BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan - ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA ALKALOID DARI DAUN PULE (Alstonia scholaris L.R.Br) SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIPLASMODIAL SECARA IN VITRO TERHADAP Plasmodium falciparum Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY

  

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  5.1 Kesimpulan

  1. Senyawa alkaloid hasil isolasi daun Pule (Alstonia scholaris) adalah suatu alkaloid indol golongan kerangka aspidodasikarpin _{H CO CH 2 3 H N H H O OCH} O _{N 3} H

  2. Senyawa alkaloid dari daun Alstonia scholaris memiliki aktivitas sebagai antiplasmodial dalam uji in vitro terhadap Plasmodium falciparum dengan nilai IC

  50 sebesar 1,926

  μg/ml

  5.2 Saran

  Disarankan agar dilakukan uji aktivitas antimalaria terhadap senyawa murni alkaloid indol golongan kerangka aspidodasikarpin untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimalarianya. Sehingga senyawa alkaloid ini dapat digunakan sebagai obat antimalaria.

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  54 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abe, F., Chen, R., Yamauchi, T., Marubayashi, N., Ueda, I, 1989, Alscomine and

  Isoalschomine, New Alkaloids from the Leaves of Alstonia scholaris , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fakuoka University, Japan, Vol 37, 887-889.

  Abe, F,Yamauchi, H, S, Isao, K, and Masami, Y, 1998, Indole Alkaloids from the

  Leaves of Alstonia villosa in Sumbawa , Pharmaceutical Science, Fakuoka ,

  Japan, Vol 46, 1235-1238 Benerji, A., Sidhanta, A.K. 1981. Scholarine: an indole alkaloid of Alstonia

  scholaris , Phytochemistry, 20, 540-542 .

  Benerji, J., Mustafi, R., Roy, D.J. 1984. (-)-Scholarine and (+)-Iochneridine-

  constituents of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (Apocynaceae) , Indian J. Chem, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 23(B), 455.

  Boonchuay, W., Court, W.E. 1976. Minor alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris Root, Phytochemistry, 15, 821-822. Buckingham, J. 1994. Dictionary of Natural Product, Chapman & Hall, London Cai, X., Du, Z., Luo, X., 2007, Unique Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia

  scholaris , State Key Laboratory of Phytichemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Vol 9, 1817-1820.

  Carroll, Anthony R., Edward H, Jill S, Ronald J. Q, Gordon G, and Paul I. F, 2004,

  Actinophyllic Acid, a Potent Indole Alkaloid Inhibitor of the Coupled Enzyme Assay Carboxypeptidase U/Hippuricase from the Leaves of Alstonia actinophylla , Natural Product Discovery, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Australia.

  Cordell and Geoffrey A., 2006, Introduction to Alkaloid, John Willey and Sons, Toronto. Dyatmiko, Wahjo, 60 Persen Ada Di Tumbuhan Obat, http://www.antara.co.id, 30 November 2010. Doolan and Denise L. Malaria Methods and Protocols. Humana Press,inc, Totowa,

  Vol 72

  

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  55 Elisabetsky, E., Campos, L. Costa., 2006. The Alkaloid Alstonine : A review of Its

  Pharmacological Properties , Laboratorio de Etnofarmacologia, ICBS, Universade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

  Feng, T., Li, Y., chun, X, H., Gong, X., Liu,Y, Ting, Rong, Z., Qin, T G,. Luo, X D., 2009, Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia yunnanensis, State Key

  Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources In West China, Vol 72, 1836-1841.

  Fidock,A., David, 2004, Antimalarial Drugs Discovery Model for Compound

  Screening , Departement of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einst College of Medicine, 1300 morris park avenue, Bron New York, USA

  Frederich, Michael., Tits, Monique., Anenot, Luc., 2007, Potensial Antimalaria Activity Of Indole Alkaloid , Journal of Pharmaci Research, Vol 102, 11-19. Ghedira, K., Hanrot, M.Z., Richard, B., Massiot, G., Olivier, L., Sevenet, T., Goh,

  S.H, 1988, Alkaloid of Alstonia Angustifolia, Faculte de Parmecie, University of Malaya, Malaysia, Vol 27, 3955-3962. Harbone, J.B., 1987, Metode Fitokimia, diterjemahkan Padmawinata, ITB, Bandung.

  1 Harijanto , P.N., Nugroho, A., Gunawan.,Carta A., 2006, Malaria dari Molekuler ke Klinis, Edisi 1 . Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia.

  2 Harijanto , P.N., Nugroho, A., Gunawan.,Carta A., 2010, Malaria dari Molekuler ke Klinis, Edisi 2 . Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia.

  Heyne,K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, terjemahan Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Jilid III, Cetakan kesatu, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Departemen Kesehatan.

  Hirasawa, Y., Arai, H., Zaima, K., Oktarina, R , Rahman, A., Ekasari, Wiwied., w, Aty., Indrayanto, Gunawan, Zaini , Noor C and H, Morita., 2008,

  Alstiphyllanines A-D, Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo, 72 (2): 304-307.

  Kam, T and Choo, Y, 2004, Alkaloid from Alstonia angustifolia,

  Phytochemistry ,department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia Depart 65(5): 603-608.

  Kohler, I and Siems, K., 2002, In vitro Antiplasmodial Investigation of Medicinal

  Plants from Elsavador.Z ., Naturforsch, 57c, 277-278

  

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  56 Koyama, Koichiro., Hirasawa., Yusuke., , Eko,N A., Hosoya, T., Hoe, Chin., C, Kit- Lam, and, Morita, H. , 2010, Alsmaphorazines A and B, Novel Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia pneumatophora , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Malaysia. Liu, X., Deschamp, Jeffry R., and M.Cook, James., 2002, Regiospesicific,

  Enantiospesicifik Total Synthesis Of The Alkoxy-Subtituted Indole Bases, 16- epi-Na-Methylgardneral, 11-Methoxyaffinisine, and 11-Methoxymacroline as Well as the Indole Alkaloids Alstophylline and Macralstonine , Journal Naval Research Laboratory, vol 4, 3339-3342.

  Morita, Y., Hesse, M., Schmid, H., Banerji, J., Chatterji, A., Oberhaensli, W.E. 1977.

  Alstonia scholaris: structure of the indole alkaloid nareline , Helv, Chim, Acta., 60(4), 1419-1434.

  Nuri, 2006. Aktivitas Antimalaria Isolat yang Berasal dari Ekstrak Diklorometana

  Kulit Batang Artocarpus Champeden Spreng Secara In vitro , Tesis, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.

  Oullette. Robert, J. 1998. Organic Chemistry A Brief Introduction, second edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Patrick, A., G, Macabeo., K, Karsten, G, Dietmar,. W.Read, Roger., B, Joseph,

  Cordel, J.,Geoffrey A., Franzblau, S, G., M. Aguinaldo, A , 2005. Indole

  Alkaloids from Leaves of Philipine Alstonia scholaris . Phytochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural Science, Philipines, Vol 66, 1158-1162.

  Pusarawati, S., Tantular, I., 2005, Diagnostik Mikroskopis Malaria Pewarnaan

  Giemsa dan Akridil Orange (AO). Bag. Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran dan Tropical Disease Center(TDC), Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.

  Rahman, Atta-UR., and, Basha, A., 1983, Biosynthesis of Indole Alkaloids, Oxford University Press, London. Renia, L, Miltgen, F., Charoenvit, Y., Ponnudurai, T., Verhave, J.P., Collins, W.E, and Mazier, D. 1988, Malaria sporozoite penetration: a new approach by

  double staining. J. Immunol . Methods 112, 201-205.

  Salim AA, Garson MJ, Craik, DJ., 2004, New Indole Alkaloids from the bark of

  Alstonia scholaris , Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Departement of Chemistry, University of Quensland, Brisbane, 67(9): 1591-4.

  

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  57 Schlesinger, P.H., Krogstad, D.J., Herwaldi, B.L., 1988, Antimalarial agent: mechanism of action., June, 793-798.

  Strickland,G.T., and Hoffman, 1994. Strategies for the Control of Malaria, Science and Medicine, 1, 1, 24-33. Tan, Shin J., low, Yun, Y., Choo, Y, Mun., Abdullah, Z, , Etoh, Tadahiro,., Hayashi,

  M., Kanki, K., kam, T S., 2010. Strychnan and Secoangustilobine A Type

  Alkaloids from Alstonia spatulata C-20 Configuration of Scholaricine , Departemen of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia, Vol 73, 1891- 1897.

  WHO, 2009, World Malaria Report. Regional office for South East Asia, 30 November 2010. Yamauchi, T., Fumiko, A., William G., Padolina, and Fabian, M., Dyart., 1990.

  Alkaloids From The Leaves Of Alstonia Sholaris In Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia And The Philippines . Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fakuoka University, Fakuoka, Japan.

  Yinusa, R., Toyin, M. Salman O,S, Akinsomisoye, 2005, Reproductive Functions In

  Male Rats Treated With Methanolic Extract of Alstonia Boonei Steam Bark , African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol.8(2): 105-111.

  

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  Lampiran 1 Spektrum senyawa B

  Spektrum 13C-NMR

  

1 Spektrum H-NMR Spektrum IR Spektrum UV-Vis

  

ADLN-Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga Lampiran 2 Hasil Uji Antiplasmodial Ekstrak Alkaloid daun Alstonia scholaris

  R % Parasitemia

  % Pertumbuhan % Hambatan % Hambatan rata-rata 0 jam 48 jam

  Kontrol (-) 1 1,2 3,80 2,60 - - 2 1,3 2,90 1,60 -

  100 1 1,2 0,70 100 100 2 1,3 1,10 100 10 1 1,2 1,80 0,60 76,92 77,21 2 1,3 1,66 0,36 77,50

  1 1 1,2 2,40 1,20 53,85 55,05 2 1,3 2,00 0,70 56,25 0,1 1 1,2 2,60 1,40 46,15 44,95 2 1,3 2,20 0,90 43,75

  0,01 1 1,2 3,20 2,00 23,07 24,04 2 1,3 2,50 1,20 25,00

  

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Konsentrasi uji (μg/ml)

  

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  Probit Ekstrak Alkaloid daun Alstonia scholaris

  PROBIT Konsentrasi OF total WITH penghambatan /LOG 10 /MODEL PROBIT /PRINT FREQ CI /CRITERIA P(0.15) ITERATE(20) STEPLIMIT(.1).

  Data Information

  N of Cases Valid

  5 Rejected Missing LOG Transform Cannot be Done Number of Responses > Number of Subjects

  Control Group

  Convergence Information

  Optimal Number of Solution

  Iterations Found

  a

  PROBIT

  20 No

  a. Parameter estimates did not converge.

  

Parameter Estimates

  95% Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Z Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound

  a

  PROBIT penghambatan 24.313 2.343 10.375 .000 19.720 28.906 Intercept -46.824 4.487 -10.436 .000 -51.311 -42.337

  a. PROBIT model: PROBIT(p) = Intercept + BX (Covariates X are transformed using the base 10.000 logarithm.)

  

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Chi-Square Tests a Chi-Square df Sig. b

  PROBIT Pearson Goodness-of- 4.381E33 3 .000 Fit Test

  a. Statistics based on individual cases differ from statistics based on aggregated cases.

  b. Since the significance level is less than .150, a heterogeneity factor is used in the calculation of confidence limits.

  

Cell Counts and Residuals

  Num Number of Observed Expected Probabilit ber penghambatan Subjects Responses Responses Residual y PROBIT 1 2.000 100 100 96.425 3.575 .964

  2 1.888 100 10 17.651 -7.651 .177 3 1.741 100 1 .000 1.000 .000 4 1.653 100 .000 .100 .000

  5 1.381 100 .000 .010 .000

  

Confidence Limits

  95% Confidence Limits for 95% Confidence Limits for

  b

  penghambatan log(penghambatan) Prob abilit Lower Upper Lower Upper y Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound PR .010 67.638 . . 1.830 . .

  OBI .020 69.407 . . 1.841 . .

  a

  T .030 70.553 . . 1.849 . .

  .040 71.428 . . 1.854 . . .050 72.147 . . 1.858 . . .060 72.765 . . 1.862 . . .070 73.312 . . 1.865 . . .080 73.804 . . 1.868 . . .090 74.255 . . 1.871 . . .100 74.673 . . 1.873 . .

  .150 76.427 . . 1.883 . . .200 77.850 . . 1.891 . . .250 79.092 . . 1.898 . . .300 80.224 . . 1.904 . . .350 81.288 . . 1.910 . . .400 82.310 . . 1.915 . . .450 83.311 . . 1.921 . . .500 84.309 . . 1.926 . . .550 85.318 . . 1.931 . . .600 86.356 . . 1.936 . . .650 87.442 . . 1.942 . . .700 88.602 . . 1.947 . . .750 89.870 . . 1.954 . . .800 91.304 . . 1.960 . . .850 93.004 . . 1.969 . . .900 95.188 . . 1.979 . . .910 95.723 . . 1.981 . . .920 96.308 . . 1.984 . . .930 96.955 . . 1.987 . . .940 97.683 . . 1.990 . . .950 98.520 . . 1.994 . . .960 99.513 . . 1.998 . . .970 100.747 . . 2.003 . . .980 102.410 . . 2.010 . . .990 105.089 . . 2.022 . .

  a. A heterogeneity factor is used.

  b. Logarithm base = 10.

  

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