AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE.
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
A RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By: Rahmawati
1002688
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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Audiovisual Translation of Slang Words
and Phrases and Their Types of
Equivalence in
50/50
Movie
Oleh Rahmawati
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Rahmawati 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difotokopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa izin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
A RESEARCH PAPER
By: Rahmawati
1002688
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. Susi Septaviana R.,M.Pd.
NIP. 195408171989031002 NIP.197609042009122002
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Literature Education
Indonesia University of Education
DR. Rd. Safrina Noorman, M.A. NIP. 1962072991987032003
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Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
Audiovisual translation of slang words and phrases and their types of equivalence in 50/50 movie
Rahmawati (1002688)
Main Supervisor: Ahsin Muhammad, Drs. M.Ag. Co-Supervisor: Susi Septaviana, S.Pd. M.Pd.
Thisstudy aims to identify the types of slang, subtitling strategies applied, and the types of equivalence discovered in the movie subtitle. There are three different theoretical frameworks employed in this study in order to analyze the data, those are the classification of types of slang based on the lexical meaning (Finnegan et al., 1992) and the word-formation process (Yule, 1996), the subtitling strategies (Gottlieb, 1992 in Ghaemi and Benyamin, 2010), and the types of equivalence (Kade, 1968 in Pym, 2010). Descriptive Qualitative approach was employed as the research design in this study. There are 370 slang words and phrases as the collected data which were taken from 50/50 movie subtitle. The result revealed that out of 12 classifications of types of slang, there were 8 types identified, and Synonymy (55.14%) was the most frequent type of slang applied in the movie subtitle. Similar to the types of slang, there are 7 out of 10 subtitling strategies applied in the movie subtitle, and the most-used strategy applied in the movie subtitle was Transfer (43.43%). Furthermore, in types of equivalence, there are 3 out of 4 types with the most frequent type applied in the movie subtitle was One to Several equivalence (95.9%). In addition, in the combination of three analyses, Synonymy-Transfer-One to Several equivalence was mostly appeared simultaneously in the movie subtitle which had 73 occurrences. Therefore, it can be concluded that types of slang, subtitling strategies, and types of equivalence are correlated to each other. It happened because the subtitling strategies as the strategies which were used to translate the slang words and phrases resulted in the translated version of the slang that were classified into types of equivalence. Keywords: Slang words and phrases, Types of Slang, Subtitling Strategies, and Types of Equivalence.
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Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Penerjemahanaudiovisual kata danfrasa slang danjenisekuivalensi-nyadalam film 50/50
Rahmawati (1002688)
Pembimbing I: Ahsin Muhammad, Drs. M.Ag. Pembimbing II: Susi Septaviana, S.Pd. M.Pd.
Penelitianinibertujuanuntukmenemukanjenis-jenisklasifikasi slang, strategisubtitling yang dipakai, sertajenis-jenisekuivalensi yang ditemukan di subtitle film. Ada tigakerangkateori yang dipakaiuntukmengolah data padapenelitianini, yaituThe Classification of Types of Slangberdasarkanlexical semantic (Finnegan et al., 1992) dan proses pembentukan kata (Yule, 1996); The Subtitling Strategies (Gottlieb 1992,dalamGhaemi& Benyamin, 2010); danThe Types of Equivalence (Kade, 1968 dalam Pym, 2010). PenelitianinimenggunakanpendekatanDescriptiveQualitiativesebagaidesainpenelit iannya. Ada 370 kata danfrasa slang sebagai data yang
dikumpulkandandiambildarisubtitle film
50/50.Hasilpenelitianmenunjukkanbahwadari 12 klasifikasijenis slang, terdapat 8 klasifikasi yang ditemukan, danSynonymy (55.14%) merupakanjenis slang yang paling banyakmuncul di subtitle film tersebut. Samahal-nyadenganklasifikasijenis slang, terdapat 7 dari 10 strategisubtitling yang digunakan di subtitle film ini, danTransfer (43.43%) merupakanstrategi yang paling seringdigunakan. Selebihnya, di dalamjenisekuivalensi-nya, ada 3 dari 4 jenisekuivalensi yang ditemukan di subtitle film inidenganjenis yang paling banyakdigunakanadalahOne to Several equivalence (95.9%). Selainitu, di dalamtigakombinasianalisisini, Synonymy-Transfer-One to Several equivalencemerupakankombinasianalisis yang paling seringmunculbersamaan di dalamsubtitle film, yaknimunculsebanyak 73 kali. Sehingga, dapatdisimpulkanbahwaklasifikasijenis slang, strategisubtitling danjenisekuivalensisalingberkaitansatusama lain. Hal initerjadikarenastrategisubtitlingsebagaistrategisebagaistrategi yang
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
menghasilkanversipenerjemahanslang yang diklasifikasikankedalamjenis-jenisequivalence.
Kata Kunci:Kata danFrasa Slang, jenis Slang, StrategiSubtitling, Jenis-jenisEquivalence
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
ABSTRAK ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 3
1.3Aims of the Study ... 3
1.4Research Methodology ... 3
1.4.1 Data Collection ... 4
1.4.2 Data Analysis ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 5
1.7 Organization of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ... 7
2.1 Audiovisual Translation ... 7
2.1.1 Definition of Audiovisual Translation ... 7
2.1.2 Types of Audiovisual Translation ... 7
2.1.3 Subtitling ... 8
2.1.4 Subtitling Strategies ... 10
2.2 Slang ... 12
2.2.1 Definition of Slang ... 12
2.2.2 Types of Slang ... 14
2.3 Translating Slang ... 17
2.4. Equivalence in Translation ... 18
2.5 Previous Studies ... 21
2.6 Concluding Remarks... 23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 24
3.1 Research Design ... 24
3.2 Object of the Research ... 25
3.2.1 Synopsis of the Movie ... 26
3.2.2Movie Script ... 27
3.3 Data Collection ... 27
3.4 Data Analysis ... 28
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 31
4.1 Findings ... 31
4.1.1 Types of Slang Found in 50/50 Movie ... 31
4.1.2Subtitling Strateies ... 40
4.1.3Types of Equivalence ... 50
4.2 Discussion ... 58
4.3 Concluding Remarks... 61
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 62
5.1 Conclusions ... 62
5.2Suggestions ... 64
REFERENCES ... 65 APPENDIX 1 The Classification of Slang Words and Phrases and the Subtitling
Strategies with the Types of Equivalence APPENDIX 2 The Table of Combination of Three Analyses
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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LIST OF TABLES
3.1Table of the Example of Data Analysis ... 29
4.1 Table of the Percentage of Types of Slang ... 32
4.2Table of the Percentage of Subtitling Strategies ... 41
4.3Table of the Examples of Transfer ... 42
4.4Table of the Examples of Paraphrase ... 43
4.5Table of the Examples of Condensation ... 44
4.6Table of the Examples of Expansion ... 46
4.7Table of the Examples of Decimation ... 47
4.8Table of the Examples of Deletion ... 48
4.9Table of the Examples of Imitation... 48
4.10Table of the Percentage of Types of Equivalence ... 50
4.11 Table of the Examples of One to Several Equivalence ... 51
4.12Table of the Examples of One to One Equivalence ... 52
4.13Table of the Examples of Several to One Equivalence ... 53
4.14Table of the Examples of One to None Equivalence ... 54
4.15Table of the Examples of Slang without Types of Equivalence ... 56
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, and research methodology. Clarification of key terms and organization of the study are also provided in this chapter.
I.1 Background of the Study
Recently, there are many studies conducted in audiovisual translation. It is because audiovisual translation has become one of the most interesting topics to discuss in translation studies (Janecova, 2012). Audiovisual translation studies are interrelated to linguistic studies, particularly slang translation in a movie. The use of slang language has been increasingly popular from year to year. Now, it can be easily found in many media, like movie. However, slang in one language to another is very distinctive. Hence, it is necessary to bridge the meaning of slang in one country to another within a movie by the translation process to make the audiences understand the meaning of the slang delivered in the movie.
Slang is believed to be one of the most controversial concepts within languages (Ulvydienė&Abramovaitė, 2012).Translating slang is also considered to be problematic and specific to particular states since it is contextually dependent and culturally shaped by people of the country (Rittmayer, 2009; Chur-Hansen, 2009). However, translating slang in media like movies is more challenging because there are several problems commonly faced by the translators when translating slang in movies as it stated by Rittmayer (2009). Those problems are (1) translating slang expression from source language into the target language is not always equivalent or it has more than one equivalent in the target-language culture, because the slang expression is shaped by source-language culture and it causes the translators to choose a suitable equivalent to use it in the target text; (2) censorship causes the translators to extremely alter the text into target language.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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Even though sometimes translating slang is not always equivalent, it is important for the translators to consider that their main task is to “create an equivalent text in the target language remaining invisible but at the same time being responsible for the translation” (Ibid in Ulvydienė&Abramovaitė, 2012, p.101)
Therefore, there are some specific ways perceived suitable to overcome the difficulties in translating slang as mentioned above. One of them is to determine the slang items by identifying the types of slang first. The types of slang could be classified based on their semantical and word formation process by employing theory on lexical semantic proposed by Finnegan et al. (1992) and theory on word formation process proposed Yule (1996). Additionally, to translate slang of one language to another, subtitling mode needs to be taken. Hence, Gottlieb’s (1992 in Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010) theory on ten subtitling strategies are suitable to be used in translating the slang contained in movie subtitles. He made the strategies because subtitling is different from other types of translation which involves both technical and contextual constraints (Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010). Thus, it is obvious that the translation strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992 in Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010) are the specific translation strategies in movie subtitles. Furthermore, to examine the equivalent of the translated text, it is necessary to identify the equivalence of the slang translation. Equivalence is defined and classified by many scholars with their own terms. According to Pym (2010), equivalence is the relation between the source text and its translation. He also states that the relation between the source text and the translation is one equivalence or it has equal value, no matter whether the relation is at the level of form, function, or anything in between (Pym, 2010). Regarding to answer the third research question of study, four types of equivalence proposed by Kade (1968 in Pym, 2010) seems suitable to be employed due to his equivalence theory focuses on the level of word and phrases.
There were many studies on translating slang that have been conducted that were considered related to the present study. For example, the studies conducted
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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by Ghaemi and Benyamin (2010), Kusumah (2014) that concerned on the subtitling strategies used in interlingual subtitling of movies. The other studies from Barzegar (2008), Eriksen (2010), Nugraha (2013) also focused on the subtitling strategies used in movies subtitles, but the data were specific on the slang and colloquial expressions. Moreover, Blonskytė and Petronienė’s (2013) study also focused on slang translation, but in a novel. Unlike the previous studies, the present study focuses on the types of slang found in 50/50 movie’s subtitle and also to discover the subtitling strategies and the types of equivalence applied in the movie.
I.2 Research Questions
Three questions have been formulated in this study, which are as follow: 1. What types of slang words and phrases found in 50/50 movie?
2. What subtitling strategies are applied in 50/50 movie in translating slang words and phrases?
3. What types of equivalence found in 50/50 movie subtitles?
I.3 Aims of the Study
Regarding to the research questions above, the aims of the study are as follow: 1. To discover the types of slang words and phrases found in 50/50 movie.
2. To identify the subtitling strategies applied in 50/50 movie in translating the slang words and phrases.
3. To discover the type of equivalence found in 50/50 movie subtitles?
I.4 Research Methodology
This present study employs descriptive qualitative design with quantitative data analysisas supporting design in order to collect and analyze the data. These methods are employed because the data are in the form of texts and partly they are presented in the form of percentage. Richards and Schmidt (2002) claim that
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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descriptive research is used to describe a phenomenon, subject, or area accurately and factually. Meanwhile qualitative method is employed for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals and groups ascribe to a social or human phenomenon in which the procedures rely on text and image data (Cresswell, 2009). Moreover, quantitative data analysis is also employed in this study to support the qualitative method by showing the percentage of the data findings. Thus, it is suitable to apply these methods because slang and its translation in this movie is considered as social phenomenon and it is described naturally.
1.4.1 Data Collection
The data of this study are in the form of texts which are critically selected to answer the research questions. The main data of the study is slang words and phrases from all dialogues of the main characters collected from 50/50 movie which is directed by Levine in 2011. The subtitle of the movie is available in bahasa Indonesia. To analyze data, it is needed to take several steps in collecting the data. Following are the steps of collecting the data:
1. Watching the movie for several times from two different subtitles which are English and bahasa Indonesia to comprehend the whole story.
2. Transcribing the dialogue in the source language (English).
3. Transcribing the subtitle in the target language (bahasa Indonesia). 4. Identifying the slang words and phrases in English (SL).
5. Identifying the translation of the slang words and phrases in bahasa Indonesia (TL).
1.4.2 Data Analysis
After the data are collected, then they are analyzed by the following steps:
1. Reading and comprehending the data both from English movie script and the subtitles in bahasaIndonesia.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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3. Classifying and determining the types of slang based on the lexical semantics as proposed by Finnegan et al. (1992) and the word formation process proposed by Yule (1996).
4. Determining and classifying the subtitling strategies found in the data by using Gottlieb’s (1992 in Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010) ten subtitling strategies. 5. Determining the types of equivalence found in the translation based on Kade’s
(1968 in Pym, 2010) theory on Equivalence.
6. Collecting and classifying the data in the form of tables.
7. Calculating total number and percentages of each analysis to find out what type of slang, subtitling strategy, and type of equivalence are frequently used in the movie subtitle by using the following formula:
P=�
�× 100% P: Number of percentages F: Frequency of each analysis N: Number of whole data 8. Describing and interpreting the results.
9. Drawing conclusions according to the results.
I.5 Significance of the Study
The present study is expected to give some contribution in specific ways; theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the present study could give some contribution to translation field as a reference, especially as a study reference on translating slang in movie subtitle and the equivalence of the translation.
Practically, the result of the study could give some knowledge for those who want to have deep understanding on audiovisual translation field, particularly on the process of translating slang in a movie subtitle.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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1. Audiovisual Translation refers to the process of transferring verbal components from one language to another which are contained in audiovisual works and products (Chiaro, 2013).
2. Slang is “a label that is frequently used to denote certain informal or faddish usages of nearly anyone in the speech community” (Southerland &Katamba, 1997, p.555).
3. Subtitling is a translation practice which consists of presenting a written text, usually put on the lower part of the screen, which attempts to recount the original dialogue of the speakers, also the discursive elements which appear in the image (Cintas, 2007).
4. Equivalence is “a relation of “equal value” between a source-text segment and a target-text segment” (Pym, 2010, p.7).
I.7 Organization of the Study
The organization of this study is as follows: Chapter I: INTRODUCTION.
This chapter provided background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, significance of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of the study.
Chapter II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION.
This chapter presented the theories related to the topic of the study. Those are audiovisual translation theory, subtitling strategies, theory of slang, the types of slang, theory of equivalence in translation and the types of equivalence. Previous studies also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
This chapter delivered research design, research questions, object of the research, data collection and data analysis.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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This chapter focused on presenting the data findings and the discussion of the data analysis.
Chapter V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses research methodology in analyzing the data. It comprises of research design, research questions, data resources, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1Research Design
This study mainly employed descriptive qualitative research approach. According to Richards and Schimdt (2002), descriptive method is defined as an investigation that tries to describe a phenomenon, subject, or area accurately and factually. Moreover, Moleong (1995 in Graha, 2010) states that qualitative research arealso descriptive due to the data analysis and its findings are in the form of description, instead of numbers. Thus, descriptive method was used in the study since it matched the mentioned characteristic, in which the phenomenon of slang language is being investigated accurately and factually. Furthermore, in this study, the data are not chosen randomly as all the slang words and phrases from the main characters found in the movie subtitles were analyzed.
Furthermore, the qualitative approach is also employed in this study. As Cresswell (2009) notes, qualitative method aims to explore and to understand the meaning individuals and groups ascribe to a social or human phenomenon in which the procedures rely on text and image data. He also describes the characteristics of qualitative method, which are (1) taking the data from natural setting, in this case, movie is considered as natural setting since it contains slang that is also considered as social phenomenon, (2) collecting the data by examining document or the transcript of the movie dialogues (Cresswell, 2009). In supporting Cresswell’s statements, Hancock (2002) adds that qualitative research focuses on developing explanations of social phenomena by describing the phenomena as they occur naturally. Therefore, it is suitable to use the qualitative
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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method for the study since the data of the study is slang which is considered as one of social phenomena that were taken from the transcript of the movie dialogues.
In addition, descriptive qualitative research approach is not the only approach employed in the study. Quantitative data analysis was also used to support the descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the percentage of the data finding. According to Babbie (2010), quantitative method deals with number, focusing on logic, numbers, and unchanging static data. Thus, quantitative approach is suitable to be employed in the study since it presents numbers in the form of percentage that aims to show the most frequent types of slang, subtitling strategies and the types of equivalence used and identified in the movie subtitle.
Thus, these approaches are suitable to be applied in the study since the data were in the form of slang words and phrases, and they were collected by examining the transcript of the movie dialogue. Furthermore, the data are in the form of text and the issue of the study was slang and partly the findings are presented in the form of number and percentage.
3.2Object of the Research
Since the subtitle of the movie is available in more than one language, this study focuses on investigating the dialogue of the movie (English) and the subtitle of the movie in bahasaIndonesia. In addition, the scope of the study is restricted merely to discover the slang words and phrases from all dialogues of the main characters in the movie which are Adam, Kyle, Adam’s Girlfriend, Adam’s parents, therapist, doctors, Adam’s officemates, and Adam’s friends in the hospital. The dialogues which are uttered by the supporting characters who take a minor part in the movie scene are not transcribed and identified by the writer even though their dialogues contain slang.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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As mentioned before, the main data for this present study is slang words and phrases in the movie entitled 50/50. In the movie, there were 370 slang words and phrases identified from all the dialogues of the main characters.
50/50, the movie which is used in the analysis was directed by Levine in 2011, published by Mandate Pictures and was officially distributed in Indonesia on March 15, 2013 by PT. Duta Cinema Multimedia. The duration took about 99 minutes long. The language of the movie is American English and the DVD provided several languages for the subtitle, particularly bahasaIndonesia.
Therefore, 50/50 movie was chosen as the source of the main data of the study because it contains American slang which is dominantly used by the main characters in the movie. Furthermore, the dialogue of the movie is American English and the DVD provides subtitle in bahasaIndonesia, which is the native language of the writer.
3.2.1Synopsis of the movie
50/50 which is an American movie directed by Levine in 2011, was inspired from a true story that told about a young man struggles to survive and defeat his cancer in his life.
The story began when Adam, the main protagonistof the movie felt a mild pain on his back. At first, he dismissed the pain, but it gotten worse. He ended up seeing a doctor only to find out that he got spinal cancer. Then, he told his best friend, his girlfriend named Rachel, and his parents about the cancer.
After he found out about his disease, Adam startedhis struggle to beat the cancer by taking a therapy. There, he metKatherine, a young and beautiful girl who is also his therapist. Even though she is inexperienced theraphist, she took a good care of him during the therapy. On the contrary, Adam’s girlfriend did not really care about him and even she cheated him, made their relationship over. His ex-girlfriend’s cheating was caught by his bestfriend-Kyle. He is someone who was rude but loyal to Adam by taking care of him.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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During the therapy, Adam was getting closer to Katherine, Adam’s ex -girlfriend tried to win him back, but obviously he rejected her effort. At the end of the story, Adam had to go through a surgery to recover his health. Thankfully, the surgery was a success andAdam got his normal life back.
3.2.2Movie script
The original movie scripts (English)was transcribed from the audio into written text
and the bahasa Indonesia’ssubtitle wascompletely taken from the original DVD of the movie. They could be seen in Appendix 1.
3.3 Data Collection
In order to collect the data, textual analysis method was employed in this study. Textual analysis is defined as a communication method used by the translators to describe and interpret a transcription of communication or recorded and visual message’s characteristics which are in the forms of content, structure, and the function within the texts (Frey et al., 1999). The characteristics of the method above were perceived suitable to be employed in the study because the collected data of the study was the transcription of the movie dialogues. Additionally, before analyzing the data, there are several steps needed to be taken in order to collect the data. Following are the detail steps in collecting the data:
1. Watching 50/50 movie
This was the very first step to gain the data by watching the movie for several time to comprehend the whole story, with or without the bahasa Indonesia’s subtitle.
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
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After watching and comprehending the movie, it was necessary to transcribe the whole movie dialogues of the main characters of the movie which was in English,. The dialogues of the supporting characters that only appeared once in the movie scene were not transcribed. Afterward, the subtitle of the movie in bahasaIndonesia werealso completely taken from the original DVD.
3. Reading and checking both version of the movie scripts.
In order to avoid any mistakes while analyzing the data, it was important to read and check the movie scripts or dialogues both in English and Indonesian versions. 4. Highlighting the slang words and phrases
This step was necessary to carry out to help the writer found the data. All the slang words and phrases in English were highlighted first. Since the main data of the study were slang words, not all transcripts of the dialogue were analyzed, but merely the slang words and phrases from all the main characters found in the movie. After that, the translated slang words and phrases in bahasaIndonesiawere also highlighted.
Moreover, in collecting the data, the writer only transcribed the dialogue of the main characters. The supporting characters who were chattering in distance while the main characters were talking were not transcribed as it was difficult for the writer to listen what they were talking about. However, the data of the study were merely limited to all the slang words and phrases from all dialogues of the main characters in the movie.
3.4 Data Analysis
After the data were collected, then the writer continued to the next step that is data analysis in order to answer the research questions that were formulated in the previous chapter. Below are several steps that explain how to analyze the data in detail:
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
1. Reading and checking the data both the English movie script and the bahasa Indonesia’s subtitles.
2. Juxtaposing the English movie script and the subtitles in bahasaIndonesia in order to make the writer easier to identify the data.
3. Identifying the slang words and phrases according to the classification of types of slang based on lexical semantic and word-formation process.
The data were identified and classified based on the lexical semantics proposed by Finnegan et al. (1992) and the word-formation process proposed by Yule (1996).
4. Identifying and classifying the translation of slang wordsand phrases by using ten strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992 in Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010). The data were identified and classified based upon ten subtitling strategies by Gotllieb (1992 in Ghaemi& Benyamin, 2010), those are: expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation, decimation, deletion, resignation.In analyzing the data, subtitling strategies were identified only for those sentences containing slang.
5. Determining the types of equivalence found in the data based on Kade’s (1968 in Pym, 2010) theory on types of Equivalence.
After identifying the subtitling strategies found in the data findings, the translation of the slang words and phrases are classified based upon types of equivalence as proposed by Kade (1968 in Pym, 2010).
6. Collecting and classifying the data in the form of table.
Below is the example of table of data analysis. The detail of the data analysis could be seen in Appendix 1, while some examples of the data analysis will be discussed in Chapter 4.
3.1 Table of the Example of Data Analysis Source
Language
Target Language
Types of Slang
Subtitling Strategies
Types of Equivalence
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu (English) (Indonesian)
Rachel: Adam, are you okay?
Rachel: Adam, kaubaik-baiksaja? (11)
Synonymy Transfer One to Several
7. Calculating total number and percentages of each analysis to find out what type of slang, subtitling strategy, and type of equivalence were frequently applied and identified in the movie subtitle by using the following formula:
P=�
�× 100% P: Number of percentages F: Frequency of each analysis N: Number of whole data
8. Describing and interpreting the results of the study. 9. Drawing conclusion based on the results.
3.5 Concluding Remarks
The research methodology in this chapter has been presented structurally, including the research design, object of the research, synopsis of the movie, movie script, data collection, and data analysis. The findings and discussion of the data are presented in the following chapter.
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Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter draws some conclusions based upon the results of the study. Suggestions for further research are also provided in this chapter.
5.1 Conclusions
The previous chapter has discussed the type of slang, subtitling strategies, and types of equivalence of subtitle in 50/50 movie. The result revealed that there were 370 slang words found in the movie subtitle.
Based on the analysis of type of slang, there were eight out of twelve classification matched the slang words found in the movie subtitles. Those are synonymy, blending, metaphor, compounding, conversion, clipping, derivation, acronyms. However, the most applied type was synonymy that appeared 204 times. On the contrary, the least applied type was acronyms that only occurred once.
In addition, there were seven out of ten subtitling strategies applied in the movie subtitle; transfer, paraphrase, condensation, expansion, decimation, deletion, imitation. However, the most frequent strategy applied in the movie subtitle was transfer that occurred 129 times. Meanwhile, the least applied strategies were deletion and imitation, in which each of them only occurred twice. Furthermore, out of three types of equivalence identified in the movie (which were one to several or several to one, one to one and one to none), the most frequent type appeared was one to several equivalence. It has 304 cases. Meanwhile, the least frequent type of equivalence identified in the movie subtitle was one to none that only has two cases.
Based on the three analyses that have been conducted in this study, it was identified that synonymy-transfer-one to several equivalence were the most frequent analyses appeared simultaneously in the study which was 73 times.
(25)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Moreover, in each analysis, they also have the highest frequency. In classification of types of slang, synonymy was the most frequent type, in term of subtitling strategies, transfer was the most frequent strategy and one to several was the most type of equivalence applied and identified in the movie subtitle. It could be proven that synonymy-transfer-one to several equivalence were interrelated to each other, particularly synonymy and one to several equivalence. As has been stated in the previous chapter, the definition of synonymy is close to of one to several equivalence. Synonymy, according to Finnegan et al. (1992) is the meaning of one word is nearly similar to the meaning of the other words. Moreover, one to several equivalence is defined as one word in one language corresponds to more than one word in target language (Pym, 2010). Thus, slang words and phrases contained in the subtitle found in 50/50 movie by nature have more than one meaning in the target language, depending on the context.
The slang words and phrases that were categorized as synonymy maintained and translated by using transfer strategy, so that they were not necessary to be omitted or eliminated because this strategy translated the meaning completely and accurately. It is supported by Newmark (1988) who claims that the cultural words (slang) are frequently transferred in order to attract the reader/spectator, to give local colour and a sense of intimacy between the text and the reader/spectator. Thus, the translation of the slang words and phrases which were included as synonymy resulted in form of subtitles that were categorized as one to several equivalence, because both synonymy and one to several equivalence refer to the words or phrases that have more than one meaning both in the source text and the target text.
Meanwhile, the combination of three analyses that has the lowest occurrence was acronyms-imitation-one to none equivalence that only appeared once. It happened because there was only one word categorized as acronyms. Moreover, the word was transferred by using imitation strategy because the word that should
(26)
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
be corresponded in the target text was unavailable. Thus, it resulted in the translation of slang which was categorized as one to none equivalence.
In conclusion, it is believed that the study that discusses slang words and phrases by discussing the type of slang, subtitling strategies, and types of equivalence are interconnected to each other. It could be proven by identifying the applied subtitling strategies as the guideline to translate the slang words and phrases found in the movie subtitle. Moreover, the types of equivalence emphasize that the slang words and phrases that have been translated have equal value or so-called as equivalent in the target text.
5.2 Suggestions
After this study is conducted, there are some suggestions for further research. First of all, it is better for the further research to focus more specific on the particular slang word or phrase, like the most frequent slang appeared in the movie dialogue and investigate how it is translated. Second, it is suggested for further research to investigate the slang words and phrases in the subtitle of 50/50 movie in television and compare it to the DVD version. The last, since there are many theories of types of equivalence, it is suggested to investigate the type of equivalence found in 50/50 movie subtitle by employing different theory of equivalence, such as Nida’s theory on Formal and Dynamic equivalence, or Pym’s theory on Directional and Natural equivalence.
(27)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES
Arua, A. E., & Alimi, M. M. (2009). The Creation of Students' Academic Slang Expressions in the University of Botswana. Linguistik online, 40.
Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.linguistik-online.de/40_09/aruaAlimi.html
Babbie, E. (2010). The Practice of Social Research (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved June 5, 2014, from University of Southern California:
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=615867
Bambušek, M. (2013). A Clockwork Orange: the Film in Translation. Brno: Unpublished Research Paper, Masaryk University. Retrieved December 16, 2014, from http://is.muni.cz/th/330983/ff_b_a3/?lang=en
Bartolomé, A. I., & Cabrera, G. M. (2005). New Trends in Audiovisual Translation:the Latest Challenging Modes. Miscelánea: a Journal of English and American Studies, 31, 89-104. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
http://www.miscelaneajournal.net/images/stories/articulos/vol31/bartolom e31.pdf
Barzegar, H. (2008). Translation of Colloquial Expressions in English into Persian Subtitled Films. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from
http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1541.php
Blonskytė, M., & Petronienė, S. (2013). Translation of the Russian Nadsat Slang in Anthony Burgess' Novel A Clockwork Orange into Lithuanian. Studies About Language, 62-70. Retrieved March 7, 2015, from
http://www.kalbos.ktu.lt/index.php/KStud/article/download/4293/2643 Cambridge University Press (2008). Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
(28)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Chiaro, D. (2013). Audiovisual Translation. In C. A. Chapelle, The encyclopedia of applied linguistics (pp. 1-5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
http://www.researchschool.org/documents/Chiaro_Audiovisual%20Trl.pdf Chur-Hansen, A. (2009). Talking about Health and Illness: Australian Slang
Handbook. North Adelaide: Adelaide to Outback GP Training Program. Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
method approaches. California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cintas, J. D. (2007). Audiovisual Translation Scenarios. London: Roehampton University. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
http://www.translationconcepts.org/pdf/AVT_Presentation.pdf
Eriksen, M. (2010). Translating the Use of Slang. Aarhus: Aarhus University. Retrieved April 3, 2015, from
http://pure.au.dk//portal/files/13200/Specialeafhandling.pdf
Finnegan, E., Besnier, N., Blair, D., Collins, P. (1992). Language: its Structure and Use. Australian edition. Australia: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich. Frey, L. B. (1999). Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research
Methods (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Ghaemi, F., & Benyamin, J. (2010). Strategies Used in Translation of Interlingual Subtitling (English to Persian). Islamic Azad University, 1-10.
Graha, E. B. (2010). An Analysis of Slang Translation in the Subtitles of "The Departed" Movie. Bandung: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Hancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Nottingham: Trent Focus Group.
Janecová, E. (2012). Teaching Audiovisual Translation: Theory and Practice in the Twenty-first Century. Çankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 9, 17-29. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
(29)
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Kusumah, G. S. (2014). An analysis of English Subtitle in the Movie 7 Hari 7 Cinta 7 Wanita. Bandung: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Levine, J. (Director). (2011). 50/50 [Motion Picture].
Luthan, M. (2001). Dictionary of Slang; America (USA), British (UK), Australia (AUS). Bandung: PT. Genesindo.
Mattiello, E. (2005). The Pervasiveness of Slang in Standard and Non-standard English. Mots Palabras Words, 1-41. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http://www.ledonline.it/mpw/allegati/mpw0506Mattiello.pdf
Mattiello, E. (2008). An Introduction to English Slang: A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology. Italy: Polimetrica International Scientific Publihsher.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.New York: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nugraha, S. (2013). The Comparative Analysis on the Translation of Slang Words in the Subtitle of the Movie Fired Up between DVD and the Internet Versions. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from
http://www.journal.unipdu.ac.id/index.php/diglosia/article/view/287 O'Grady, W., &de Guzman, V. P. (1997). Morphology: the Analysis of Word
Sturucture. In W. O'Grady, M. Dobrovolsky, & F. Katamba, Contemporary Linguistics; An Introduction (3rd ed., pp. 131-180). London: Longman.
Pym, A. (2007). Natural and Directional Equivalence in Theories of Translation. Target: International Journal on translation studies, 19:2, 271-294. Pym, A. (2010). Exploring Translation Theories. New York: Routledge.
Richards and Schmidt. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. New York: Pearson Education.
(30)
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Rittmayer, A. M. (2009). Translation and Film: Slang, Dialects, Accents, and Multiple Languages. Comparative Humanities Review, III. Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol3/iss1/1/
Setiawan, E. (2010-2011). KBBI Offline Versi 1.3. Indonesia. Retrieved from: http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/
Southerland, R. H., & Katamba, F. (1997). Language in Social Contexts. In W. O'Grady, M. Dobrovolsky, & F. Katamba, Contemporary Linguistics; An Introduction (3rd ed., pp. 541-590). London: Longman.
Spears, R. A. (2000). NTC's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressio (3rd ed.). Chicago: NTC Publishing Group.
The Routledge Dictionary (2009). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (1st ed.). (T. Dalzell, Ed.) New York: The Routledge.
Ulvydienė, L., & Abramovaitė, B. (2012). Literary Style in Translation: Slang in J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Studies about Language, 100-108. Retrieved March 7, 2015, from
http://www.kalbos.ktu.lt/index.php/KStud/article/download/1776/1448 Williams, J. (2013). Theories of Translation: Palgrave Textbooks in Translating
and Interpreting. Dublin: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(1)
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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Moreover, in each analysis, they also have the highest frequency. In classification of types of slang, synonymy was the most frequent type, in term of subtitling strategies, transfer was the most frequent strategy and one to several was the most type of equivalence applied and identified in the movie subtitle. It could be proven that synonymy-transfer-one to several equivalence were interrelated to each other, particularly synonymy and one to several equivalence. As has been stated in the previous chapter, the definition of synonymy is close to of one to several equivalence. Synonymy, according to Finnegan et al. (1992) is the meaning of one word is nearly similar to the meaning of the other words. Moreover, one to several equivalence is defined as one word in one language corresponds to more than one word in target language (Pym, 2010). Thus, slang words and phrases contained in the subtitle found in 50/50 movie by nature have more than one meaning in the target language, depending on the context.
The slang words and phrases that were categorized as synonymy maintained and translated by using transfer strategy, so that they were not necessary to be omitted or eliminated because this strategy translated the meaning completely and accurately. It is supported by Newmark (1988) who claims that the cultural words (slang) are frequently transferred in order to attract the reader/spectator, to give local colour and a sense of intimacy between the text and the reader/spectator. Thus, the translation of the slang words and phrases which were included as synonymy resulted in form of subtitles that were categorized as one to several equivalence, because both synonymy and one to several equivalence refer to the words or phrases that have more than one meaning both in the source text and the target text.
Meanwhile, the combination of three analyses that has the lowest occurrence was acronyms-imitation-one to none equivalence that only appeared once. It happened because there was only one word categorized as acronyms. Moreover, the word was transferred by using imitation strategy because the word that should
(2)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
be corresponded in the target text was unavailable. Thus, it resulted in the translation of slang which was categorized as one to none equivalence.
In conclusion, it is believed that the study that discusses slang words and phrases by discussing the type of slang, subtitling strategies, and types of equivalence are interconnected to each other. It could be proven by identifying the applied subtitling strategies as the guideline to translate the slang words and phrases found in the movie subtitle. Moreover, the types of equivalence emphasize that the slang words and phrases that have been translated have equal value or so-called as equivalent in the target text.
5.2 Suggestions
After this study is conducted, there are some suggestions for further research. First of all, it is better for the further research to focus more specific on the particular slang word or phrase, like the most frequent slang appeared in the movie dialogue and investigate how it is translated. Second, it is suggested for further research to investigate the slang words and phrases in the subtitle of 50/50 movie in television and compare it to the DVD version. The last, since there are many theories of types of equivalence, it is suggested to investigate the type of equivalence found in 50/50 movie subtitle by employing different theory of equivalence, such as Nida’s theory on Formal and Dynamic equivalence, or Pym’s theory on Directional and Natural equivalence.
(3)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Arua, A. E., & Alimi, M. M. (2009). The Creation of Students' Academic Slang Expressions in the University of Botswana. Linguistik online, 40.
Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.linguistik-online.de/40_09/aruaAlimi.html
Babbie, E. (2010). The Practice of Social Research (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved June 5, 2014, from University of Southern California:
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=615867
Bambušek, M. (2013). A Clockwork Orange: the Film in Translation. Brno:
Unpublished Research Paper, Masaryk University. Retrieved December 16, 2014, from http://is.muni.cz/th/330983/ff_b_a3/?lang=en
Bartolomé, A. I., & Cabrera, G. M. (2005). New Trends in Audiovisual Translation:the Latest Challenging Modes. Miscelánea: a Journal of
English and American Studies, 31, 89-104. Retrieved February 11, 2014,
from
http://www.miscelaneajournal.net/images/stories/articulos/vol31/bartolom e31.pdf
Barzegar, H. (2008). Translation of Colloquial Expressions in English into Persian Subtitled Films. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from
http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1541.php
Blonskytė, M., & Petronienė, S. (2013). Translation of the Russian Nadsat Slang
in Anthony Burgess' Novel A Clockwork Orange into Lithuanian. Studies
About Language, 62-70. Retrieved March 7, 2015, from
http://www.kalbos.ktu.lt/index.php/KStud/article/download/4293/2643 Cambridge University Press (2008). Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
(4)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Chiaro, D. (2013). Audiovisual Translation. In C. A. Chapelle, The encyclopedia
of applied linguistics (pp. 1-5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Retrieved
February 11, 2014, from
http://www.researchschool.org/documents/Chiaro_Audiovisual%20Trl.pdf Chur-Hansen, A. (2009). Talking about Health and Illness: Australian Slang
Handbook. North Adelaide: Adelaide to Outback GP Training Program.
Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
method approaches. California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cintas, J. D. (2007). Audiovisual Translation Scenarios. London: Roehampton University. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
http://www.translationconcepts.org/pdf/AVT_Presentation.pdf
Eriksen, M. (2010). Translating the Use of Slang. Aarhus: Aarhus University. Retrieved April 3, 2015, from
http://pure.au.dk//portal/files/13200/Specialeafhandling.pdf
Finnegan, E., Besnier, N., Blair, D., Collins, P. (1992). Language: its Structure
and Use. Australian edition. Australia: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Frey, L. B. (1999). Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research
Methods (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Ghaemi, F., & Benyamin, J. (2010). Strategies Used in Translation of Interlingual Subtitling (English to Persian). Islamic Azad University, 1-10.
Graha, E. B. (2010). An Analysis of Slang Translation in the Subtitles of "The
Departed" Movie. Bandung: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia.
Hancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Nottingham: Trent Focus Group.
Janecová, E. (2012). Teaching Audiovisual Translation: Theory and Practice in the Twenty-first Century. Çankaya University Journal of Humanities and
Social Sciences, 9, 17-29. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from
(5)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Kusumah, G. S. (2014). An analysis of English Subtitle in the Movie 7 Hari 7
Cinta 7 Wanita. Bandung: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia.
Levine, J. (Director). (2011). 50/50 [Motion Picture].
Luthan, M. (2001). Dictionary of Slang; America (USA), British (UK), Australia
(AUS). Bandung: PT. Genesindo.
Mattiello, E. (2005). The Pervasiveness of Slang in Standard and Non-standard English. Mots Palabras Words, 1-41. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http://www.ledonline.it/mpw/allegati/mpw0506Mattiello.pdf
Mattiello, E. (2008). An Introduction to English Slang: A Description of its
Morphology, Semantics and Sociology. Italy: Polimetrica International
Scientific Publihsher.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and
Applications.New York: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nugraha, S. (2013). The Comparative Analysis on the Translation of Slang Words
in the Subtitle of the Movie Fired Up between DVD and the Internet Versions. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper, Universitas Sebelas
Maret. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from
http://www.journal.unipdu.ac.id/index.php/diglosia/article/view/287 O'Grady, W., &de Guzman, V. P. (1997). Morphology: the Analysis of Word
Sturucture. In W. O'Grady, M. Dobrovolsky, & F. Katamba,
Contemporary Linguistics; An Introduction (3rd ed., pp. 131-180).
London: Longman.
Pym, A. (2007). Natural and Directional Equivalence in Theories of Translation.
Target: International Journal on translation studies, 19:2, 271-294.
Pym, A. (2010). Exploring Translation Theories. New York: Routledge.
Richards and Schmidt. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and
(6)
Rahmawati, 2015
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE IN 50/50 MOVIE
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Rittmayer, A. M. (2009). Translation and Film: Slang, Dialects, Accents, and Multiple Languages. Comparative Humanities Review, III. Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol3/iss1/1/
Setiawan, E. (2010-2011). KBBI Offline Versi 1.3. Indonesia. Retrieved from: http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/
Southerland, R. H., & Katamba, F. (1997). Language in Social Contexts. In W. O'Grady, M. Dobrovolsky, & F. Katamba, Contemporary Linguistics; An
Introduction (3rd ed., pp. 541-590). London: Longman.
Spears, R. A. (2000). NTC's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial
Expressio (3rd ed.). Chicago: NTC Publishing Group.
The Routledge Dictionary (2009). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American
Slang and Unconventional English (1st ed.). (T. Dalzell, Ed.) New York:
The Routledge.
Ulvydienė, L., & Abramovaitė, B. (2012). Literary Style in Translation: Slang in
J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Studies about Language, 100-108. Retrieved March 7, 2015, from
http://www.kalbos.ktu.lt/index.php/KStud/article/download/1776/1448 Williams, J. (2013). Theories of Translation: Palgrave Textbooks in Translating
and Interpreting. Dublin: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.