A study of formal links in Ernest Hemingway's the old man and the sea.
A STUDY OF FORMAL LINKS IN ERNEST
HEMINGWAY’S
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Akhmad Yafi Alvian
Reg. Number: A03212030ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2017
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Akhmad Yafi Alvian : A03212030: Adab dan Humaniora / Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
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Penulis
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xiii ABSTRACT
Alvian, Akhmad Yafi. 2017. A study of Formal Links in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea.Thesis.English Department.Faculty of Letters and Humanities.Satate Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya.
The Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.
The old man and the sea is one of a novel by Ernest Hemingway tells the story of a battle between an aging fisherman with a large fish (marlin). This study focuses
on kinds of formal links found in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man and the sea,
and the functions of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man and the sea. The aim of this study is to describe the kind and give knowledge about the functions of forma links in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man the sea. This study uses descriptive qualitative method to describe and analyze kinds of formal links in this novel. Next this study also describe about the functions of formal links
used in The old man and the sea. The result of this study is expected to give
beneficial contribution to English Department students to add their knowledge
about the types of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the
Sea. Practically, it will be a reference for the next researcher who is interested in analyzing formal link. It will also help the reader to understand clearly about the
types of formal link that used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
For English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching formal link and giving examples.
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INTISARI
Alvian, Akhmad Yafi. 2017. A study of Formal Links in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea. Skripsi.Sastra Inggris.Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora.Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.
The old man and the sea adalah sebuah novel karya Ernest Hemingway
menceritakan tentang sebuah pertarungan antara seorang pemancing ikan yang tua dengan se ekor ikan yang besar (marlin). Studi ini fokus pada macam-macam formal link yang terdapat pada The old man and the sea karya Ernest Hemingway,
dan fungsi-fungsi dari formal link yang di gunakan di The old man and the sea
karya Ernest Hemingway. Studi ini menggunakan cara descriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisa macam-macam dari formal link di novel ini. Selanjutnya studi ini juga menggambarkan fungsi-fungsi dari formal link yang di gunakan di The old man and the sea. Hasil dari studi ini adalah diharapkan untuk memberikan kontribusi yang bermanfaat untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Inggris untuk menambah pengetahuan mereka tentang macam-macam formal link
yang di gunakan di The old man the sea karya Ernest Hemingway. Sebenarnya,
ini bisa menjadi referensi untuk peneliti berikutnya yang tertarik dalam menganalisa formal link. Ini juga akan membantu pembaca untuk memahami
seacara jelas tentang macam-macam formal link yang di gunakan pada The old
man and the sea karya Ernest Hemingway. Untuk guru bahasa inggris, penelitian ini akan menambah variasi mengajar formal link dan dalam memberikan contoh.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Sheet ... v
Motto ... vi
Dedication Page ... vii
Acknowledgement ... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xiii
Intisari ... xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 7
1.3 Research Objectives ... 7
1.4 Significance of the Research ... 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 8
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Discourse Analysis ... 10
2.2 Formal link ... 10
2.2.1 Verb Form ... 11
2.2.2 Parallelism ... 12
2.2.2.1 Grammatical Parallelism ... 12
2.2.2.2 Sound Parallelism ... 13
2.2.2.3 Semantic Parallelism ... 13
2.2.3 Referring Expressions ... 14
2.2.4 Repetition and Lexical Chains ... 15
2.2.5 Substitutions ... 16
2.2.6 Ellipsis ... 16
2.2.7 Conjunctions ... 17
2.3 Previous Study ... 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach ... 22
3.2 Data Source ... 23
3.3 Data ... 23
3.4 Data Collection ... 24
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CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 26
4.1 Findings ... 26
4.1.1 Types of Formal Links ... 26
4.1.1.1 Referring Expression ... 26
4.1.1.2 Conjunction ... 32
4.1.1.3 Substitution ... 36
4.1.1.4 Repetition ... 39
4.1.1.5 Verb Form ... 42
4.1.1.6 Parallelism ... 46
4.1.1.7 Ellipsis ... 48
4.2 Discussion ... 50
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 53
5.1 Conclusion ... 53
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents some descriptions of the study consisting of background of study, Statement of the Problem, Objective of the study, Significance of the study, Scope &Limitation and Definition of the key terms. All of them will be discussed as the following below:
1.1. Background of the Research
Formal links theory of cook is the unit of discourse analysis. There are some researchers already did the researches about formal links, such as: English reading text of examination (Kulsum, 2008),Formal Links Approach to Grammar and
Lexicon Used in Barack Obama’s Speech “PulangKampungNih”
(RisnaCahyani,2011), and truly the literary works like a novel can be included. It is so long than a short story. Sometimes, the author of a novel makes a sentence concisely and compact form. A matter of fact, a novel gives the difficult sentence to understand because it is full by lyrical sentences. The aim of study is to fill in gap to make novel easier to understand.
As we know that novel is a part of literary work. It is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types, and the various narrative techniques of the novel are applicable to the short story as well (Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms p:286). Novel is a piece of fiction that has a limited number of words, only a few characters and one theme. Novel is
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a kind of long or a novelette.Novel is an invented prose narrative longer than a short story usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot (Webster by Merriam). Characteristicallydeveloping a single central theme and limited in
scope and number of characters (Webster’s New World College Dictionary). Most of people who love reading spend their time by reading a novel. Sometime they need to learn more to understand text what they read because the language of text that we read in a novel is not easy and simple, it uses the brief word and lyrical sentences. There are many different interpretations of people in the world. So, to make understanding the true meaning of the text in a novel, we need to analyze the text of the novel. Sometimes we need to look at features inside the language or we can call it formal links that refers to facts inside language. We can do this through knowledge of our grammar in some text. In this case, the way we recognize whether sentences are correct or incorrect is different. Misunderstanding might occur in reading and comprehending some texts since they have different way to recognize sentence whether is correct or incorrect.
This study deals with discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is academic discipline which studies about how language is used in real condition or situation and to analyze the discourse. The data of discourse analysis are text and context. The purpose of the discourse analysis is to get information which has relation with situation and condition in society. Discourse analysis also has many aspects to consider. One of the aspects is formal link which can be defined as interconnection of some parts (sentence) in text.
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The text can be observed, counted and analyzed and are therefore more objective. As Cook (1989: 14) stated Formal links between sentences and between clauses are known as cohesive device. The aspect of formal link includes 7 aspects that are verb form (the verb form that can limit the verb form in the text), parallelism (a part of formal link that is mean is connection, it connects the form between other form to make the same form of structure in sentence), referringexpression (it means a reference,), repetition (it is the word repetition in text), substitution (is replacement a word or a group of word with a words which have same meaning), ellipsis (omission of parts of sentences under the assumption which the context make the meaning clear), andconjunction (a word which connecting word or phrases or clauses).
A novel contains any information of formal links which are interesting to analyze. The writer used Guy Cook theory in 1994, Cook stated that we can describe the two ways of approaching language as contextual, referring to facts outside language, and formal, referring to facts inside language. In approaching language is not easy as it looks. It is not simply a sequence of sentences or utterances (the form) by which a sender communicates a message to a receiver (the function). Contextual features are somewhere outside this physical realization of the language. Stretches of language treated only formally are referred to as text. The formal link is a way of getting text hang together or has unity.
“Formal link between sentences or clauses is known as cohesive devices”, (Cook,
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how writers structure what they want to say, and may be crucial factors in our
judgments on whether something is well-written or not” (Yule, 1985: 106).
From these statements above, the writer can understand that Formal Link
is also known as cohesive devices. It’s useful to give us some insight in text what
the text is true or not as structure, it is also the important factor that we have to understand to get what the written text is well or not as they want to say.
So, the writer is interested in choosing formal links because, it has considered helping the readers to be able to recognize correct and incorrect sentences whether the text is good written or not. The kinds of formal links are; verb forms, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Cook, 1989: 04). Formal links can help well in communication and language learning. Formal links are needed in order to enable the reader to comprehend the meaning of the text.
Then, a research concerns in Formal Links Used inErnest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and the Sea. The object that will be analyzed in this research is novel, because this novel is very important to be analyzed in order to understand what the writer said in that novel. Then, the title of this research is”A study of
Formal Links inErnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.”
The Old Man and the Sea, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in1953, and in
1954 Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his powerful, style
-formingmastery of the art of narration.” One of the most important influences on
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seized the imagination of the Americanpublic like no other twentieth-century author. He died, by suicide, in Ketchum, Idaho, in 1961. This novel is 127 pages.
The researcher decides to analyze this novel because of some factors. The first is the researcher likes this novel because this novel is a novella which is written by American jurnalist, Ernest Hemingway. It was written at Kuba in 1951 and published in 1952. This literary is the last big work which is written and published in his life. This book is one of his famous work, it is told about Santiago, he is the first character in this book. He is the old fisher man who getting difficult in catching big fish in the middle of the sea. This work have been remembered in 20 centuries as the work that having the higest rate in
Hemingway’s literary of the world. It is the first factor why it is choosen to get
reward in Nobel literary in 1954.
Further, the researcher wants to research this novel The Old Man And The Sea by Ernest hemingway in sub-part of Formal Link. The descriptions of the types Formal Link are verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.The researcher is interested to analyze Formal Link. In other hand, the novel is easy to understand and there are many Formal Linkfound in this novel.
Having been aware of the previous studies is really important to get more qualified in the research. There are some writers who wrote in the same field.
Risnacahyani (2011) Formal Links Approach to Grammar and Lexicon
Used inBarack Obama’s Speech“PulangKampungNih”.The purpose of this study
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speech "Going Home Here". So from this study can known of the suitability and the context and content of the speech the president to meaning to be conveyed by the speaker can be conveyed properly.
Cook stated that in order to account for discourse, we need to look at features outside the language: at the situation, the people involved, what they know and what they are doing. These facts enable us to construct stretches of language as discourse; as having a meaning and a unity for us. The way we recognize correct and incorrect sentences is different. We can do this through our knowledge or grammar without reference to outside facts (Cook, 1989:14).
The study of Formal Link also was conducted by UmmiKulsum(2007) English Literature:Study of Formal Links used in English Reading Texts of
National Examination of Senior High School. This study is focused on analyzing
formal links in English reading section of National Examination 2007 edition. Formal links is a fact inside language or features that operate within sentence. The writer used the descriptive qualitative research.
In the present study, the writer chooses a novel because the writer has an experience of stumbling in problems in understanding literary works such as novel and some students sometimes cannot understand what the author means in the novel. Considering to the reason above, the writer needs to strengthen the
importance of this study which discusses formal links in “The Old Man and The Sea” novel.
In conclusion, the writer describes the sentences in Ernest
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Then, the writer identifies it using formal link theory to know what the functions
in each kind of formal link in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea.
1.2. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of the research, this study is conducted to answer the problemformulated in the following question:
a. What arekind of formal linksfound in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The Sea?
b. What are the functions of formal links used inErnest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea? 1.3. Research Objectives
The Objectives of the research are:
a. To describe the kind of formal link that is found in Ernest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and the Sea.
b. To describe and give knowledge about the functions in each formal link
that is in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
1.4. Significance of the Research
The result of this study is expected to give valuable and beneficial contribution to English Department studentsto add their knowledge about the
types of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
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analyzing formal link. It also helps the reader to understand clearly aboutthe
typesof formal link that used inErnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
For English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching formal link and giving examples.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
Scope and limitation is purposed to make a border of this research. So, the researcherwill be focused on the important aspect and also deep conclusion for this research.The scope and limitation include:
a. Novel
There are many Novels that can be found by the different titles in some books. But, the researcher will be focused onAnalysis Formal Link in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, because it is so easy to understand and interested.
b. Formal Link
Any languagescan be analyzed uses some characteristic of language,
but now, the researcher will make limitation the thesis in formal link for Novel as the analyzing.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding of the key terms, the writer defines some key terms as follows;
a. Discourse: The latter kind is language in use, for
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to form grammatical units such as CLAUSE, PHRASE, and SENTENCE, that refers to larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews."
b. Discourse Analysis: The search for what gives discourse coherence.
c. Formal link:is referring to facts inside language. It is a way
ofunderstanding of formal features as in some way built up in our minds from the black marks which form writing on the page, or from the speech sounds pickedup by our ears. Formal links between sentences andbetween clauses are known as cohesive device, being on the surface of the text, can be observe, counted and analyzed and are therefore more objective.
d. The Old Man and The Sea:the novel which is written by Ernest
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Discourse Analysis
Based on Guy Cook (1989) there are two different potential objects for study. One abstracted in order to teach a language or literacy, or to study how the rules of language work.The latter kind is language in use, for communication, is called Discourse; and the search for what gives discourse coherence is Discourse Analysis. Discourse analysis is defined as concerned with language use beyond the boundaries of a sentence/utterance, concerned with the interrelationships between language and society and as concerned with the interactive or dialogic properties of daily communication (Slembrouck, 2003).
2.2 Formal Links
In order to account for discourse, we need to look at features outside the language. This fact enables us to construct stretches of language as discourse, as having a meaning and a unity for us. The way we recognize correct and incorrect sentences is different. We can do this through our knowledge of grammar without reference to outside facts. Cook states there are two ways of approaching language that one of them is formal links, referring to facts inside language. A way of understanding may be to think of formal features as in some way built up in our minds from the black marks which form writing or from the speech sounds picked up by our ears. formal features which operate within sentences and across sentences need to be examined how far they will go in helping to explain why a
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succession of sentences is discourse, and not just a disconnected jumble (Cook, 1994).
Actully, Cook’s theory is different with Halliday’s theory about cohesive
device. Cohesive devices are the devices that create relation. The function of these devices is as formal link between sentences and between clauses. In other word, the cohesive device of text or language are tools that can be used as relation between one part of sentence to another sentences, and one of clauses to another clauses in the text. For past and contemporary researchers alike, Cohesion in English (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) has provides an important framework for identifying and analyzing cohesive devices in spoken and written discourse. In their work, Halliday and Hasan specify five types of cohesion: reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Each cohesive device type consists of several subtypes.
Formal links includes: verb form, parallelism, referring expressions,
repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Cook, a1994).
2.2.1 Verb Form
A link within discourse may constitute a verb form. The form of the verb in one sentence can limit the choice of the verb form in the next. We may be
justified in saying that a verb form in one sentence is „wrong’ or at least „unlikely’, because it does not fit with the form in another.
Consider this following part of discourse:
„When two lovers come together, their brains begin
to “fall in love”. The couple’s pheromones- chemical signals that work through our senses- are very high, so when they smell each other or look into each
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other’s eyes, their separate male and female minds
become like one.’
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, February 2005, page 64)
From the previous discourse, we can see that the verbs (come, begin, work, smell, look, and become) are all in the simple present since the verbs refer to the general truth- what happens when two people fall in love. There seems to be a formal connection between them, a way in the first tense conditions all the others. 2.2.2 Parallelism
Another link deals with parallelism, a device which suggests a connection, simply because the form of one sentence or clause repeats the form of another. This can be found in speeches, prayers, poetry, and advertisements. It is used to provide a powerful emotional effect to the audience. There are three kinds of parallelism:
2.2.2.1 Grammatical parallelism
A discourse proceeds through arepeated grammatical structure into which different words are slotted(Cook, 1994). Consider the following Christian prayer as an example:
„Teach us Good Lord, to give and not to count
the cost, to fight and not to heed the wounds, to toil and not to seek for rest, to labor and not to ask for reward, save that of knowing that we do Thy will.’
This example employs parallelism to link clauses as there is a repeated
grammatical structure (to .. and not to …).
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It suggests a connection of meaning through an echo of form, it does not have to be grammatical parallelism. It may be a sound parallelism as in the rhyme, rhythm and other sound effects of verse.
Leisure
W.H. Davies What is this life, if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare, No time to see, when woods we pass, Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass,
No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at the night…
(Simon and Schuster, 1966) From stanzas of this poem, there are the same rhyme scheme as linked. It
is “aa” are linked, it has alsothe same sound pattern or rhythm and the same
stanza form, couplet.
2.2.2.3 Semantic Parallelism
The semantic parallelism happens when the sentences are linked because they mean the same thing. Study the following example:
„… I oppose all forms of cruelty to animals. I hope all of humankind will realizethat animals are living creatures and have a certain degree of intelligence. We are not the only intelligent beings on earth, even though we think we are gifted ones and masters of the other animals. Animals do communicate with one another in ways that we do not know or cannot decipher. And they sometimes display kindness, loyalty and love better than humans. Let us respect all
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(Taken from Reader’s Digest,March 2005, page 6)
The sentences above are connected as they reveal the same meaning, that we should pay a better respect to animals.
2.2.3 Referring Expressions
Referring expressions mean words of which the meaning can only discovered by referring to other words or to elements of the context which are clear to both sender and receiver. (1) Anaphoric ref: The identity of someone or something is given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to with pronouns. (2) Cataphoric ref.: The pronouns are given first and then the identity is revealed. (3) Exophoric ref.: The meaning is found contextually from the outside world. Referring expressions fulfill a dual purpose of unifying the text (they depend upon some of the subject matter remaining the same) and of economy, because they save us from having to repeat the identity of what we are talking about again and again (Cook, 1994). Consider the following example:
„There are an estimated 195,000 elephants left in Central Africa, but their distribution is patchy. Throughout the region, they have been heavily poached, so they tend to be nervous of people. If we come across one unexpectedly, it may well charge. And if we do not get out of the way in time we will probably be killed- speared on its tusks, thrown around like a rag doll, then trampled into the ground. Some have lived to tee the tale, but they have impressive scars to go with their stories…’
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The meanings of they, their, them, it, and it are referred to elephants as the identity of elephants is given at the beginning. It makes a kind of chain, running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked to another.
2.2.4 Repetition and Lexical Chains
Another sort of chain may include repetition of words and their synonymous or more general words or phrases. Whereas lexical chains need not necessarily consist of words that mean the same, they may also be created by words that associate with each other.
We have described referring expressions, repetition, and elegant repetition as establishing `chains´ of connected words running through discourse. Such
lexical chains need not necessarily consist of words which mean the same,
however. They may also be created by words which associate with each other. Here is an example:
It is time that we citizens celebrate love instead of hate, celebrate kindness, instead of revenge, and, for once, let us celebrate similarities
instead of differences… ‘
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, September 2004, page 6)
Here the clauses are linked through the repetition of „celebrate’ and their
meanings are synonymous that we are asked to promote virtues rather than violence.
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Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution of words
like do or so for a word or group of words which have appeared in an earlier
sentence. See the following example:
„Can there really be such people out there?
Aren’t these mass murderers the same people whose mothers once held them in their arms, nurtured them, gave them an education and brought them up to be people of this world? If so, what triggers them to so much destruction?
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, March 2005, page 6)
From the example above, there is word “so”, the word “so” substitutes the
sentences that have appeared earlier. It substitutes the questions about how come people who have been brought up and nurtured by their mothers have become murderers.
2.2.6 Ellipsis
Ellipsis is omitting part of sentences on the assumption that an earlier sentence or the context will make the meaning clear. Sometimes we don´t even need to provide a substitute for a word phrase or which as already been said. We can simply omit it, and know that the missing part can be reconstructed quite successfully. Study the following example:
The Aztecs believed in the periodic destruction and re-creation of the world we live in. The first era was destroyed by tigers, the second by wind that turned people into monkeys, the third by fire that changed people into birds, and the fourth ended in floods that turned people into fish, as can be seen in the middle of the calendar stone. The stone predicts our present
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era will be destroyed by earthquakes, but no one has yet deciphered when the Aztecs thought the end of the fifth era would be.’
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, March 2005, 21)
In this example, there are some words that are omitted because it is clear
what the context is, for instance, „era’ in „the second, the third, etc.
2.2.7 Conjunction
Another type of formal relation between sentences is provided by those words and phrases that explicitly draw attention to the type of relationship that exist between one sentence or clause or another.
a. Adding more information to what has already been said.(furthermore,
in addition, etc.)
b. Elaborating or exemplifying (for instance, other words, etc.)
c. contrasting new information with old information (or, on the
otherhand, etc.)
d. Relating new information to what has already been given in terms of
causes (so, consequently, because, for this reason, etc.)
e. or in terms of time (formerly, then, in the end, etc.)
f. Indicating a new departure or a summary (by the way, well, to sumup,
etc.) (Cook, 1994).
There are many words and phrases which can be put into this category in English, and many different ways in which they can be classified. They indicate
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the relationship of utterances in the mind or in the world and are thus in a way contextual (Cook, 1994).
2.3 Previous Study
As the other writers have done in doing the research, having been aware of the previous studies is really important to get more qualify in research. There are some writers who writing in same field.
The first is according Risna cahyani (2011) Formal Links Approach to
Grammar and Lexicon Used inBarack Obama’s Speech“Pulang Kampung
Nih”Conjunctive formally part of the analysis of a discourse that serves
connecting sentence and sentences are also clauses and clauses. The relationship also known as the coherence showing a unity of meaning between the context and content from a discourse. In this case, there are two approaches used to knowing how far the appropriateness and the logic of a discourse to the meaning can be well, the approach and the approach grammatically lexicon. In a speech at the president Barak Obama gave at the University of Indonesia on 9 November 2010, there conjunctive formal analyzed through the theory of Guy Cook (1989). The purpose of this study isto identify conjunctive as grammatically approach and lexicon contained in the speech "Going Home Here". So from this study can be known of the suitability and the context and content of the speech the president to meaning to be conveyed by the speaker can be conveyed properly.
Second from by Ummi kulsum (2007) English Literature: Study of Formal Links used in English Reading Texts of National Examination of Senior High
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Senior High School before they pass from the school which is held once a year. The test that held in Indonesia here is known as UN (Ujian Nasional), formerly UAN (Ujian Akhir Nasinonal). The English reading texts of National Examination of senior High School 2007 edition analyzed with formal links proposed by Cook. He classifies the formal links theory into seven aspects, verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. This study is focused on analyzing formal links in English reading section of National Examination 2007 edition. Formal links is a facts inside language or features that operate within sentence.
The writer used the descriptive qualitative research. The data are the English reading texts of National Examination of Senior High School 2007 edition accessed from the internet, with browsed in www.ziddu.com and www.banksoal.sbarin.com. In the data analysis, the writer used some process of analysis, they are: (1) identifying the data of reading texts content of formal links inside. (2) categorizing the sentence that found into any aspects of formal links. (3) analyzing the data and explain the function, and (4) for the last process is making conclusion from the analysis. From the result and discussion of her analysis, the writer concluded that all types of formal links were found in the reading texts of National Examination. The formal links found included verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction.
For the function of formal links, which were found, are: for verb form, in one sentence can limit the verb in the next sentence and fit with the form in other
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sentences and that makes the sentences in the reading texts are logically connected, parallelism that was found is to simplify the language that used in reading text. For referring expression is to indicate reference pronoun, for repetition can be to stress the ideas in a passage, for substitution and ellipsis are to make the utterance accurate, and for conjunction is to indicate cause and effect relationship, to indicate comparison and contrast. The general conclusion is that in written discourse, the text of passage in final examination of Senior High School can maintain the flow of the ideas by using formal links, that is used many repetitions that was often occur in every passage. For the last, as an English learner, they should be sensitive to know a fact inside language that we can use the formal links to know it. To have a wider and deeper knowledge about English, it is very important to learn formal links, not only for English learner, but also for English teacher, and further researcher.
From three previous studies above, the writer can make conclusion. There is similarity with my thesis.And, it uses discourse analysis as the study and theory. And the differencess of this thesis is the focus of the object study, they use formal link in text but in my thesis only focus on formal linkin novel and function with descriptive qualitative method.
So, in this study, the writer focuses on sentences, phrase, and clause inThe Old man and The Sea by Ernest hemingway that is included in formal link and it will be described detail one by one the function based on the types formal link
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses the method that the researcher used in this research including research approach, data source, data research instruments, techniques of data collection and techniques of data analysis. They will be discussed below:
3.1 Research Approach
Research is any activities to collect the data, analyze it, and presents the result. It is done in systematic and scientific steps to answer a certain problem. because the data of this study are explained descriptively, the qualitative research The kind of research is descriptive qualitative research (Ary, 2006:32). This study is called descriptive is a research which is analyzed qualitatively, because the truth can be expressed with some ways without number. Qualitative have some types based on collecting data, one of them is descriptive qualitative approach in document or content analysis, this analysis focused on analyzing grammatical cohesin and giving explanation in each point of grammatical cohesion that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. In addition, Creswell (1994:1) stated that the qualitative research is an inquiring the process of understanding a social or a human problem based on the building a complex, holistic picture, formed of the words, reporting the detail view of informants and conducted in a natural setting. Bogdan and Biklen (1998:77) stated that in qualitative research, the human investigator is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing data.
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Therefore, the researcher used descriptive qualitative, because this method
is suitable to analyze formal link that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The Sea. In this study, the researcher conducted a research with descriptive qualitative research in analyzing content of formal link that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. According to the researcher this method also simple and easy to use in some of reasons like in method of data collecting, data analysis. So the researcher used descriptive qualitative and content
analysis to analyze formal link that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man
and The Sea.
And the researcher tried to describe every types of formal link in the
Novel that is included in; verb form, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition
and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. And the analysis will be
explained clearly in the paragraph form. 3.2 Data Source
The data sources of this research was the novel of Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and The Sea.
3.3 Data
The data of this research focused on words, phrases, clauses, sentences
used in the novel that shows verb form, parallelism, referring expressions,
repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction that areincluded
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3.4 Data Collections
To collect the data of data sources, there wereseveral ways, the researcher has done these several ways on this study:
3.4.1 Research Instruments
Based on the early of this chapter, this study used qualitative approach, the instrument of this study was human. So, the main instrument was I as the reseacher who gathered and analyzed the data. The supporting instruments were like personal computer to download some sources of the research, it was to make an easier in analyzing the data of the research.
3.4.2 Data Collection Techniques
To collect the data from the data sources, the researcher has the steps as follows:
a. First, the researcher downloaded a novel, The Old Man and The Sea
of Ernest Hemingway on computer and it is printed.
b. Second, the researcher read the novel, The Old Man and The Sea of
Ernest Hemingway.
c. Third, the researcher identified, underlined a word, phrase, clause, and
coding some types of formal link and function. The type of formal
linkconsists of verb form, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition
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3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis
Related to the statement of the problem, this study used descriptive qualitative method. The researcher analyzed the data based on types of formal link in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea.
a. The researcher noted the data
b. The reseracher classified the data into types of formal link and function.
c. The researcher describeddata based on the types of formal link and
function.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes the types of formal link based on
Guy cook’s theory in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. The structure of writing research is presented in two steps. First, in findings the researcher analyzes the data found based on the research problems. Second, in discussion section the researcher explains the result of finding.
4.1 Findings
Based on the research problem, the researcher presentes two topics. The
first parts is types of formal links in “Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The
Sea” and the second parts is the function formal link in the story of formal link. 4.1.1 Types of Formal Link
4.1.1.1 Referring Expression
Anaphoric referring expression points listeners or readers backwards to
what is previously mentioned. “The passengers presented themselves for checking
before boarding the plane.” is one of the examples of anaphoric referring
expression. Here the writer takes fourdata to be discussed.
Datum 1
The old man would have like to keep his hand in the salt
water longer but he was
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lurch by the fish and he stood
up and braced himself and
held his hand up againts the
sun. It was only a line burn that had cut his flesh. But it
was in the working part of his
hand. He knew he would need his hands before this was over and he did not like
to be cut before it started.
(Ernest Hemingway,
1917:15)
The speaker tells about The old man that used many pronouns. The
meanings of he and his are referred to the old man as the identity of someone is
given at the beginning. Meanwhile, the meanings of itis referred to The sun as the
identity of thing. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked to another. As we know if pronoun sees from the
grammar, the pronoun his can has a function that it is as a point of view. Another
example of referring expression can be found in data 2, see below.
Datum 2
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in
the back of his neck. The
brown blotches of the
benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection
on the topic sea were on his
cheeks. The blotches ran well
down the sides of his face
and his hands had the
deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were
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erosions in a fishless desert.
Everything about himwas old
execpt his eyes and they were
the same color as the sea and
were cheerful and
undefeated. “Santiago,” the
boy said to him as they
climbed the bank from where
the skiff was hauled up. “I
could go with you again.
We’ve made some
money.”The old man had
taught the boy to fish and the
boy loved him. “No,” the old
man said “you’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”
But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones everyday for three
weeks.” (Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 01)
The words of he, his, him, are referred to The old man, theyis referred to
scars, him is referred to Santiago as the identity of someone given at the
beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse in which each expression is linked to another. And the function of the referring expression that shown by pronoun he and they as the main character of the story, and using pronoun of the text is as a figure or style in writing in order the writing is great and nothing repetition of word, so the function of pronoun as replacement one word to the same meaning or as point of view.Another example of referring expression can be found in the next data.
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Datum 3
The old man held him with
his left hand and his
shoulders now and stooped down and scooped up water in his right hand to get the crushed dolphin flesh off of
his café. He was afraid that it
might nauseate him and he
would vomit and lose his
strength. When his face was
cleaned he washed his right
hand in the water over the
side and then let it stay in the
salt water while he watched
the first light come before the
sunrise. He’s headed almost
east, he thought. That means
he is tired and going with the
current. Soon, he will have to
circle. Then our true work begins. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:23)
The meanings of his, and he are referred to the old man, and it referred to water over asthe identity of someone is given at the beginning. This makes a kind ofchain running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked toanother.And the function of pronoun that shown in this data is make easier the readers to understand the text, and minimized the word by simple word, and it is also the writer style to make a good writing by using pronoun as point of view in the text. Next, the researcher found the same thing, see below.
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Datum 4
When once, through my
treachery, it had been
necessary to him to make a
choice, the old man
thought.His choice had been
to stay in the deep dark water far out beyond all snares and traps and treacheries. My choice was to go there to find
him beyond all people.
Beyond all people in the
world. Now we are joined
together and have been since noon. And no one to help
either one of us. Perhaps I
should not have been a fisherman, he thought. But that was the thing that I was born for. I must surely remember to eat the tuna after it gets light.
The meanings of his, and himare referred to the old man. We, us are
referred to beyond people in the world as the identity of someone is given at the beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked to another. And if we see from grammatical side, it is as point of view as replacement the name of person.
Datum 5
As the sun set he
remembered, to give himself more confidence, the time in the tavern at Casablanca when he had played the hand game with the great negro from Cienfuegos who was the
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strongest man on the docks.
They had gone one day one
night with their elbows on a
chalk line on the table and
their forearms straight up and
their hands gripped tight.
Each one was trying to force
the other’s hand down onto
the table. There was much betting and people went in and out of the room under the kerosene lights and he had looked at the arm and hand of
the negro and at the negro’s
face. They changed the
referees every four hours after the first eight so that the referees could sleep. Blood cam eout from under the fingernails of both his and the
negro’s hands and they
looked each other in the eye
and at their hands and
forearms and the bettors went in and out of the room and sat on hight chairs against the wall and watched. The walls were painted bright blue and were of wood and the lamps
threw their shadows against
them. The negro’s shadow
was huge and it moved on the wall as the breeze moved the lamps. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:19)
The meanings of they, their and themare referred to the “he had played the
hand game with the great negro” as the identity of someone is given at the
beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked to another. And the function of this pronoun is as replacement the name of person.
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Datum 6
On this circle the old man
could see the fish’e eye and
the two gray sucking fish that
swain around him.
Sometimes they attached
temselves to him. Sometimes
they darted off. Sometimes
they would swim easily in his
shadow. They were each over
three feet long and when they
swam fast they lashed their
whole bodies like eels.
The words of his, him, are referred to The old man, they, their,
themselvesare referred to fish.His,him is referred to the old manas the identity of
someone given at the beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse in which each expression is linked to another. Another kinds of formal link can be found in the next data.And the function is the replacement of the name of person. See the more explanation below.
4.1.1.2 Conjunction
The type of formal relation between sentences is provided by those words and phrases that explicitly draw attention to the type of relationship that exist between one sentence or clause or another. Here the writer takes three data to be discussed. See below the next data.
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Datum 1
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved
him. “ No,” the old man said. “you’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “but
remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones everyday for three
weeks.” “I remember.” The
old man said. “I know you
did not leave me because you
doubted.” (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:8)
The sentence above shows that because here gives new information to
what has already been given in terms of causes. The new information is doubted of the old man knowsdid not leave him. Another example of conjunction can be found in excerpt.
Datum 2
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days
without a fish the boy’s
parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which
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caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty andhe always went down to help him carry either
the coiled lines or the gaff
and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast, the sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:01)
The sentence above shows that or here indicates new
contrastinginformation with old information. Then, the researcher found the same data, see below.
Datum 3
The old man saw the brown fins coming along the wide trail the fish must make in the water. They were not even quartering on the scent. They
were headed straight for the
skiff swimming side by side. He jammed the tiller, made the sheet fast and reached
under the stem for the club. It
was an oar handle from a broken oar sawed off to about two and a half feet in length.
He could only use it
effectively with one hand because of the grip of the handle and he took good hold of it with his right hand, flexing his hand on it, as he watched the sharks come.
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They were both
galanos.(Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 31)
The paragraph above shows that forhere adds more information to what
has already been said. It tells about a person who found in the first sentences. Then, more information is given in the next sentence with a conjunction, that is,
for and the meaning of for same as conjunction “because”. Another example of conjunction can be found in the next data.
Datum 4
The old man unhooked the fish, re-baited the line with another sardine and tossed it
over. Then he worked his
way slowly back to the bow. He washed his left hand and
wiped it on his trourser. Then
he shifted the heavy lie from his right hand to his left and washed his right hand in the sea while he watched the sun go into the ocean and the slant of the big cord. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 20)
From data above, we know that the italic bold word is included in
conjunction. The word “then” is conjunction that is used in terms of time. As the
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4.1.1.3 Substitution
In this study, the researcher finds substitution in The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway. These data are substitution because substitution is replacement a word or a group of word with words which have same meanings, in some case there are some word which can replace word. Guy Cook (1976:89)
describedSubstitution is kind of formal link that the word like do or so substitutes
for a word or group of words which have appeared in an earlier sentence. The following is the analysis of substitution.
Datum 1
“Are his eyes that bad?” “He is almost blind.”
“it’s strange,” the old man said. “he never went turtle -ing. That is what kills the
eyes.”
“but you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast
and your eyes are good.” “I am a strange old man” “but are you strong enough
now for a truly big fish?”
“I think so. And there are
many tricks.”
“Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the
cast net and go after the
sardines”. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 03)
Here “so” substitutes the underlined sentence that has appeared earlier. It
substitutes the arguments about someone who strong enough for a truly big fish. In
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substitution is make a short sentence or omitting the same word that it has same
meaning. Another example of substitution can be found in next data.
Datum 2
When they reached the old
man’s shack the boy took the
rolls of line in the basket and the harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with
the furled sail on his
shoulder.
“do you want coffee?” the
boy asked.
“We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.”
They had coffee from
condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen.
“how did you sleep old
man?” the boy asked. He was
waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep.
“very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident
today.”
“So doI,” the boy said. “Now
I must get your sardine and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry
anything.” (Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 06)
Here “do” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. In this case, word
“do” substitutes a statement, “feel confident today”. And the function of substitution of this context is omits the same word and replaces it with do as word
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that has the same meaning and it can be understood by readers that “Do” is has same meaning with “feel confident”. Another example of substitution can be found in next data.
Datum 3
There was yellow weed on the line but the old man knew that only made an added drag and he was pleased. It was the yellow Gulf weed that ad
made so much
phosphorescence inthe night.
“Fish,” he said, “I love you
and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead
before this day ends.”
Let us hope so, he tought.
(Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 14)
Here “so” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. It substitutes the
declaration about kill. In this case, word “so” substitutes a statement, “But I will
kill you dead before this day ends”. And the function of this substitution is as
replaced sentence with one word “so”. Then, the researcher found the same kind of formal link, it will be discussed below.
Datum 4
I wonder why he jumped, the old man thought. I wish I could show him what sort of man. I am but then he would see the cremped hand. Let him think I am more man than I am and I will be so. I
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wish I was the fish, he thought, with everything he has against only my will and
my intelligence. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:17)
Here “so” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. It substitutes the
declaration about jumped. In this case, word “so” substitutes a word,
“jumped”.And the function of this substitution is to replacement the sentence by
using one word. It has same meaning and can be understood by readers. Then, the researcher found the same kind of formal link, it will be discussed below.
Datum 5
“I will lash the two oars
together across the stren and that will slow him in the
night,” he said. “He’s good
for the night and so am I.”
(Ernest Hemingway,
1917:20)
Here “am” substitutes the word that appeared earlier. In this case, word
“am” substitutes a phrase, “good for the night”. And the function of this substitution is to omit the sentence by using one word because the readers has known the main of the author.The samekind of formal link found in the next data. See below.
4.1.1.4 Repetition
Repetition is kind of formal link that repeating words in order to give stressing. Repetition of words can create the same sort of chain as pronouns, and
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there are sometimes good reasons for preferring it. Repetition of a key term or phrase in the text helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader/listener on track. See the data below.
Datum 1
I can do nothing with him
and he can do nothing with
me, he thought. Not as long as he keeps this up. (Ernest Hemingways, 1917:12)
Here the sentences are consisted of the repetition “can do nothing” and
their meanings are synonymous that they can do nothing. The first sentenceand second sentence is about they can do anything. The function repetition is as emphasizing. Another example of repetition can be found in the next data.
Datum 2
He thought of how some men feared being out of sight of land in a small boar and knew they were right in the months of sudden bad weather. But
now they were in hurricane
months and, when there are
no hurricanes, the weather of
hurricane months is the best
of all the year. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:16)
Here the word “hurricane” is repeated and their meanings are synonymous
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emphasized the sentence. Another example of repetition can be found in the next datum, see below.
Datum 3
The wind is our friends,
anyway, he thought. Then he
added, sometimes. And the great sea with our friends and
our enemies. And bed, he
thought. Bed is my friend.
Just bed, he thought. Bed
will be great thing. It is easy
when you are beaten, he
thought. I never knew how
easy it was. And what beat
you, he thought. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:34)
The sentence “he thought” in the sentence above is repeating. This is a
sentence that I used by the speaker in every his spoken as emphasize for himself. He talks to himself when he is on the great sea and meets wave and wind. Then, the researcher found the same kind of formal link, it will be explained more below.
Datum 4
He was happy feeling the gentle pulling and then he felt
something hard and
unbelievably heavy. It was the weight of the fish and he
let the line slip down, down,
down, unrolling of the first of
the two reserve coils. As it
went down, sleeping lightly
through the old man’s
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great weight, though the pressure of his thumb and
finger were almost
imperceptible. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:11)
Here the word “down” is repeated and their meanings are synonymous that
fall down. And the function of the repetition is to make emphasize of the sentence. Another example of repetition can be found in the next datum, see below.
Datum 5
The old man was sweating now but from something else besides the sun. On each calm placid turn the fish made he was gaining line and he was sure that in two turn more he would have a chance to get the harpoon in. But I
must get him close, close,
close, he thought. I musn’t
try for the head. I must get
the heart. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:25)
From the data above, the researcher found the repeatition word, it is
“close”. In that data, the word close is repeated in three times. Their meaning of
close as repeatition is same, it is nothing. Then, the reseacher finds other formal link, see the more explanation below.
4.1.1.5 Verb Form
Verb form is kind of formal link that deals with verb in one paragraph, the form of the verb in one sentence can limit the choice of the verb form in the next. Here the researcher takes three data to be discussed.
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Datum 1
They sat on the Terrace and
many of the fishermanmade
fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the
older fisherman, looked at
him and were sad. But they did not show it and they
spoke politely about the
current and the depths they
had drifted their lines at and
the steady good weather and
of what they had seen. The
successful fisherman of that
day were already in and had
butchered their marlin out
and carried them laid full
length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the
fish house where they waited
for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Havana.
Those who had caught
sharks had taken them to the
shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and
tackle their livers removed,
their fins cut off and their
hides skinned out their flesh
cut into strips for salting.
(Ernest Hemingway,
1917:01-02)
From the paragraph above, there are two different verb forms. First is, we
can see that the verbs (sat, looked, carried, laid,waited, removed, skinned, cutand
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done in the past. Second is verb form, we can see that the verbs (had drifted, had
seen,had butchered, had caught, and had taken) are all in past perfectbecause the
naration that is used in Ernest Hemingway “the old man and the sea” short story is
the verb that already done in the past. Another example of verb form can be found in the next data.
Datum 2
The old man went out the
door and the boy came after
him. He was sleepy and the
old man put his arm across
his shoulders and said, “ I am
sorry.”
“Qua Va,” the boy said, “it is
what a man must do.”
They walked down the road
to the old’s man shack and all
along the road, in the dark,
barefoot men were moving,
carrying the masts of their
boats. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:06)
From the paragraph above, there are three different verb forms because there are monologue and dialogue in this paragraph. First is monologue, we can see that the verbs (went, came,put and said) are all in the simple past since the verbs refer to what activity that already done in the past. The first verb
wentinfluences and limits the next verb in past verb form. Second is dialogue, we
can see that the verb (do) is in simple present since the verbs refers to a
conversation between the old man and boy in “The Old Man and The Sea” short
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continous, it is verb that already done but still doing in the past.The verb
movinginfluences and limits the next verb in present particile verb form. Another
example of influencing and limiting verbs function can be found in next data.
Datum 3
The door of the house where
the boy lived was unlocked
and he opened it and walked
in quietly with his bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man coud see him clearly
with the light that came in
from the dying moon. He
took hold of one foot gently
and held it until the boy woke
up and turned and looked at
him. The old man nodded
and the boy took his trousers
from the chair by the bed
and, sitting on the bed, pulled
them on. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917: 06)
From the previous discourse, we can see that the verbs (came,
went, and put) are all in the simple past since the verbs refer to the boy who as
usual do anything in the past and verbs (lived, unlocked, opened, walked, came,
took,held, woke, turned, looked, nodded, and pulled) are all in the simple past
since the verbs refer to the boy that excited. All the verbs here are in the past verb form since the function of influencing and limiting verbs occurred. Then, the researcher found the others kind of formal link in the next data, it will be explained more below.
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4.1.1.6 Parallelism
This function deals with parallelism, a device that suggests a connection.
This function appears in “The Old Man and The Sea” short story.See the data below.
Datum 1
They walked up the road
together to the old man’s
shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The
mast was nearly as long as
the one room of the shack,the
shack was made of the tough
budshields of the royal palm which are called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered
guano there was a picture in
color of the Sacred Heart of
Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre,these were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the
corner under his clean
shirt.(Ernest Hemingway,
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The paragraph above employs parallelism to link clauses as there is a
repeated grammatical structure (was… of …). The form of clauses is connected
because the repeated (was… of …) to another. It connects and become one good
paragraph to understand. Another example of connecting clause function can be found in the next data.
Datum 2
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days
without a fish the boy’s
parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:01)
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The above sentences are connected as they reveal the same meaning that the old man fished alone and without taking a fish. Then, the reseacher found others kind of formal link, see below.
4.1.1.7Ellipsis Datum1
Many fishermen were around the skiff looking at what was lashed beside it and one was in the water, his trousers rolled up, measuring the skeleton with a length of line. The boy did not go down. He had been there before and one of the fishermen was looking after the skiff for him.
“How is he?” One of the
fishermen shouted
“Sleeping,” the boy called.
He did not care that they saw
him crying. “Let no one distrub him.”
“He was eighteen feet from nose to tail,” the fisherman
who was measuring him
called. “I believe it,” the boy said. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:34)
In this data, the author presents conversational sentence in novel. This conversational sentence is categorized as verbal ellipsis. We can see from the bold italic word. The bold italic word above shows that the word is ellipsis. Ellipsis is
always found in WH_question. From the bold italic word “sleeping”, we
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is to make short answer. It is usually happened in some dialogue.The next data is ellipsis. It is explained more below.
Datum 2
“What do you have to eat?”
the boy asked.
“A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No.”
“Do you want me to make the fire?”
“No, I will make it later on.
Or I may eat the rice cold.”
(Ernest Hemingway,
1917:03)
This data is categorized as ellipsis because this data consist in clausal ellipsis as bold italic word above. We can see the clausal ellipsis from the word
“no”. This is a result of clausal ellipsis by omitting all elements of sentence that is
referenced. Then, the clausal ellipsis is also explained in data two.
Datum3
There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the
boy knew this too. “Eighty
-five is a lucky number,” the
old man said. “How would
you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a
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“I will get the cast net and go
for sardines. Will you sit in
the sun in the doorway?” “Yes. I have yesterday’s
paper and I will read the
baseball” (Ernest
Hemingway,1917: 03)
This data uses ellipsis of formal link. It can be seen from the word “yes”. It
is the type of ellipsis. The ellipsis is only occurred in “yes/no question”. It is omitting all elements of sentence that is referenced as data before.
4.2 Discussions
Based on the description of the findings above, there are several things thatcan be noted down. It will be arranged based on the findings of each researchproblem.For the first research problem, the writer found and described 6 anaphoricreferring expressions, 4 conjunctions, 5 substitutions, 5 repetitions, 3 verbs from,3connecting clause, 3 ellipses, 1 grammatical parallelism, and 1semantic parallelism. The findings showed that anaphoric referring expression
ismostly used in “the old man and the sea” novel.
After the reseracher describes all kinds of formal links that occurs in “the
old man and the sea” novel, the researcher can tell that referring expressions are
completelyimportant to give pronouns that refer to identity of someone or something.Referring expressions help and guide the reader to understand the author meansfrom the novel. The researcher finds that every paragraph in the novel usedreferring expression to give pronoun to characters of novel.
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Based on the findings of the second research problem about the functionsof formal links, to describethe indicating reference pronouns,giving cause and effect, being efficient, stressing points, contrastinginformation, illustrating terms of time, influencing and limiting verbs, connecting clause, and adding more information. The findings showed thatindicating reference pronoun is the dominant function among other functions offormal links in “the old man and the sea” novel.
It is clear that pronouns save us from repeating the identity that already given again and again. In the short story, many characters explainedwell using referring expression as well as pronoun. There are formal connectionsbetween the discourses that become link which makes easier to understand.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the analysis and discussion explained in the previous chapter. It includes the kinds of the formal linksused in Ernest Hemingways The old Man and the Sea novel. In the other hand, this chapter also presents the suggestion of the research. Both of them will be formulated below.
There are seven types of formal links used in Ernest Hemingways The old Man and the Sea novel based on Guy Cook. From seven types of formal links are verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction..
parallelism is divided into three types;they are, grammatical parallelism, sound parallelism, and semantic parallelism. Grammatical parallelism is proceeds through a repeated grammatical structure. Semantic parallelism happens when the sentences are linked because they mean the same thing. The writer did not find any sound parallelism in the short story because mostly sound parallelism happens in poetry.
Referring expressions mean words of the meaning can only be discovered by referring to other words or elements of the context which are clear to both sender and receiver, referring expressions indicate referring pronoun also save us
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from repeating the identity that already given again and again. It is always occurs in every paragraph. Conjunction and ellipsisalso find in this research.
Based on the analysis, the researcher finds six data that contain anaporic referring expression, four data contain conjunctions. There are five data that also contain substitution, five data contain repetation. Then, there are three data contain verb form, two data contain connecting clauses, and one data contain adding information. 3 data containsellipsis.
After analysis the first problem of study, the researcher also gives the functional description for each types of formal links used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. The researcher analyzes this study by using Guy Cook’s theory. The functions of referring expression are “to avoid repeating the same words”, “to point out a scale of proximity”, and “to compare something or situation”. The function of substitution is to change word or clause to simplify a sentence to be understood. The function of ellipsis is to simplify a sentence as substitution, but the rule of ellipsis is omitting word or clause. Then, the functions of conjunction are correlate two words, phrase, clause, or sentence. It means “to correlate the similar word”, “to coordinate sentence that have the same context”, “to support the previous sentence”, “to opposite the preceding statement”, “to connect between cause and effect in a sentence”, and “to connect the chronology”.
From previous study and this research, the researcher hopes this research can give constribution to develop our knowledge about linguistic, especially grammatical field. Afterward, the reseacher hopes that this research can enrich our
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knowledge about the types of formal link where the people can develop their ability to concentrate in describing the word, phrase, and sentence to make a good interpretation.
5.2. Suggestion
After conducting this research, the researcher offers some suggestions that may be useful for student of English Department other researchers who are interested to conduct an analysis of formal link. This research uses Guy Cook’s theory and other theory to support this research. The researcher suggests to the reader to analyze other object more deeply in other object such as poem, song, drama or advertisement. The next research also can make this research as object to elaborate and compare the problem of study with other theory.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press
Creswell, John W. 1994. Research Design Qualitative and QuantitativeApproaches. United States of America : Sage Publication, Inc.
Cook, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press. Eggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics.
Manchester: Cornwall.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1976. Cohesion in English. London and New York: Longman.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold Litosseliti, L. (2010). Research Methods in Linguistics. New York: Continuum
International Publishing Group.
Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, Fourth Edition. 2011.Oxford University Press.UK.
Thompson, Geoff. 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Education.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing.
Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language. United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York.
Lincoln, Y. S. &Denzin, N. K. (2005) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 3rd Edition. United States of America: Sage Publication, Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches 4th ed. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Renkema, J. (1993). Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing.
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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. An article Guy Cook retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Cook
Ernest Hemingway biography. About Ernest Hemingway retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway