karya ayu utami kajian Psikoanalisis (1)

TEORI STRUKTURAL
DAN
EGO PSIKOLOGI

Oleh: Daniella S
Pembimbing: dr.Sylvia D. Elvira,SpKJ(K)

From Topographical  Structural
Perspective
 Teori Topografi  model transisional dalam

pengembangan teori Basic Instinct Freud
Kelemahan dibutuhkannya konsep yang
lebih sistemik dari struktur psikis
 Hipotesis Struktural mengawali era baru

dalam psikoanalisis
Model struktural pikiran Tripartite theory
 3 entitas dalam psychic apparatus: id,
ego, superego

Developmental of ego
psychology
 First phase (-1897)  early concept of the ego 

repression synonim to defense; agent defending against
certain ideas that were unacceptable to consciousness
 Second phase (1897 to 1923) historical roots of ego

psychology mulai ada struktural ego, secondary process
 Third phase (1923 to 1937)  Freud’s ego psychology a

coherent organization of mental processes and functions,
primarily organized around the perceptual conscious system,
responsible for resistance and unconscious defense.
 Fourth phase  emergence and systematic development of

a general psychology of the ego

Structure of the Psychic Apparatus

The
Superego
Nilai moral,
idealisme,
larangan dan
standar yang
diinternalisas
i

The Ego
• Reality
principle
Regulasi
dorongan
insting
untuk
menyesuaik
an dengan
dunia luar

The Id
Locus of instinctual
drives
Pleasure principle

 Id= derived from instinct,

drived by pleasure/ libido
 Ego controls motility and

perception, contact with
reality, and, through
mechanisms of defense,
inhibition, and control of
primary instinctual drives.
 Superego=conscience =

ego ideal; obey morality
principle

Origins of the Ego
 Ego berkembang di bawah pengaruh dari

dunia luar
 Proses formasi ego  bringing reality
principle to bear on the pleasure principle
 Peran insting dalam perkembangan ego 
the role of conflict
 At first, the id vs the outside world  Later,
the id vs the ego itself

Development of the Ego
Proses maturasi fungsi ego proses
internalisasi Proses yang menyusun
dunia internal dan tempat struktur
dikonsolidasikan di dalam diri
Incorporation
 Berkembang pada fase oral
 Objek eksternal diasumsikan secara
menyeluruh ke dalam inner world

 Proses ini relatif lebih infatile dimana
tidak ada pemisahan objek

Introjection
 the most central
process in
development of the
structural apparatus
involving ego and
superego
 Kualitas seseorang
yang menjadi pusat
gratifikasi
diinternalisasi dan
dibangun ulang
sebagai bagian dari
diri.
 Genesis of superego

Identification

 Often been confused
with introjection
 individu membangun
kemampuan
mengontrol dari
elemen-elemen basis
yang diturunkan dari
model
 Proses konstruksi
fungsi ego dan
integrasi struktural
dari psychic apparatus

Principal Functions of The
Ego
1. Control and Regulation of Instinctual Drives
2. Reality to reality
 Sense of reality berkembang bersamaan dgn

berkembangnya ego

 Reality testing  the ego's capacity for objective
evaluation and judgment of the external world
 Adaptation to reality  kemampuan
menggunakan nilai diri dr fgs ego yang ada untuk
membentuk solusi, berdasarkan realitas yang
sudah diuji sebelumnya
3. Object relations  The capacity for mutually
satisfying relationship

Principal Functions of The
Ego
4. Defensive Function of the Ego
Repression ∼defense.
  A defense is an unconscious attempt to protect the
individual from some powerful, identity-threatening feeling
 Defense  utk atasi threatening instinctual motivations
and affects
Dapat bersifat :
 Dinamically reversible dan adaptif secara fungsional or
 Menjadi patologis



5. Synthetic Function  mengorganisir & menyatukan
fungsi-fungsi ego yang lain ke dalam kepribadian  Individu
dapat berpikir, merasakan, bertindak dalam tatakrama yang
koheren (coherent manner)

Genesis of Defense Mechanisms
Pada tahap awal perkembangan defense timbul
sebagai akibat dari kesulitan fungsi ego untuk
memediasi tekanan dari id dan kebutuhan dari
dunia luar
Pada setiap fase perkembangan  komponen
dorongan yang terkait pada tiap fase menjadi
karakteristik defens ego
Contoh:
- Introyeksi, denial, proyeksi  defens yang terkait
dengan impuls pada fase oral
- Reaksi formasi  trkait fase anal

Klasifikasi mekanisme defense:
 Dikategorikan dalam:
 Sesuai tahap perkembangan
 Berbasis psikopatologi yang terkait
 Simple mechanisms or complex
 Basic defense mechanisms most frequently employed





and most thoroughly investigated by psychoanalysts :
Narsisistic-psychotic defense
Immature defense
Neurotic defense
Mature defense

Narcissistic-psychotic Defenses
Projection

-

Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses
and their
derivatives as though they were outside the self.

-

On a psychotic level form of frank delusions about
external reality, usually persecutory, includes both
perception of one's own feelings in another, with
subsequent acting on the perception (psychotic
paranoid delusions).

Denial

- The refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful
event, thought or feeling did not exist.
- At the psychotic level, the denied reality may be
replaced by a fantasy or delusion.

Distortion

- Grossly reshaping the experience of external reality to
suit inner needs
- unrealistic megalomanic beliefs, hallucinations, wishfulfilling delusions, and employing sustained feelings of
delusional grandiosity, superiority or entitlement.

Immature Defenses

Immature Defenses
Acting out

performing an extreme behavior in order to express
thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise
expressing. 

Blocking

An inhibition, usually temporary in nature, of affects
especially, but possibly also thinking and impulses

Hypochondriasi Transformasi penyalahan terhadap orang lain yang timbul
s
dari berkabung, kesepian, impuls agresif; menjadi
penyalahan diri dalam bentuk keluhan somatis.

Immature Defenses
Introjection

• Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it
becomes a part of that person
• Introjection of a feared object serves to avoid anxiety
through internalizing the aggressive characteristic of
the object, and thereby putting the aggression under
one's own control.

Passiveaggressive

Aggression toward an object expressed indirectly and
ineffectively through passivity, masochism, and turning
against the self.

Immature Defenses
Regression

A return to a previous stage of development or
functioning to avoid the anxieties or hostilities involved in
later stages

Schizoid Fantasy

The tendency to use fantasy and to indulge in autistic
retreat for the purpose of conflict resolution and
gratification

Somatization

The defensive conversion of psychic derivatives into
bodily symptoms; tendency to react with somatic rather
than psychic manifestations. Infantile somatic responses
are replaced by thought and affect during development
(desomatization); regression to earlier somatic forms or
response (resomatization)may result from unresolved
conflicts and may play an important role in
psychophysiological and psychosomatic reactions.

Neurotic Defenses
controlling

Controlling The excessive attempt to manage or
regulate events or objects in the environment in the
interest ofminimizing anxiety and solving internal
conflicts.

displacement

Involves a purposeful, unconscious shifting
ofimpulses and/or affective investment from one
object to another in the interest ofsolving a conflict.
Although the object is changed, the instinctual nature
ofthe impulse and its aim remain unchanged.

Dissociation

Atemporary but drastic modification ofcharacter or
sense ofpersonal identity to avoid emotional distress;
it includes fugue states and hysterical conversion
reactions.

Intelektualization

The control ofaffects and impulses by way ofthinking
about them instead ofexperiencing them. It is a
systematic excess of thinking, deprived ofits affect, to
defend against anxiety caused by unacceptable
impulses.

Neurotic Defenses
Rationalization

Ajustification ofattitudes, beliefs, or behavior that might
otherwise be unacceptable by an incorrect application
ofjustifying reasons or the invention ofa convincing
fallacy.

Reaction
formation

The management ofunacceptable impulses by
permitting expression ofthe impulse in antithetical
form. This is equivalently an expression ofthe impulse
in the negative. Where instinctual conflict is persistent,
reaction formation can become a character trait on a
permanent basis, usually as an aspect ofobsessional
character.

Repression

Consists ofthe expelling and withholding from conscious
awareness ofan idea or feeling. It may operate either
by excluding from awareness what was once
experienced on a conscious level (secondary
repression), or it may curb ideas and feelings before
they have reached consciousness (primary repression).
The “forgetting” associated with repression is unique in
that it is often accompanied by highly symbolic
behavior, which suggests that the repressed is not
really forgotten. The important discrimination between

Mature Defenses
Altruism

The vicarious but constructive and instinctually
gratifying service to others, even to the detriment ofthe
self. This must be distinguished from altruistic
surrender, which involves a masochistic surrender
ofdirect gratification or ofinstinctual needs in favor
offulfilling the needs ofothers to the detriment ofthe
self, with vicarious satisfaction only being gained
through introjection

Anticipation

The realistic anticipation ofor planning for future inner
discomfort: Implies overly concerned planning,
worrying, and anticipation ofdire and dreadful possible
outcomes.

Humour

The overt expression of feelings without personal
discomfort or immobilization and without unpleasant
effect on others. Humor allows one to bear, and yet
focus on, what is too terrible to be borne, in contrast to
wit, which always involves distraction or displacement
away from the affective issue.

Suppresion

The conscious or semiconscious decision to postpone
attention to a conscious impulse or conflict.

6. Autonomy of the Ego
 Heinz Hartman (1939) the Autonomous Ego = fungsi ego yang

“bebas
konflik”
 Persepsi, intuisi, comprehension, learning, thinking, bahasa,fasefase perkembangan motorik, intelegensi
Primary Autonomy
 Area independen yang dalam fungsinya tidak bergantung dan
dikendalikan oleh insting
 stuff in the brain we are born with— perception, thinking,
productivity
Secondary Autonomy
 area “bebas konflik” yang dapat diperluas fungsinya di luar dari
dominasi drive influence
Contohnya: fungsi adaptasi atau sintesis

The Superego
 Dikembangkan melalui introyeksi
 Prinsip moralitas
 Fungsi superego dalam konflik neurotik

adalah dalam bentuk ‘kata hati’
(conscience) atau perasaan-perasaan
bersalah.

Evolution of the Superego
 Resolusi dr oedipus complex  mll mekanisme







introyeksi
Introyeksi dari kedua orang tua disatukan dan
diorganisir sebagai superego
Internalisasi figur kedua orang tua
berdasarkan pada usaha anak untuk
merepresi insting yang ditujukan pada
keduanya superego mempunyai hubungan
lebih erat dengan id daripada ego
Melalui periode laten  anak melanjutkan
identifikasi melalui kontak dengan guru, figur
yang dikagumi
standar dan nilai-nilai dari orang tua sudah

Terima kasih