Directory UMM :Journals:Journal_of_mathematics:EJQTDE:
Surveys in Mathematics and its Applications
ISSN 1842-6298 (electronic), 1843-7265 (print)
Volume 5 (2010), 191 – 199
FIXED POINTS FOR MULTIVALUED
CONTRACTIONS ON A METRIC SPACE
Liliana Guran
Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to prove a fixed point theorem for multivalued operators
and a fixed point theorem for multivalued weakly Picard operators in the terms of τ -distance.
1
Introduction
In 2001 T. Suzuki (see [14]) introduced the concept of τ -distance on a metric
space which is a generalization of both w-distance and Tataru’s distance. He gave
some examples of τ -distance and improve the generalization of Banach contraction
principle, Caristi’s fixed point theorem, Ekeland’s variational principle and the
Takahashi’s nonconvex minimization theorem, see [14]. Also, some fixed point
theorems for multivalued operators on a complete metric space endowed with a
τ -distance were established in T. Suzuki [15].
The concept of multivalued weakly Picard operator (briefly MWP operator) was
introduced in close connection with the successive approximation method and the
data dependence phenomenon for the fixed point set of multivalued operators on
complete metric space, by I. A. Rus, A. Petru¸sel and A. Sˆant˘am˘arian, see [11].
Consider (X,d) be a complete metric space. Let T : X → P (X) be a multivalued
mapping. Define function f : X → R as f (x) = D(x, T (x)). For a positive constant
b ∈ (0, 1) define the set Ibx ⊂ X as:
Ibx = {y ∈ T (x) | bd(x, y) ≤ D(x, T (x))}.
In 2006 Y. Feng and S. Liu proved the following theorem, see [1].
Let (X,d) be a complete metric space T : X → Pcl (X) be a multivalued mapping.
If there exists a constant c ∈ (0, 1) such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ibx satisfying
D(y, T (y)) ≤ cd(x, y). Then T has a fixed point in X provided c < b and f is lower
semicontinuous on X.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10, 54H25.
Keywords: Fixed point; τ -distance; Multivalued weakly Picard operator.
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L. Guran
In [2] and [3] we find some generalizations of this theorem for a metric spaces
endowed with a w-distance.
The purpose of this paper is to extend the above fixed point result for multivalued
operators from [1] in terms of a τ -distance on a complete metric space.
2
Notation and basic notions
Let (X, d) be a complete metric space. We will use the following notations:
P (X) - the set of all nonempty subsets of X ;
Pcl (X) - the set of all nonempty closed subsets of X ;
Pb,cl (X) - the set of all nonempty bounded and closed, subsets of X ;
D : P (X) × P (X) → R+ ,D(Z, Y ) = inf {d(x, y) : x ∈ Z , y ∈ Y }, Z ⊂ X - the
gap between two nonempty sets.
First we define the concept of L-space.
Definition 1. Let X be a nonempty set and s(X) := {(xn )n∈N |xn ∈ X, n ∈ N}. Let
c(X) ⊂ s(X) a subset of s(X) and Lim : c(X) → X an operator. By definition the
triple (X, c(X), Lim) is called an L-space if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) If xn = x, for all n ∈ N, then (xn )n∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xn )n∈N = x.
(ii) If (xn )n∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xn )n∈N = x, then for all subsequences,
(xni )i∈N , of (xn )n∈N we have that (xni )i∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xni )i∈N = x.
By the definition an element of c(X) is convergent and x := Lim(xn )n∈N is the
limit of this sequence and we can write xn → x as n → ∞.
We will denote an L-space by (X, →).
Let us give some examples of L-spaces, see [8].
Example 2. (L-structures on Banach spaces) Let X be a Banach space. We
denote by → the strong convergence in X and by ⇀ the weak convergence in X.
Then (X, →), (X, ⇀) are L-spaces.
Example 3. (L-structures on function spaces) Let X and Y be two metric
p
spaces. Let M(X, Y ) the set of all operators from X to Y . We denote by → the point
unif
cont
convergence on M(X, Y ), by → the uniform convergence and by → the convergence
p
unif
cont
with continuity. Then (M(X, Y ), →), (M(X, Y ), → ) and (M(X, Y ), → ) are Lspaces.
Definition 4. Let (X, →) be an L-space. Then T : X → P (X) is a multivalued
weakly Picard operator (briefly MWP operator) if for each x ∈ X and each
y ∈ T (x) there exists a sequence (xn )n∈N in X such that:
1. x0 = x, x1 = y;
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Fixed points for multivalued contractions on a metric space
193
2. xn+1 ∈ T (xn ), for all n ∈ N;
3. the sequence (xn )n∈N is convergent and its limit is a fixed point of T .
Let us give some examples of MWP operators, see [8],[11].
Example 5. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → Pcl (X) be a Reich
type multivalued operator, i.e. there exists α, β, γ ∈ R+ with
α + β + γ < 1 such that
H(T (x), T (y)) ≤ αd(x, y) + βD(x, T (x)) + γD(y, T (y)),
for all x, y ∈ X. Then T is a MWP operator.
Example 6. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → Pcl (X) be a
closed multifunction for which there exists α, β ∈ R+ with α + β < 1 such that
H(T (x), T (y)) ≤ αd(x, y) + βD(y, T (y)), for every x ∈ X and every y ∈ T (x). Then
T is a MWP operator.
Example 7. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T1 , T2 : X → Pcl (X) for
which there exists α ∈]0, 21 [ such that
H(T1 (x), T2 (y)) ≤ α[D(x, T1 (x)) + D(y, T2 (y))],
for each x, y ∈ X. Then T1 and T2 are a MWP operators.
The concept of τ -distance was introduced by T. Suzuki (see[1]) as follows.
Definition 8. Let (X,d) be a metric space, τ : X ×X → [0, ∞) is called τ −distance
on X if there exists a function η : X × R+ → R+ and the following are satisfied :
(τ1 ) τ (x, z) ≤ τ (x, y) + τ (y, z), for any x, y, z ∈ X;
(τ2 ) η(x, 0) = 0 and η(x, t) ≥ t for all x ∈ X and t ∈ R+ , and η is concave and
continuous in its the second variable;
(τ3 ) limn xn = x and limn sup{η(zn , τ (zn , xm )) : m ≥ n} = 0 imply τ (w, x) ≤
lim inf n (τ (w, xn )) for all w ∈ X;
(τ4 ) limn sup{τ (xn , ym )) : m ≥ n} = 0 and limn η(xn , tn ) = 0 imply limn η(yn , tn ) =
0;
(τ5 ) limn η(zn , τ (zn , xn )) = 0 and limn η(zn , τ (zn , yn )) = 0 imply limn d(xn , yn ) =
0.
We may replace (τ2 ) by the following (τ2 )′ :
(τ2 )′ inf {η(x, t) : t > 0} = 0 for all x ∈ X, and η is nondecreasing in the second
variable.
Let us give some examples of τ -distance (see[14]).
Example 9. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Then the metric ”d” is a τ -distance on
X.
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L. Guran
Example 10. Let (X, d) be a metric space and w : X × X → R+ be a w-distance
on X. Then w is also a τ -distance on X.
Example 11. Let (X, d) be a metric space and τ be a τR-distance on X, let
∞
1
h : R+ → R+ be a nondecreasing function such that 0 1+h(r)
dr = ∞, and let
z0 ∈ X be fixed. Then a function q : X × X → R+ defined by:
Z τ (z0 ,x)+τ (x,y)
dr
q(x, y) =
, for all x, y ∈ X
1 + h(r)
τ (z0 ,x)
is a τ -distance.
For the proof of the main result we need of the definition of the τ -Cauchy
sequence and the following lemmas (see [15]).
Definition 12. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. Then a
sequence {xn } in X is called τ − Cauchy if there exists a function η : X × [0, ∞) →
[0, ∞) satisfying (τ2 )-(τ5 ) and a sequence {zn } in X such that limn sup{η(zn , τ (zn , xm )) :
m ≥ n} = 0.
A crucial results in order to obtain fixed point theorems by using τ -distance are
the following lemmas.
Lemma 13. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If a
sequence {xn } in X satisfies limn sup{τ (xn , xm ) : m > n} = 0, then {xn } is a τ Cauchy sequence. Moreover, if a sequence {yn } in X satisfies limn τ (xn , yn ) = 0,
then {yn } is also a τ -Cauchy sequence and limn d(xn , yn ) = 0.
Lemma 14. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If a
sequence {xn } in X satisfies limn τ (z, xn ) = 0 for z ∈ X then {xn } is a τ -Cauchy
sequence. Moreover, if a sequence {yn } in X also satisfies limn τ (z, yn ) = 0, then
limn d(xn , yn ) = 0. In particular, for x, y, z ∈ X, τ (z, x) = 0 and τ (z, y) = 0 imply
x = y.
Lemma 15. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If {xn } is a
τ -Cauchy sequence, then {xn } is a Cauchy sequence. Moreover, if {yn } is a sequence
satisfying limn sup{τ (xn , ym ) : m > n} = 0, then {yn } is a τ -Cauchy sequence and
limn d(xn , yn ) = 0.
3
Main results
Definition 16. Let T : X → P (X) be a multivalued operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞)
be a τ -distance on X. Define the function f : X → R as f (x) = Dτ (x, T (x)), where
Dτ (x, T (x)) = inf {τ (x, y) | y ∈ T (x)}.
x ⊂ X as follows:
For a positive constant b ∈ (0, 1) define the set Ib,τ
x
Ib,τ
= {y ∈ T (x) | bτ (x, y) ≤ Dτ (x, T (x))}.
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Fixed points for multivalued contractions on a metric space
195
We will present now a fixed point theorem for multivalued operators on a complete
metric space endowed with a τ -distance.
Theorem 17. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, T : X → Pcl (X) a multivalued
operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞) be a τ -distance on X and b ∈ (0, 1).
Suppose that
x satisfying
(i) there exists c ∈ (0, b), such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ib,τ
Dτ (y, T (y)) ≤ cτ (x, y);
(ii) f is lower semicontinuous, where f is previous defined.
Then T has a fixed point in X. Moreover, if T (z) = z, then τ (z, z) = 0.
x0
Proof. For any initial point x0 ∈ X, there is x1 ∈ Ib,τ
such that:
Dτ (x1 , T (x1 )) ≤ cτ (x0 , x1 ).
x1
For any x1 ∈ X there is x2 ∈ Ib,τ
such that:
Dτ (x2 , T (x2 )) ≤ cτ (x1 , x2 ).
xn
We obtain an iterative sequence {xn }∞
n=0 where xn+1 ∈ Ib,τ and
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), f orn = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
We will verify that {xn }∞
n=0 is a Cauchy sequence.
Indeed:
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(3.1)
xn
we obtain:
Since xn+1 ∈ Ib,τ
bτ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(3.2)
By (3.2) it follows : τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ 1b Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Using (3.1)we obtain :
1
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ c Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
(3.3)
By (3.1) we have :
Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤ cτ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
We replace in (3.3) and we obtain :
c
cτ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ cτ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
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L. Guran
If we divide by c we obtain :
c
τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ τ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
then:
c
τ (xn+1 , xn+2 ) ≤ τ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
By using an induction argument it is easy to see that:
τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤
(3.4)
cn
τ (x0 , x1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
bn
cn
Dτ (x0 , T (x0 )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
bn
Then for m, n ∈ N, m > n, a = cb and using the previous inequalities we have:
Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤
τ (xn , xm ) ≤ τ (xn , xn+1 ) + τ (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + · · · + τ (xm−1 , xm ) ≤
≤ an τ (x0 , x1 ) + an+1 τ (x0 , x1 ) + · · · + am−1 τ (x0 , x1 ) ≤
an
≤
τ (x0 , x1 )
1−a
For n → ∞ we have an → 0, because a = cb with c < b. Thus
lim τ (xn , xm ) = 0, with m > n.
n→∞
Using Lemma 13 it follows that the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 is a τ -Cauchy sequence and
from the Lemma 15 result that this sequence is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is a
complete space, then the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 converge to some point z ∈ X. The
sequence
∞
{f (xn )}∞
n=0 = {Dτ (xn , T (xn ))}n=0
is decreasing and from the above construction it converges to 0.
Since f is lower semicontinuous we have:
0 ≤ f (z) ≤ lim f (xn ) = 0
n→∞
Thus f (z) = 0.
Since f (z) = 0, then there exists a sequence (wn ) ∈ T (z) such that τ (z, wn ) → 0.
Therefore,
0 ≤ lim sup{τ (xn , wm ) : m > n} ≤ lim sup{τ (xn , z) + τ (z, wm ) : m > n} = 0.
n
n
Thus, by Lemma 15 we obtain that wn → z and since T (z) is a closed set we conclude
that
z ∈ T (z).
z 6= ∅
Since T (z) = z, hence Dτ (z, T (z)) = τ (z, z) ≥ 0 and since by hypothesis Ib,τ
we know that bτ (z, z) ≤ τ (z, z) but 0 < b < 1, therefore τ (z, z) = 0.
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Fixed points for multivalued contractions on a metric space
The second main result of this paper is a fixed point theorem for MWP operators
on metric spaces endowed with a τ -distance.
Corollary 18. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, T : X → Pcl (X) a multivalued
operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞) be a τ -distance on X and b ∈ (0, 1). Suppose that
x satisfying
there exists c ∈ (0, 1), with c < b, such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ib,τ
Dτ (x, T (x)) ≤ cτ (x, y). Then T is a MWP operator.
Proof. As in the proof of the previous theorem we construct inductively a sequence
{xn }∞
n=0 such that:
1. xn+1 ∈ T (xn ), for every n ∈ N;
2. τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤
cn
bn τ (x0 , x1 ),
3. Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤
for every n ∈ N;
cn
bn Dτ (x0 , T (x0 )),
for every n ∈ N.
Thus x0 = x, x1 = y and xn+1 ∈ T (xn ). For m, n ∈ N with m > n and a =
have the inequality
an
τ (x0 , x1 ).
τ (xn , xm ) ≤
1−a
c
b
we
Using Lemma 13 it follows that the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 is a τ -Cauchy sequence. From
∞
Lemma 15 we have that the sequence {xn }n=0 is a Cauchy sequence. Since (X, d)
d
is a complete metric space then there exists z ∈ X such that xn → z.
For n ∈ N, from (τ 3) we get that:
τ (xn , z) ≤ lim inf τ (xn , xm ) ≤
m→∞
an
τ (x0 , x1 ).
1−a
By hypothesis, for a = cb , we also have wn ∈ T (z) such that
τ (xn , wn ) ≤ aτ (xn−1 , z) for every n ∈ N.
So, we have
an
τ (x0 , x1 ) = 0.
n→∞ 1 − a
lim sup τ (xn , wn ) ≤ lim sup aτ (xn−1 , z) ≤ lim
n→∞
n→∞
By Lemma 13 result that wn converge to z. Since T (z) is closed we obtain that
z ∈ T (z). Then T is MWP operator.
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L. Guran
References
[1] Y. Feng and S. Liu, Fixed point theorems for multivalued contractive mappings
and multi-valued Caristi type mappinggs, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 317 (2006),
103-112.
[2] J. Garcia-Falset, L. Guran and E. Llorens-Fuster, Fixed points for multivalued
contractions with respect to a w-distance, Scientiae Math. Japonicae, 71, 1
(2010), 83-91. Zbl pre05689237.
[3] L. Guran, Fixed points for multivalued operators with respect to a wdistance on a metric spaces, Carpathian J. Math., 23 (2007), no.1-2, 89-92.
MR2305840(2008c:47099). Zbl 1164.54379.
[4] A. Latif and A. W. Albar, Fixed point results for multivalued maps, Int. J.
Contemp. Math. Sci. 2, 21-24 (2007), 1129-1136. MR2373908(2008i:47113).
Zbl 1165.54018.
[5] A. Latif and A. A. N. Abdou, Fixed Point Results for Generalized Contractive
Multimaps in Metric Spaces, Fixed Point Theory and Applications Volume
2009 (2009), Article ID 432130, 16 pages. MR2544343. Zbl 1179.54065.
[6] S. B. Nadler Jr., Multivalued contraction mappings, Pacific J. Math., 30 (1969),
475-488. MR0254828(40:8035).
[7] A. Petru¸sel, Multi-funct¸ii ¸si aplicat¸ii, Cluj University Press, 2002. MR1909518.
Zbl 0996.54028.
[8] A. Petru¸sel, Multivalued weakly Picard operators and applications, Scientiae
Mathematicae Japonicae, 1 (2004), 1-34. MR2027745(2004j:47101). Zbl
1066.47058.
[9] A. Petru¸sel and I. A. Rus:
Multivalued Picard and weakly Picard
operators, Proceedings of the International Conference on Fixed Point Theory
and Applications, Valencia (Spain), July 2003, 207-226. MR2140219. Zbl
1091.47047.
[10] A. Petru¸sel, I. A. Rus and A. Sˆ
ant˘am˘arian, Data dependence of the fixed point
set of multivalued weakly Picard operators, Nonlinear Analysis, 52 (2003), no.
8, 1947-1959. MR1954261. Zbl 1055.47047.
[11] I. A. Rus, Generalized contractions and applications, Cluj Univ. Press, 2001.
MR1947742(2004f:54043).
[12] I. A. Rus, Picard operators and applications, Scientia Mathematicae Japonicae,
58 (2003), 191-219. MR1987831(2004m:47142).
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Fixed points for multivalued contractions on a metric space
199
[13] I. A. Rus, A. Petru¸sel and G. Petru¸sel, Fixed point theory 1950-2000:
Romanian contributions, House of the Book of Science, Cluj-Napoca, 2002.
MR1947195(2003h:47104). Zbl 1171.54034.
[14] T. Suzuki, Generalized Distance and Existence Theorems in Complete Metric
Spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 253 (2001), 440-458. MR1808147(2002f:49038).
Zbl 0983.54034.
[15] T. Suzuki, Several Fixed Point Theorems Concerning τ -distance, Fixed Point
Theory and Application, 3 (2004), 195-209. MR2096951. Zbl 1076.54532.
Liliana Guran
Department of Accounting and Managerial Information System,
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Titu Maiorescu University,
Calea V˘
ac˘
are¸sti, nr. 189, 040056, sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
e-mail: gliliana.math@gmail.com
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Surveys in Mathematics and its Applications 5 (2010), 191 – 199
http://www.utgjiu.ro/math/sma
ISSN 1842-6298 (electronic), 1843-7265 (print)
Volume 5 (2010), 191 – 199
FIXED POINTS FOR MULTIVALUED
CONTRACTIONS ON A METRIC SPACE
Liliana Guran
Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to prove a fixed point theorem for multivalued operators
and a fixed point theorem for multivalued weakly Picard operators in the terms of τ -distance.
1
Introduction
In 2001 T. Suzuki (see [14]) introduced the concept of τ -distance on a metric
space which is a generalization of both w-distance and Tataru’s distance. He gave
some examples of τ -distance and improve the generalization of Banach contraction
principle, Caristi’s fixed point theorem, Ekeland’s variational principle and the
Takahashi’s nonconvex minimization theorem, see [14]. Also, some fixed point
theorems for multivalued operators on a complete metric space endowed with a
τ -distance were established in T. Suzuki [15].
The concept of multivalued weakly Picard operator (briefly MWP operator) was
introduced in close connection with the successive approximation method and the
data dependence phenomenon for the fixed point set of multivalued operators on
complete metric space, by I. A. Rus, A. Petru¸sel and A. Sˆant˘am˘arian, see [11].
Consider (X,d) be a complete metric space. Let T : X → P (X) be a multivalued
mapping. Define function f : X → R as f (x) = D(x, T (x)). For a positive constant
b ∈ (0, 1) define the set Ibx ⊂ X as:
Ibx = {y ∈ T (x) | bd(x, y) ≤ D(x, T (x))}.
In 2006 Y. Feng and S. Liu proved the following theorem, see [1].
Let (X,d) be a complete metric space T : X → Pcl (X) be a multivalued mapping.
If there exists a constant c ∈ (0, 1) such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ibx satisfying
D(y, T (y)) ≤ cd(x, y). Then T has a fixed point in X provided c < b and f is lower
semicontinuous on X.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10, 54H25.
Keywords: Fixed point; τ -distance; Multivalued weakly Picard operator.
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L. Guran
In [2] and [3] we find some generalizations of this theorem for a metric spaces
endowed with a w-distance.
The purpose of this paper is to extend the above fixed point result for multivalued
operators from [1] in terms of a τ -distance on a complete metric space.
2
Notation and basic notions
Let (X, d) be a complete metric space. We will use the following notations:
P (X) - the set of all nonempty subsets of X ;
Pcl (X) - the set of all nonempty closed subsets of X ;
Pb,cl (X) - the set of all nonempty bounded and closed, subsets of X ;
D : P (X) × P (X) → R+ ,D(Z, Y ) = inf {d(x, y) : x ∈ Z , y ∈ Y }, Z ⊂ X - the
gap between two nonempty sets.
First we define the concept of L-space.
Definition 1. Let X be a nonempty set and s(X) := {(xn )n∈N |xn ∈ X, n ∈ N}. Let
c(X) ⊂ s(X) a subset of s(X) and Lim : c(X) → X an operator. By definition the
triple (X, c(X), Lim) is called an L-space if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) If xn = x, for all n ∈ N, then (xn )n∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xn )n∈N = x.
(ii) If (xn )n∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xn )n∈N = x, then for all subsequences,
(xni )i∈N , of (xn )n∈N we have that (xni )i∈N ∈ c(X) and Lim(xni )i∈N = x.
By the definition an element of c(X) is convergent and x := Lim(xn )n∈N is the
limit of this sequence and we can write xn → x as n → ∞.
We will denote an L-space by (X, →).
Let us give some examples of L-spaces, see [8].
Example 2. (L-structures on Banach spaces) Let X be a Banach space. We
denote by → the strong convergence in X and by ⇀ the weak convergence in X.
Then (X, →), (X, ⇀) are L-spaces.
Example 3. (L-structures on function spaces) Let X and Y be two metric
p
spaces. Let M(X, Y ) the set of all operators from X to Y . We denote by → the point
unif
cont
convergence on M(X, Y ), by → the uniform convergence and by → the convergence
p
unif
cont
with continuity. Then (M(X, Y ), →), (M(X, Y ), → ) and (M(X, Y ), → ) are Lspaces.
Definition 4. Let (X, →) be an L-space. Then T : X → P (X) is a multivalued
weakly Picard operator (briefly MWP operator) if for each x ∈ X and each
y ∈ T (x) there exists a sequence (xn )n∈N in X such that:
1. x0 = x, x1 = y;
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2. xn+1 ∈ T (xn ), for all n ∈ N;
3. the sequence (xn )n∈N is convergent and its limit is a fixed point of T .
Let us give some examples of MWP operators, see [8],[11].
Example 5. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → Pcl (X) be a Reich
type multivalued operator, i.e. there exists α, β, γ ∈ R+ with
α + β + γ < 1 such that
H(T (x), T (y)) ≤ αd(x, y) + βD(x, T (x)) + γD(y, T (y)),
for all x, y ∈ X. Then T is a MWP operator.
Example 6. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → Pcl (X) be a
closed multifunction for which there exists α, β ∈ R+ with α + β < 1 such that
H(T (x), T (y)) ≤ αd(x, y) + βD(y, T (y)), for every x ∈ X and every y ∈ T (x). Then
T is a MWP operator.
Example 7. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T1 , T2 : X → Pcl (X) for
which there exists α ∈]0, 21 [ such that
H(T1 (x), T2 (y)) ≤ α[D(x, T1 (x)) + D(y, T2 (y))],
for each x, y ∈ X. Then T1 and T2 are a MWP operators.
The concept of τ -distance was introduced by T. Suzuki (see[1]) as follows.
Definition 8. Let (X,d) be a metric space, τ : X ×X → [0, ∞) is called τ −distance
on X if there exists a function η : X × R+ → R+ and the following are satisfied :
(τ1 ) τ (x, z) ≤ τ (x, y) + τ (y, z), for any x, y, z ∈ X;
(τ2 ) η(x, 0) = 0 and η(x, t) ≥ t for all x ∈ X and t ∈ R+ , and η is concave and
continuous in its the second variable;
(τ3 ) limn xn = x and limn sup{η(zn , τ (zn , xm )) : m ≥ n} = 0 imply τ (w, x) ≤
lim inf n (τ (w, xn )) for all w ∈ X;
(τ4 ) limn sup{τ (xn , ym )) : m ≥ n} = 0 and limn η(xn , tn ) = 0 imply limn η(yn , tn ) =
0;
(τ5 ) limn η(zn , τ (zn , xn )) = 0 and limn η(zn , τ (zn , yn )) = 0 imply limn d(xn , yn ) =
0.
We may replace (τ2 ) by the following (τ2 )′ :
(τ2 )′ inf {η(x, t) : t > 0} = 0 for all x ∈ X, and η is nondecreasing in the second
variable.
Let us give some examples of τ -distance (see[14]).
Example 9. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Then the metric ”d” is a τ -distance on
X.
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Example 10. Let (X, d) be a metric space and w : X × X → R+ be a w-distance
on X. Then w is also a τ -distance on X.
Example 11. Let (X, d) be a metric space and τ be a τR-distance on X, let
∞
1
h : R+ → R+ be a nondecreasing function such that 0 1+h(r)
dr = ∞, and let
z0 ∈ X be fixed. Then a function q : X × X → R+ defined by:
Z τ (z0 ,x)+τ (x,y)
dr
q(x, y) =
, for all x, y ∈ X
1 + h(r)
τ (z0 ,x)
is a τ -distance.
For the proof of the main result we need of the definition of the τ -Cauchy
sequence and the following lemmas (see [15]).
Definition 12. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. Then a
sequence {xn } in X is called τ − Cauchy if there exists a function η : X × [0, ∞) →
[0, ∞) satisfying (τ2 )-(τ5 ) and a sequence {zn } in X such that limn sup{η(zn , τ (zn , xm )) :
m ≥ n} = 0.
A crucial results in order to obtain fixed point theorems by using τ -distance are
the following lemmas.
Lemma 13. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If a
sequence {xn } in X satisfies limn sup{τ (xn , xm ) : m > n} = 0, then {xn } is a τ Cauchy sequence. Moreover, if a sequence {yn } in X satisfies limn τ (xn , yn ) = 0,
then {yn } is also a τ -Cauchy sequence and limn d(xn , yn ) = 0.
Lemma 14. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If a
sequence {xn } in X satisfies limn τ (z, xn ) = 0 for z ∈ X then {xn } is a τ -Cauchy
sequence. Moreover, if a sequence {yn } in X also satisfies limn τ (z, yn ) = 0, then
limn d(xn , yn ) = 0. In particular, for x, y, z ∈ X, τ (z, x) = 0 and τ (z, y) = 0 imply
x = y.
Lemma 15. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let τ be a τ -distance on X. If {xn } is a
τ -Cauchy sequence, then {xn } is a Cauchy sequence. Moreover, if {yn } is a sequence
satisfying limn sup{τ (xn , ym ) : m > n} = 0, then {yn } is a τ -Cauchy sequence and
limn d(xn , yn ) = 0.
3
Main results
Definition 16. Let T : X → P (X) be a multivalued operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞)
be a τ -distance on X. Define the function f : X → R as f (x) = Dτ (x, T (x)), where
Dτ (x, T (x)) = inf {τ (x, y) | y ∈ T (x)}.
x ⊂ X as follows:
For a positive constant b ∈ (0, 1) define the set Ib,τ
x
Ib,τ
= {y ∈ T (x) | bτ (x, y) ≤ Dτ (x, T (x))}.
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We will present now a fixed point theorem for multivalued operators on a complete
metric space endowed with a τ -distance.
Theorem 17. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, T : X → Pcl (X) a multivalued
operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞) be a τ -distance on X and b ∈ (0, 1).
Suppose that
x satisfying
(i) there exists c ∈ (0, b), such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ib,τ
Dτ (y, T (y)) ≤ cτ (x, y);
(ii) f is lower semicontinuous, where f is previous defined.
Then T has a fixed point in X. Moreover, if T (z) = z, then τ (z, z) = 0.
x0
Proof. For any initial point x0 ∈ X, there is x1 ∈ Ib,τ
such that:
Dτ (x1 , T (x1 )) ≤ cτ (x0 , x1 ).
x1
For any x1 ∈ X there is x2 ∈ Ib,τ
such that:
Dτ (x2 , T (x2 )) ≤ cτ (x1 , x2 ).
xn
We obtain an iterative sequence {xn }∞
n=0 where xn+1 ∈ Ib,τ and
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), f orn = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
We will verify that {xn }∞
n=0 is a Cauchy sequence.
Indeed:
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(3.1)
xn
we obtain:
Since xn+1 ∈ Ib,τ
bτ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(3.2)
By (3.2) it follows : τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ 1b Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Using (3.1)we obtain :
1
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ c Dτ (xn , T (xn )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
(3.3)
By (3.1) we have :
Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤ cτ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Dτ (xn+1 , T (xn+1 )) ≤ cτ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
We replace in (3.3) and we obtain :
c
cτ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ cτ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
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L. Guran
If we divide by c we obtain :
c
τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ τ (xn−1 , xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
then:
c
τ (xn+1 , xn+2 ) ≤ τ (xn , xn+1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
b
By using an induction argument it is easy to see that:
τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤
(3.4)
cn
τ (x0 , x1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
bn
cn
Dτ (x0 , T (x0 )), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
bn
Then for m, n ∈ N, m > n, a = cb and using the previous inequalities we have:
Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤
τ (xn , xm ) ≤ τ (xn , xn+1 ) + τ (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + · · · + τ (xm−1 , xm ) ≤
≤ an τ (x0 , x1 ) + an+1 τ (x0 , x1 ) + · · · + am−1 τ (x0 , x1 ) ≤
an
≤
τ (x0 , x1 )
1−a
For n → ∞ we have an → 0, because a = cb with c < b. Thus
lim τ (xn , xm ) = 0, with m > n.
n→∞
Using Lemma 13 it follows that the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 is a τ -Cauchy sequence and
from the Lemma 15 result that this sequence is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is a
complete space, then the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 converge to some point z ∈ X. The
sequence
∞
{f (xn )}∞
n=0 = {Dτ (xn , T (xn ))}n=0
is decreasing and from the above construction it converges to 0.
Since f is lower semicontinuous we have:
0 ≤ f (z) ≤ lim f (xn ) = 0
n→∞
Thus f (z) = 0.
Since f (z) = 0, then there exists a sequence (wn ) ∈ T (z) such that τ (z, wn ) → 0.
Therefore,
0 ≤ lim sup{τ (xn , wm ) : m > n} ≤ lim sup{τ (xn , z) + τ (z, wm ) : m > n} = 0.
n
n
Thus, by Lemma 15 we obtain that wn → z and since T (z) is a closed set we conclude
that
z ∈ T (z).
z 6= ∅
Since T (z) = z, hence Dτ (z, T (z)) = τ (z, z) ≥ 0 and since by hypothesis Ib,τ
we know that bτ (z, z) ≤ τ (z, z) but 0 < b < 1, therefore τ (z, z) = 0.
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Fixed points for multivalued contractions on a metric space
The second main result of this paper is a fixed point theorem for MWP operators
on metric spaces endowed with a τ -distance.
Corollary 18. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, T : X → Pcl (X) a multivalued
operator, τ : X × X → [0, ∞) be a τ -distance on X and b ∈ (0, 1). Suppose that
x satisfying
there exists c ∈ (0, 1), with c < b, such that for any x ∈ X there is y ∈ Ib,τ
Dτ (x, T (x)) ≤ cτ (x, y). Then T is a MWP operator.
Proof. As in the proof of the previous theorem we construct inductively a sequence
{xn }∞
n=0 such that:
1. xn+1 ∈ T (xn ), for every n ∈ N;
2. τ (xn , xn+1 ) ≤
cn
bn τ (x0 , x1 ),
3. Dτ (xn , T (xn )) ≤
for every n ∈ N;
cn
bn Dτ (x0 , T (x0 )),
for every n ∈ N.
Thus x0 = x, x1 = y and xn+1 ∈ T (xn ). For m, n ∈ N with m > n and a =
have the inequality
an
τ (x0 , x1 ).
τ (xn , xm ) ≤
1−a
c
b
we
Using Lemma 13 it follows that the sequence {xn }∞
n=0 is a τ -Cauchy sequence. From
∞
Lemma 15 we have that the sequence {xn }n=0 is a Cauchy sequence. Since (X, d)
d
is a complete metric space then there exists z ∈ X such that xn → z.
For n ∈ N, from (τ 3) we get that:
τ (xn , z) ≤ lim inf τ (xn , xm ) ≤
m→∞
an
τ (x0 , x1 ).
1−a
By hypothesis, for a = cb , we also have wn ∈ T (z) such that
τ (xn , wn ) ≤ aτ (xn−1 , z) for every n ∈ N.
So, we have
an
τ (x0 , x1 ) = 0.
n→∞ 1 − a
lim sup τ (xn , wn ) ≤ lim sup aτ (xn−1 , z) ≤ lim
n→∞
n→∞
By Lemma 13 result that wn converge to z. Since T (z) is closed we obtain that
z ∈ T (z). Then T is MWP operator.
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Liliana Guran
Department of Accounting and Managerial Information System,
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Titu Maiorescu University,
Calea V˘
ac˘
are¸sti, nr. 189, 040056, sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
e-mail: gliliana.math@gmail.com
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