Solubility Rules (untuk senyawa ionik dalam pelarut air pada suhu 25

  ⇒ ⇒

  !" # $ % #

  & ' ( ) '

• )))
• ' ( &

  , ("- .*

  # , * ( # , ( * / _{! ! !} # ,

  1 ² _! ^{2 /} # , 1 " _{"0 20}

  # , & _{! ! ! "0 "0 "} # , . & _"! 3 "

  4 _"0 # , #1 / . ( * & _!

  4 ( * _{"0 "0 "0} * # , 1 / & ( * . ( # , & . # _{"! 2! "!} # , .1 _{2 / /} 41 #

• (

  #1 5 6 ,

  4

  7 . # 8 . (1 * * " 8 9 ( 1 ^{2 "}

  ! _! * : (

  . ( * ( ;* 0 . ( ;* . _! 7 < = > =. >

• ( ! _{! ! )}

  ? @7 = > =. > @ A B ) _{! ! )}

  ? < 7 = > =. > < A B ) _{! ! )}

  ? $ 7 _{! ! )} = > =. > $ A B ) . = > =. > < A B )

  ' " #$ % #& ()* + ,

  C , _{" #1 /( * " ( ;* 0 #1 / ( ;* !" "! " #1 / " + #1 / "!} D - B ) " #1 / _{!" !"} = > < " B - B ) < 2 B ) _{"! !"} =#1 / > < - B ) _{" "! !" " !" !-} 7 < = > =#1 * > < (2 B ) ( - B ) * < / B ) _/

  " #-.$ ,( &$./ ,()* + ,

  C , . #1 /

  !

  E . # / . # / _"! . #1 /

  "!

  . # / ( * . ( ;* 0 # / ( ;* _{!2 "! !2} ! =. > < / F B ) =#1 / > < / F B ) _{"! !2 !2 !-} 7 < =. > =#1 > < (/ F B ) *(/ F B ) * < " / B ) _/

• ,
_! ? _{" G"}

  7 . = _{" "! " G2} 7 < <(7 * >=. > _" .1 = > =.1 > " _{2 "0 ! " 2} 7 < / <(7 G/* _{" G2}

  4 H " =4 >=H > " _{20 ! 2} 7 < / <(7 G/* _{/ G/} (1 * _{2 (41 / " =. > =41 / >} ^{2 = >=1 >} _{2 2! "}

  2 7 < "I <(7 G"I* _{- "0 G-} * .

  2 " 7 < )J <(7 G )J*

  0 123 456 17 6

  4

  4

  4

  4

  4

  4 G

  4

  4

  18964 48 )4 3748

  . . " 1 / $ . " 1 / @ J! ( * D

  !

  18 1824 48

  1824 48 948 26 1+1824 6:

• "+ 2+ /+ # 4 18 18 1824
• (D 3 3 48 4 76 1) K

  3 !

  & ' ' ' ()*

  " #$% , , D

  ? ! # K5

  3LK #:4K # : 31 < #

  E ? < # <

  ## G

  C ## $$ C ## @@ ;4 70 948 1 18 4 3+6 3 3 48 1824 48 :

  ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ E

  ##@@ #↑ ?↓

  ↑ ↑ ↑ #↑ ( *

  ↓ ↓ ↓ ?↓ 1 486 1 1 <1873 48 1824 48

  , D (

• D ( *

  D , D D + 4

  4 D

  4

  3.5K 6 1M

  4

  3.5K 6 1M & !

  ,

• C ##

  1824 48 0)062 .

  1 . . 0 ₂

  1 ₂ .

  4

  5

  5

_!

4 , .

  5

  134 1 15 63 4 364786

  1

  2

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  

1

  2

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  

1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  

1

  1

  1

  1

  : ,% $ + ,%

  4 04 3)4 6 &

  D

• G % -% %+! % -% %+!$ , % .

  G H (1 * ² % - /%+!, ,0$ , % .

  G .

  # .

  1 ^{2 .}

• ( .

  5 !

  E

• 4

  D

• 4

  D "+

  ,

  4K & K5K7 153 N6 #K#: 3

  7 K 6:

  63 E1:&5K 5 NK 1 76 4 6 0)062

  4 D (

• : 4 * ( 4 ( *
• 6
• K # . . + 4 ) . . + 4 ± D +
• 4

  1824 48 6 74)68

  424748 6 74)68 24 47 1868 47 218 48 4 4:

• ? "+ # 2+ E

  0 1 6 674 6

  H , ( ,

• . " #1 / & . "

  1 ^{2 (}

• & #1 / & / CK 3# 714 K#343 #3 #: H .K E#1 4 31

  3OKE . N#

  5 H1 31 (

  4 K ( , * * 1..5:#31 E K. 3. 5 K 3 ;4 1 42 0 7608 D ! , !

• !

  7 D ( _! + *+ . . 4 . . ( *

  1 ₂ !

  1 ^{2 + :}

• E "+ 4
_! ! + . _! .

  . + 4 ! .

  2+ + K + .

  (333* 9 . 6=12' 9 74) ;0 47608

  #

• 7 !
• 7
• . & #1 /

  4 # 4 #1 # #1 _{/ /} . 741 / / 41 / # #1 / & #1 / # . #+

  ! D B !

  )3 608 D

  ! !

• C

  , ,

• 1 +486 4) 187 4 187

  7 D

• M

  1 D , D D

  C D

  1 +6738 48 456 17 17 6

  4

  H

• D ( 7 % $ =7 %

  > + ?% $ % =7 $

• $/% 9$ , : % , ; #

  (

• &

  < 1 % (/$ 1 % ! /$ , 0$ * < &

• :

  ,

  &

• " ' ( ""

  G * P D , ' &'

  2=@ 2=@ 2=@ 2=@

  2=@ "* ( "" FF G "- * #1 * " / ( /" ) G

  D , ,

• " #1 / " < J )

  2* ( * _{" .1 ( )A ) G * 2 " .1} 1 * ^{2 ( AF F G} _{2 ( * " .1 2} " 22 D , D

  " 1 2 ( ;* " .1 2 ( ;* " .1 2 ( * 0 " 1 2 ( ;*

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1 _{" .1} ^{2 < I /I} _{2 < " .1 2 < ) )" FJ} ;

  1 1 & 1 _{" .1 2 < A )A}

  1 /* # D ) 2- A ' !'

• .

  4 D _{"0 2 /} 41 + H _{2 + # / / "} 41 +A

  1 ))) . D (""" -I G *+ E

• ) " A

  4 C , _{" "}

  4

  1 _I

  4 _{" "}

  4 1 ∝ " _I

  4 2) FI/

  4 _{" "}

  4 1 " _I

  4 4 < ) " A _{" "}

  4

  1 B B B < ) )A) - _I

  4 """ -I

  4

  1 _{" " I " "}

  4

  1 _I

  4 % 4 < (

  4 G * B ))% < () )A) - G ) 2- A * B ))% < I % H -* ² 1 / H 1+H "

  1 ^{2 + # 2"/} D . _{"0 20} H H + 7 _{20 20} D H + H H "

  1 ^{2 +B "}

  1 ^{2 + #} ) -2F/

  H + "

  1 ²

• H (-- J/I G * H *
² 1 * / ("2 -/ G C , 2"/ H _" 1 ) -2F/ D ₂ H

  %H < ( H G * B ))% H H "

  1 ^{2 H "}

  1 ^{2 "} H H

  1 " H -- J/I H "

  2 B B H < H

  "

  2 H H

  1

• F AF H

  1 "

  2 "

  2

• J/I H " B H -F AF H

  1 "

  2 H < ) -2F/ B H < ) -2F/ B ) I < ) 2II2

  % H < ( H G * B ))% < () 2II2 G 2"/ * B ))% < 22 2"% H ² 1 / D " H ² 1 /

  2 H "

  1 ² H

  1 " H 1 "2 -/ H

  1 "

  2 2 / 2 / B B H

  1 < H

  1 B 2 / "

  2 H

  1

  2 H

  1

• F AF H

  1 2 / "

  2 "

  2 "2 -/ H

  1 " 2 /

  H B 2 -F AF H

  1 "

  2 H ² 1 / < ) -2F/ B H < ) -2F/ B )+FAI < )+-" 2

  % H ² 1 / < ( H ² 1 / G * B ))% < ()+-" 2 G 2"/ * B ))% < /A )/%

  A* 4 .1 ^{2 D " .1 2} " .1 2 ( * " .1 2 ( * 0 .1 " ( * " 1 ( *

  # ) 2-F" .1 ²

  ! ) "2A" +

• ( C ,

  4

• & < , Q +

  & < ) 2-F" ! ) "2A" < ) "2 + & .1 " " 1+ : .1 ²

  , " .1 ^{2 ∝ .1 " ( * "}

  1

  " .1 J/ ) .1

  2

  2 B B .1 < ) "2 B

  2 .1 (// ) 0 J*

  2 J/ ) .1 "

  2 B H (// ) 0 J*

  .1 ^{2 < ) "2 B H < ) "2 B "+I < )+222} % .1 ^{2 < ( .1 2 G * B ))% < ()+222 G ) 2-F" * B ))% <}

  F" IJ% I* # , ) "IF- . A A . A

  ("F) J2 * . . (2-/ /F G * G - / F

• 6 (.1 " " 1 . *

  .1 + # ₂ ) I A .

  ( /2 "" *+ G ! , C ,

  & . - A A . A . / F . < ) "IF- ( * & . . A A . A . . / F . < ) I A ("* - & . . . _{A A A} . . /2 "" .

  A . A A A B

B

. < . . B

  A A A . . .

  "F) J2 . .

  A A A A A A

  & . . / F . - . . /2 "" .

  A .

  / F - B . < . . B B

  / F - . . .

  2-/ /F . . / - F / F -

  ("*

  / F .

  A . A A . A B .

• B <) I A
• /2 "" .
• # , ) -AA"

  / F .

  A B 2-/ /F .

  A A . A /2 "" .

  B "F) J2 .

  1 ^{2 + &} " A" %H % , + & H <-- J- <"A FJ

  1 ^{2 "}

  %#

  D ² 1 / + C -" ) "A ² 1 / % ² 1 / %

  /+ & D (H # " * & #1 /

  1 ^{2 + %4 % 4 "} 1 - D AJ" ) "I 2+ # D

  ( / * ² 41 / + "

  )JJ" . + "+ 1 (41 / ^2! *

  1 ₂ + & .

  . A A . A < )+ A" % . _{A A} . _A < ()+ A" G ) "IF-* B ))% < -I J)% % . / F . - < ))% ! -I J)% < /" ")%

  " F-AJ) . A A . A ! " )" - . A A . A 0 ) -A- < ) I A )+F2-2 . A A . A < ) I A ! ) -A-

  . / F . - < ) "IF- ! . A A . A ( . _{A A} . _A B " F-AJ* 0 ( . _{/ F} . _- B " )" -* < ) I A ( . A A . A B " F-AJ* 0 R() "IF- ! . A A . A * B " )" -S < ) I A

  ( . A A . A B " F-AJ* 0 ( . / F . - B " )" -* < ) I A ( * . _{A A} . _A . _{/ F} . _- < ) "IF- D

• # H .
₂ . ₂ - F- + 7 D H "

  A+ H _/ ) -/"J 41 / +A "

  1 D " 4 "

  1 ^{I + D} ) ""2/

  %4 " 1 - %4

  I+ 5 ( ) FF G 5 " 2% ² * H (1 * ^{2 ) I}

  1 ² + "-% H "

• E < )JJ" 8 ) -AA" 8 . < /2 /

  H 6 < . G . < 2- /- G /2 / && ( ; ; ! *

  < ; < <

  ; "+ E < AJ" 8 ) "I 8 _/ * ( _{2 /} 41 + " 1 < JIA - ₂ H

  6

  4G ( / * %4 < ² 41 / + "

  1 ^{2 < 2) FIG JIA -} % 4 " 1 < * 4 - - "

  1 G " B ( / ² 41 / + "

  1 ^{2 < / F-G "( JIA -*} & ( ! & ;*

  < < <3

  & ( ;! & ;* < <

  <3

  ;

  2+ E < ) "A 8 -" 8 _" 1 < -I F8 _{2 2 /} 1 < ""J J H

  6 % < 2B G ² 1 / < 2B-/ F/ G ""J J

  % "

  1 ^{2 < 2B "}

  1 ^{2 G "B 2} 1 / ( ; ! & &*

  <7 < ; < ;

  ( ; ! & &* <7

  < & ;&< ;

  /+ C %#+ G" & #1 _/ & < A JAF -+ H . ₂ . ₂ < - F-

  =$ , 0$ =$ >$ /$ >$

  ;; &; /$

  ; ; /$ >$ ;

  1 &

  ;; &; /$

  =7 1 /$ >$

  1 /$ 1 =7 1

  =$

  /$ >$ =7 >$ =7 >$

  =7 >$ =7 >$ =$ >$

  < < ! ( ! *

  H "

  ! ( ! = * =$ , 0$

  =$ , 0$ < <

  <1 < =$ $ >A

  %H < J% % < F J%

  H < )I < ) -J

  1 _" < " A" /2 H 0 JF < " A"

  1 _{2 "}

  " F H 0 / F/ < - F- H _"

  1 ^{2 "} 1 " < " A" %H % P & H P H . ₂ < H H . ^{2 . 2 < - F-}

  1 & A+ =$ $ >A

  <1 < =$ , 0$

  

=7 3

;

  >A

=7 7

  3

  ( ;! ;;* <3

  <

  ;

  ; & %4 " 1 <"A "-% -

  =1 3 >A

=7 7

  3

  ( ! ;;* <3

  < ; &

  %4 < /J%