises SAE are almost as widespread as the recognition of its distinctiveness. These misunderstandings in large part have been fueled by media portrayals in movies such as Gone with the Wind and in television shows such as The Dukes of Hazard that presented grossly exaggerated and inaccurate stereotypes of SAE. More recent portrayals in television shows
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such as Designing Women, Evening Shade, and Grace Under Fire are more accurate, but their effect on the public knowledge of SAE is unclear.
Traditionally, SAE different from other varieties of American English in some of its lexical, grammatical, and phonological features, but many of the lexical differences, which were rooted in an agrarian economy and a traditional society, have begun to disappear. For instance, most younger Southerners are as likely to use green beans assnapbeans and are more likely to use dragon fly than either snake doctor or mosquito hawk. Just as these book terms have replaced the older folk terms with the advent of universal education, a significant part of the regional vocabulary associated with farm life has become obsolete as the artifacts to which they refer have disappeared. Few Southerners under 50 know what a singletree is (it is the bar of wood on a wagon to which the traces are attached) or have heard the term dogtrot used for a type of house (usually a two room house with an open hall down the middle). Many of the distinctive grammatical and phonological features of SAE still persist, however. (www.pbp.org, 2016)
The widespread recognition and negative evaluation of SAE can have practical consequences for its users that in some cases include negative stereotyping and linguistic discrimination, just as with African American Vernacular English (AAVE), or Ebonics. While SAE almost never generates the extreme reactions and extensive prejudice that AAVE often does, its users can anticipate at least polite (and often not so polite) condescension to their speech by non-Southerners. In spite of its low status
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outside of the South and of standardizing forces such as interregional migration and universal education that threaten many minority languages and dialects, SAE continues to persist. (www.researchgate.net, 2016)
2.4 Previous Study
Regarding on this study, thesis is Ningrum (2015) a student of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The first thesis, she did a research analyzed African American English and Slang used by Jim and Huck Finn in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn from a novel written by Mark Twin. She found in AAE and Slang words that uttered by Jim and Huck Finn. She Analyzed the sound and the grammar by both character. In the research, Ningrum found the using of –
in that replace –ing like goin’, killin’, talkin’and other grammatical pattern. The second related, the researcher finds some other writers which the topic is related. The second thesis is Rika (2014) a student UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, did the research untitled an Analyzed of West Country Dialect used by Hagrid in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter. Rika analyzed the dialect variation and showed the pattern and the effects of Hagrid‟s dialect vary from the range of phonological features, grammatical pattern, and vocabulary variation. In this research, Rika used Literary work from J.K Rowling‟s novel to find the pattern and the effect of Hagrid‟s dialect. The interesting of this research. Rika analyzed and showed the regional dialect where comes from the author hometown which put on one of the character in her literary work of Harry
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Potter. Thus, the whole analysis dialect features. Hagrid represent the lower social.
The last research, the thesis is Puspita (2015) a student of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. She did a research analyzed „An Analysis of Southern American Dialect Used by The Main Character in Harper Lee‟s to kill A Mockingbird‟. Puspita analyzed the Phonological Features, grammatical pattern, and Vocabulary Variation in her research. she found the regional dialect Part of United Stated. And she analyzed [d] dropping, and Contracted pronunciation in Phonological Feature. She is also analyzed ya‟ll as [you + all], and fixin‟ to in Grammatical pattern. And the last in Vocabulary Variation she analyzed the distinction pair pf words and shown the distinction of social group belong to the main characters‟ in Harper Lee‟s to kill a Mockingbird.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This research method discussed about that researcher used in this study. The
researcher explained the general process in collecting and analysis the data. It
consisted of research approach, data source, data, data collection, and research
instrument and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
Research design is the specific procedures involved in the research
process, including data collection, data analysis, and report writing.
The research design of this research is use qualitative approach.
According to (Bodgan, 1982), stated that in the qualitative approach the
researcher makes the data collection and also analyze the data base on the
phenomenon in the natural setting by description form not numerical form. In
addition, in the qualitative approach the researcher need not to measure the
data. In other word, the researcher just needs to make description in the form
of sentences or paragraph relate with the central phenomenon namely the
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3.2Subject of the Research
The subject of this research is Jack Bruno, he is the main character in
Race to Witch Mountain Movie. And he is uses American Dialect including Southern Dialect.
3.3 Research Instruments
The researcher applied qualitative approach method which the
researcher becomes the investigator. In qualitative data, human investigator is
the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing data (Bogdan and Biklen,
1998). Therefore, this research used human instrument in conducting research
which the researcher analyzed the data sources. The researcher took the dialog
in the movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’ which uttered by Jack Bruno and
other character which involved Jack Bruno
3.4 Data
In this research, the data are the words, sentence, and utterances from
the character. The researcher analyzed Jack Bruno as the character. Then, to
deep the explanation, the researcher included some utterances from other
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3.5 Data Source
In this research the researcher analyzed dialect from the movie. The
researcher took the movie from internet. The movie had book from
www.ganool.ag included the English subtitle. The movie was published in
2009.
3.6 Technique Data collection
In collection the data, the researcher had done doing several ways to
collect the data sources. These are the several ways as follow:
1. The researcher downloads the movie included the transcript from
www.ganool.ag and save into the laptop and flash disk to avoid
something happen to the laptop or flash disk.
2. The researcher watched the movie that already downloaded.
3. The researcher paid attention and focused on Jack Bruno character during
watching the movie.
4. The researcher sorted all dialect occur in the movie.
5. The researcher only focused on Jack Bruno
6. The researcher watched many times to collect the data from Jack’s utterances and other related character
7. The made table to put all data of Jack’s utterance and other related character.
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8. The researcher classified the data that already put in the table. The
researcher classified from phonological features, grammatical pattern and
vocabulary variation.
9. The researcher analyzed the data already classified.
10.The researcher made conclusion what already found and discussed.
3.7 Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting data by doing several ways, the researcher started to
analyze the data which already provided in the table. The researcher analyzed
and categorized by collecting words, sentences and utterances which uttered by
Jack Bruno in the movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’ and other character
involve Jack Bruno into standard and non-standard. As explained in the
previous chapter II, this research used phonology features, grammatical
variation and vocabulary variation to analyze the dialect variation. To find the
pattern and effect of dialect in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’, the
researcher groped them into several classifications from three types such as
phonology features, grammatical and vocabulary variation that used by Jack
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
This research is American Dialect used by Jack Bruno in ‘Race to
Witch Mountain’ movie. Jack Bruno has strange dialect that support by other character. The dialect used by Jack Bruno is part of United Stated Exactly
Southern dialect. Southern dialect is part of United Stated.
The pattern of Jack Bruno’s dialect are phonological features, grammatical features, and vocabulary variation, those are:
1. The pattern of southern dialect that used by the main character {Jack
Bruno}
a. Phonological features
Jack Bruno used the phonological features such as
1. -ing ending verb + ing example: Spendin’.
2. [d] dropping in the words don’t and [and].
3. [h] dropping only the word How.
4. [th] dropping in the words that and them.
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Example:‘hat, Bro’her, Fac’.
6. [be] Dropping only the word ’cause
7. Vowel changing is the vowel i and a in some words changed into
vowel. Example: think
8. Contracting pronunciation changed Standard English into
non-Standard Form. Example:
a. How did become how’d
b. Gonna become go to
b. Grammatical pattern
Jack Bruno also used the southern dialect in grammatical pattern
such as auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, preposition verb omitting, ya’ll, and about to.
c. Vocabulary Variation
In this term Jack Bruno shown the differences of pair’s words show the differences of and the person belong to. Choosing that word
is also come from the social group using that word. Jack Bruno and
the Dr. Fiedman missions how gets the plane and transmit the aliens
back to their world. There is only one vocabulary variation that uttered
by Jack Bruno:
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(00:57:27,025) --> (00:57: 33,279)
2. The effect of Jack Bruno’s dialect gives some effect to his passenger namely “aliens”. when the passenger gives little utterance he gets respect from his passenger. They understand when Jack Bruno asking something
or giving some opinion even he used the dialect. Like the following the
dialogue
Jack : Where’d you come from?
Seth : Outside.
(00:10:23,847) --> (00:10: 26,079)
The last conclusion of the pattern used by Jack Bruno is
Vocabulary Variation. Based on the analysis of the whole dialectical features. Jack Bruno’s language appoints of the lower social group as the main character and the language not always used by lower class, but also it
might be used by middle social group even upper class in America. And
Hewants to show that his language almost used formal language every
occasion with his passenger namely (aliens) not only in American can used
the formal language but also from planet, the aliens also are using formal
language.
5.2 Suggestion
The result of this research, this researcher shows that southern dialect
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like to recommend for the further research to conduct about American
English in the movie such as southern dialect. The further research is better if
analyzing the southern dialect not only used by main character but also all the
character in the movie. So that way, it will be more interesting to identifying
the features not only used by main character but also all the character for
knowing more what is dialect used in the movie especially in American
English. The further research can decide American English in all the
characters such as southern dialect in the different culture, or ethnics. It will
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUTIONS
The focus of this research is to identify the pattern of a dialect and effect
of the dialect found in the movie „Race to Witch Mountain’. the main purpose of
this chapter is to answer the question presented in chapter I. 4.1 Findings
The researcher uses the patterns and effect of Jack Bruno‟s dialect. The patterns of Jack‟s dialect vary in phonological variation, grammatical pattern and vocabulary variation. The effect of Jack‟s dialect is explained in discussion. 4.1.1 Dialect Pattern used by Jack Bruno
Jack Bruno is the main character in Race to Witch Mountain movie. He was born in United stated. As in the movie, Jack Bruno is a Las Vegas Cab driving. Then, when Jack Bruno driving and two aliens appear in his cab. The data will have explained by the researcher according Jack Bruno‟s utterances. In this case, the researcher recognized that the dialect used by the main character is Jack Bruno that is from American English further explanation about the origin of dialect and the researcher will be explained in discussion.
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4.1.1.1 Phonology Features Best on American Southern Dialect
Phonology features used by Jack Bruno are such as consonant dropping, -in pronunciation, contracting the pronunciation. And changing vowel pronunciation. In consonant dropping, which omits the pronunciation of a consonant, Jack Bruno only dropped the [t], [d], [th], [h], and [be]. He also pronounces –in instead of –ing and contracts some words in main character utterances.
a. –in ending
The –in pronunciation is also featured in Jack Bruno‟s dialogs which represent the distinctive dialect. It is by simplifying the pronunciation of the –ing form of a verb (verb + ing) and words ended
by –ing. The most common –in ending appears in the –in ending
appears in the –ing form of a verb as shown below
This utterance happened when Jack Bruno ask to Seth for what his much money.
Table 4.1 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
Jack
are your parents gonna be OK,
with you guys spendin’ all this
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1.
(00:13:19,879) -->
(00:13:27,719) Seth
we have agreed upon a financial deal.
If your concern is regarding compensation
From the conversation above, the word is originally ended with -ing. As like verb + ing in their daily conversation.
In the other occasion Jack Bruno did shown the utterance by using features.
Table 4.2 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Jack in my book, that‟s a little
chapter called “runnin’ way”
(00:13:35,478) -->
(00:13:44,737) Dominick Jack, you better be getting
desert miles on that fire. And they be able to pay. And you better get me an ETA!
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In this occasion, Jack Bruno also showed this feature when he made conversation, actually Jack Bruno always uses Standard English in daily conversation.
In the other conversation Jack Bruno also used the phonological feature in daily conversation.
Table 4.3 [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Dominick Capsize?
(00:13:46,572) -->
(00:13:50,450)
Jack I‟m losin’ reception,
Dominick Dominick Jack? Jack!
The other conversation Jack Bruno showed the phonological features to making ease articulation when he answered the Question from the other character.
The last dialogue also used the phonological feature when Jack Bruno showed his utterance.
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Table4.4 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Jack so start talkin’ the information you are seekin’
(00:27:56,922) -->
(00:28: 05,513) Seth is not within your grasp of
understanding.
Sara we are dealing with issues outside the realm of… your world.
In that conversation Jack Bruno almost used the phonological feature in daily conversation. Included all of the dialogue in Jack Bruno‟s utterances provided above. Jack bruno‟s
pronounced spendin’ runnin’, losin’, and talkin’instead of
spending, running, losing,and talking,respectively, as standard
pronunciation. Jack Bruno‟salso pronounced spending, running,
losing,and talking,as spendin’, runnin’, losin’and talkin’ when he
asking something to sara and seth namely the Aliens to get some
information what are they doing in that place. For instance, as the following dialogue between Jack and Sara and Seth namely the Aliens.
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Table 4.5 [-n] Ending pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack I am done pickin’stray
passengers.
Those guys who were chasin’
(00:46:49,637) -->
(00:47:08,488)
2 Seth those men who were tryin’ to
kill us have stolen Our ship. Make sense?
(00:47:30,594) --> (00:47:46,359) Sara where do you suggest we begin
our search?
Jack I don‟t suggest we begin searchin’ at all.
I do suggest we go back to Vegas
And I drop you off where you go on.
3 Sara Seth! (00:26:35,841)
-->
(00:26:37,717) Jack keep movin’! kepp movin’!
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The dialogue describe that jack pronounced verb –ing as –
in even though he speaks with the partners Sara and Seth namely
aliens. in this case, he thought Sara and Seth understood what he talks about.
b. [d] Dropping
The [d] dropping are accumulated only amassed there are two words. From the whole utterances that jack Bruno produced in movie, there are two words which first [d] phone and the last [d]
phone is dropped. The words are don’t and and as showed in the
following dialogues:
Table 4.6 [d] Dropping the first word by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Jack
Don’t worry. I‟ll get you two where you need to go. You‟ve earned it.
(00:17:40,639) -->
(00:17: 44,768) 2.
Jack
well, you Don’t look like aliens. (00:33:33,466)
-->
(00:33: 35,175)
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The word don’t is negative verb. Jack Bruno dropped the
[d] phone before a vowel. But, he did not apply this word all the time. He dropped this negative verb is due to the situation. In the situation, Jack did not under contentment. Besides, he pronounced this word in Standard English when he felt worry about something in that situation. The instance, the sentence uttered by Jack Bruno: Table 4.7 [d] dropping by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Sara you don’t do it because you
haven‟t
learned to use your brain capacity. (00:34:15,467)
-->
(00:34: 22,556) Jack No, I don’t do it because it‟s kind
of creepy
He pronounced don’t as the Standard is not only to enactive the listener understood what he talks about, but also he wanted to show his worry of the situation. Sara tried to explain what is she felt in that condition. She made sure that all is well. And also the dropped [d] phone in the last word.
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Jack Bruno dropped [d] phone the word and the last word
before consonant and he did not apply this word all the time. He dropped [d] phone the word and in the last word to made an ease of articulation. Besides, he pronounced this word to made an ease catch the meaning for the listener. The sentences uttered by following the dialogue:
Table 4.8 [d] dropping the last word by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Jack I‟m the king of these roads… Jack Bruno!
I said I was out, an’I meant it!
(00:14::43,462) -->
(00:15: 03,857) Sara who is Mr. Wolfe, Jack Bruno
This utterance happened when Jack and Sara made a conversation about who is the king in that roads.
The [d] dropped is accumulated in some word and some
contraction in the and. the „and’ shown the conversation between
Jack and Sara.
Table 4.9 [d] dropping used by Jack Bruno
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1 Jack somebody‟s expecting you two,
right?
It doesn‟t look like anyone‟s home.
(00:18:17,051) -- >
(00:18:19,344)
2
Sara on’t worry, Jack Bruno.
We‟ll soon be reunited with relatives.
(00:18:21,597) -->
(00:18:34,734) Jack ok. Seven hundred an’ 20 dollars
An’ 50 cents.
In the other situation, Jack Bruno used [d] dropped he made conversation with Sara. He used and when he gave some utterance to Sara.
Table4.10 [d] dropping the last word used by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
Jack I was wrong, an’ for that I am
sorry
You take care of yourself.
An’ your sister, too. Do you
(01:31:42,494) -->
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1 understand? (01:32:06,808)
Seth yes. Sara Sara
Jack you guys remember that, me an’
alex…
These feature appear in many times when Jack Bruno gave same utterance in that dialogue with his partner conversation. In
this dialogue Jack Bruno gave the word and to Sara and Seth in
some utterance. c. [h] Dropping
Jack Bruno drops the [h] phone of the word how to be only
ow. He did not pronounce how as shown in the following the
dialogue:
Table 4.11 [h] Dropping pronounced by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack ow are you two holdin’ up back
there?
(00:17:26,584) -->
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28,501)
2 Jack let me explain to you ow we do
things here on Earth.
(00:47:15,496) -->
(00:47:17,664)
He dropped the first consonant [h] before a vowel. The dialogue Jack asking to Sara and Seth that all be fines. So that way he dropped [h] to show that he did not worry.
And then the other situation, Jack did not drop [h] in the
word how. He pronounced how as Standard English when
interrogated Sara and Seth to ask some question. The sentence is shown in the following:
Table4.12 [h] dropping by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack How hard could that be? (01:00:59,235)
-->
(01:01: 02,488)
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The sentence refers to Jack pronounced how as the
Standard English to ensure the girl whom he speaks is understood by stressing the word how, he hoped get more the information what he needs. So that way, he did not need to apply drops [h] as the first consonant.
d. [th] Dropping
As like the [d] dropping features, this consonant dropping which leave the [th] phone unpronounced is also amassed only in
two words. The words are that and them unpronounced by Jack
Bruno‟s utterances shown in the following the dialogue: Table 4.13 [th] dropping by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Jack I‟m gonna need something more specific than just “’at direction.”
(00:11:05,203) -->
(00:11: 14,420) Seth we must locate latitude 40.54
cross-intersecting longitude...
Jack we‟re gonna stick with”’at
direction.”
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2 theirs, they will overtake our
vehicle
-->
(00:14: 07,425)
Jack relax, kid. I‟m just gonna ‘em
pass.
3
Sara we have to hurry. (01:22:40,994)
-->
(01:22: 44,288) Jack well, tell ‘em ‘at
The dialogue and the sentences of Jack Bruno‟s utterances above, Jack drops the [th] phone word that and them to be only ‘at and ‘em. The dialogue above, Jack drops [th] phone when he asked to get some information or he gave information by using drops [th] and he felt what is he talked about will be understood by his partners. It is due to the ease of articulation. Also, the good situation makes him ease to use his dialect. These words are commonly pronounced that as /ðӕt/ and them as /ðem/ with strong form /ðem/
e. [t] Dropping
The [t] dropping is accumulated in some words. Firstly, we are going to focus at the [t] dropping which is presented in two
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words; „fact‟, and „better „which is uttered in the following dialogue by Jack Bruno:
Table4.14 [t] Dropping in the middle and the last consonant
No The dialogue Time
1
Seth If your concern is regarding compensation
(00:13:25,551) -->
(00:13: 30,055)
Jack My concern is the fac’ that I got
a couple of kids.
2
Jack how‟s your bro’her doing?
(00:27:31,480) -->
(00:27:35,900) Sara his system has the ability…
Seth Seth Seth
The italicized and both words are typed differently. They are typed only fac’ and bro’her as the consonant [t] such as expect and start. The sentence which contain with end [t] and add suffix
her such as adjuster and administer. Jack Bruno not only dropped
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suffix of the word brother. This relies on the principle of ease of
articulation. The principle covers the simplest way to pronounce words and ease the speaker in producing words. Jack Bruno tended to simplify the word whose pronunciation of the last [t] consonant comes after another consonant and before suffix her: it is
Brother /br˄ðɚ/
The word is commonly pronounced with [t] as the second sound. Meanwhile, Jack Bruno drops the [t] so the second sound stated by [t] phone remains unpronounced.
Secondly Jack did not only drop the [t] in last phone but also he put [t] dropped in the middle phone.
Fact /fӕkt/
That word is commonly pronounced with [t] as the last phone. However, Jack Bruno drops the [t] so the [t] phone remains unpronounced. It is due to existence of another consonant which is prior to the[t] phone. Also, Jack drops the first consonant as [t] the first phone in words. They are:
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No The dialogue time
1 Jack you tell Wolfe for me ‘hat he’s
gonna pay for my repairs
(00:17:02,309) -->
(00:17: 05,145)
2 Jack I‟m sorry I dragged you two into
all ‘his
(00:17:29,962) -->
(00:17: 32,047)
3 Jack is ‘here someplace we ca talk? (00:52:22,469)
-->
(00:52: 24,387)
4 Jack even more private ‘han (00:52:28,475)
-->
(00:52: 30,226)
These words that /ðӕt/, this /ðis/, there /ðeə(r)/, and then
/ðԑn/ are commonly pronounced with [t] as the first phone. But Jack dropped [t] so the [t] phone remains unpronounced. It due to the consistent which Jack Bruno always drops [t] phone in the words that, this, there, and then.
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There is a word which the final consonant dropped after vowel. It
Table4.16[t] Dropping by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1
Sara And smarter than you think you are
(01:01:08,495) -->
(01:01: 13,791) Jack so she was thinking about me?
The italicized and bold, It known that there is [t] dropping in the word which last [t] phone comes after a vowel. The word is
commonly pronounced /əˈbaᴜt/ but jack Bruno pronounced abou
as he drops the last [t] phone. Jack sometimes pronounced about as the Standard English as the following the dialogue by jack Bruno: Table4.17 Pronunciation [t] phone in the last consonant
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack I don‟t know everything about
UFOs or aliens or…
(00:48:02,042) -->
(00:48: 05,336)
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dollars and 50 cents. But
But after everything that went
down today, how aboutI knock
of off 25 percent
-->
(00:18: 25,600)
3 Jack Don‟t worry about us. (01:31:03,329)
-->
(01:31: 05,956)
It italicized above that he did not consistent as pronounced
the word about. The first sentence above, It describes that Jack
Bruno felt in love in that situation. So, he drops [t] of asking that there is someone made him felt happy. The second sentence, Jack Bruno did not drop [t] in the word about because he went to stress that word to making really understand when the aliens observe attentively the meaning what is he saying.
There is another an example the words pronounced Standard English which uttered by Jack Bruno, it is:
Let /let/ Get /gԑt/ Met /mԑt/
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There is vowel before last consonant. It did not need to apply the ease articulation principle to simplify the words dropping the last [t] phone. Those words uttered by Jack Bruno in the following the dialogue:
Table4.18 Pronunciation [t] phone by jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack we can‟t let him destroy it, Sara
(00:29:06,658) -->
(00:29:08,492)
2 Jack top of my to-do list. Just get in (00:49:20,287)
-->
(00:49:23,122)
3
Jack
it‟s Jack Bruno. We met earlier
(00:52:10,124) -->
(00:52:12,583)
4
Jack
Yeach. Let’s go upstairs.
(01:01:26,388) -->
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(01:01:29,723)
The first till three words sentences are described that Jack stressing the words let, get, and met to made an understanding what he speaks. He avoids dropping [t] to made the listener or other speaker is able to catch the meaning.
f. [be] Dropping
As like the [be] dropping features, this drops which leave the [be] phone unpronounced is amassed only in one word. The word is because unpronounced by Jack Bruno utterances shown in the following the dialogue:
Table4.19 [be] dropping by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack
It is important we gain much distance from this location I‟m happy you‟re feeling
better, „cause you‟re gonna
need your strength when you explain Just what happened back there!
(00:27:35,984) -->
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The sentence of Jack Bruno‟s utterances above, Jack Bruno
dropped the [be] phone in the because to be only „cause. The
sentence above, Jack Bruno drops [be] phone when he gave some information and he gave information by using drops [be] and he felt what is talked about will be understood by the partners. Jack Bruno used drops [be] to made ease articulation. Also the ease one to made his used dialect.
g. Vowel Changing
There is two vowel changed of Jack Bruno‟s utterances. He
changed the vowel i and a in some words. The following the
dialogue are uttered by Jack Bruno:
Table 4.20 The pronunciation of the Vowel Changing
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack you think he‟s collaborating? (00:17:15,072)
-->
(00:17:17,032)
2 Jack everything Ok in there? (00:19:09,937)
-->
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The vowel i in word thing /θI ŋ/ as Standard English is
pronounced e in the word thing become /θeŋ/. And also Jack Bruno
changed the pronunciation of the word everything /evri, θIŋ/
become /evri, θeŋ/.
The vowel ɑ also changed into e in the word mask /mɑ:sk/, it changed and pronounces into /me:sk/ Jack Bruno pronounced that word when he was speaking to aliens whom someone want to killed him. He did not know the listener understand what did say or not. He is just say what he felt understand by himself. But when he speaks by using that word all the characters understood what did he say. The following the dialogue
Table 4.21 The pronunciation of vowel changing
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack you‟re better with the mask on. (01:29:36,618)
-->
(01:29:38,202)
Jack is pronounced mask did not as Standard English. He
used the word mask the pronounced /mɑ:sk/ and he changed the
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h. Contracting Pronunciation
Jack Bruno to made the ease of articulation I found the contacting pronunciation used by Jack Bruno when he made the dialogue with another character. He simplifies some words by contracting them into a non-standard form. Meanwhile contacted pronunciation still maintains to have similar pronunciation to the Standard English. An instance the contracting his pronunciation by following the dialogue:
Table4.22 Contacting pronunciation by Jack Bruno
No The dialogue Time
1 Jack so start talking the information you
are seeking
(00:27:56,922) -->
(00:28:00,007)
2
Jack you guys gotta move this thing. I
gotta go. Come on
(00:09:12,966) -->
(00:09:15,551)
3
Jack where’d you come from? (00:10:23,786)
--> Seth Outside
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(00:10:26,079)
4
Jack how’d you know my name? (00:10:44,390)
-->
(00:10:50,896) Seth If we have a deal for your services,
we must move forward rapidly
5
Jack Are you parents gonna be OK with
you guys spending all this money?
(00:13:19,879) -->
(00:13:25,467) Seth we have agreed upon a financial
deal.
6
Jack just what happened back there! Here‟s the deal: the cab Doesn‟t
move till your months do. So start
talking.
(00:27:43,450) -->
(00:28: 2,301) Seth the information your seeking Is not
within your grasp of understanding Jack what is that?
Whoa, hey!
Don‟t go in the pimped out fridge, jack.
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7 What is this place?
(00:21:03,801) -->
(00:23:04,421) Seth this way
Jack hey, hey, hey
Seth Sara, it‟s here
That dialogue is containing a contraction of word got to.
Jack pronounced it as gotta to ease of articulation. and then he is
the contracted of word gonna. Jack pronounced it as going to. Then
Jack Bruno pronounced till it as until. That are the words
contracted by Jack Bruno in the movie.
Table 4.23 Contracted Pronunciation by the main Character
Character Contracted
pronunciation
Standard Pronunciation Watcha
Gotta How‟d
What are you Got to
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Jack Bruno
Till Whoa Now Lemme „em „at Gonna „cause
Until
Who are you No
Let me
Them
That
Go to
because
4.1.1.2 Grammatical Pattern
When we want to talking with another people sometimes we did not need used Grammar with our dialogue but when we were not using Grammar, the sentences are particular. I found the unique Grammatical Pattern of the dialect used by Jack Bruno as like auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, subject omitting, preposition omitting.
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The first effect of dialect used by Jack Bruno above, that the uttered by Jack Bruno has an effect to other people such as „the aliens‟. When Jack Bruno asking where did they are from in the sentence where’d you come from? But the aliens gave good respond to Jack Bruno and they are understood what he is talking about.
The second uttered used by Jack Bruno when he used dialogue with the aliens in the sentence How‟s you get in car? This utterance has an effect for another people such as the aliens, the spontaneity the aliens replied together. So, can be understood what he is talking about.
And other situation Jack Bruno also gave some effect to the aliens when he gave some opinion which is the uttered in the following the dialogue by Jack Bruno, it is;
Table 4.40 The effect of dialect used by Jack Bruno
No The sentence Time
1
Jack
Some of my best friends just happen to be human. Even if I helped, I wouldn‟t know where to begin. I don‟t know anything about UFO‟s or aliens or….
(00:47:57,204) --
(00:48:14,971)
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Jack She is actually somebody can help. for
the record, she happens to be human.
The dialogue above, Jack‟s dialect has an effect what he is talking about. When he suggested to the aliens that Dr. Alex Friedman can help them to get back to their earth.
4.3 Discussion
From the analysis above, the dialect used by the main character in Race to witch Mountain movie is able to be analyzed. Not only from particular place but also where the dialect come from, and also look for the pattern of the dialect such as in the movie. All the dialogue uttered by Jack Bruno. Stated from the using of verb –ing. He pronounced -Ing become –in in the verb –ing. The characteristic lower social status of the person that he pronunciation –in ending. Then, he drops the consonant in his utterances. Jack Bruno not always that he is lower class group but also he shown the identity that he is a native American. so that why, he tends to use –in ending in his utterances in the movie.
The other vernacular used by Jack Bruno is {d} dropping are the words don‟t and and but he does not apply all the time. He drops the negative
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verb depend on the situation. And he pronounced these words in Standard English when he felt worry of situation.
Then the vernacular used by Jack Bruno is {h} is English dialect regularly {h} dropped the most word which is pronounced in American movie. And also in the movie dropped {h} phone in the word how but the character did not drop all the time when he speaks in the movie. Based on the analysis, it is used depend on the situation and to made ease of articulation.
And also Jack Bruno used vernacular grammar in race to witch mountain movie. The researcher found the grammatical pattern used in the movie like auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb charging, preposition verb omitting, ya‟ll, and about to. which is represented the lower social group. This grammar not necessity of using standard grammar. And then, the vocabulary has unique choice of word.
The unique word used by Jack Bruno, it also that his utterance represents the lower social group. The word Über-scary is used when he asked to his passenger namely” alien” to ask some information that he want to know very much.
The result that all uttered used by Jack Bruno shown that his dialect is disposed used by lower social group. His dialect also used by southern people in United Stated. The features used by Jack Bruno are verb – ing, {d] dropping, {h} dropping, {th} dropping, {t} dropping, vowel
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changing, preposition verb omitting, ya‟ll, and about to are commonly used by southern dialect.
Jack Bruno used southern dialect in race to witch mountain movie are solidarity although in the different nature, he used his dialect to made the aliens understand that he is from American and he is shown the solidarity that he is very care to other people except his enemy. And then, he used the dialect when he made the dialogue to made other character understand what did say and to made ease of articulation. in certain situations, that he needs to used dialect.
Jack Bruno in race to witch mountain movie gives some effect to his passenger. Although, his life is the different nature with the aliens but he gets respect from his passenger. It showed that they are understand what Jack‟s command even he used his dialect. On the contrary, it showed that he is understand what they are command even they are from planet. He used his dialect when he interrogates or asking something very seriously.
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