CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITEC (1)
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PUNCAK ALAM GEO TOURISM: TRANDFORMING GUNUNG LANG RECREATIONAL PARK AS GEO PARK THROUGH GEOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL APPROACH NUR MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN MUSTAFA KAMAL 2015856844 SEPTEMEBER – JANUARY 2018
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PUNCAK ALAM GEO TOURISM: TRANDFORMING GUNUNG LANG RECREATIONAL PARK AS GEO PARK THROUGH GEOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL APPROACH NUR MUHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN MUSTAFA KAMAL 2015856844
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons) JANUARY 2018
DECLARATION
I declare that the work on this project/dissertation was carried out in accordance with the regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. The project/dissertation is original and it is the result of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work.
In the event that my project/dissertation be found to violate the conditions mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of conferment of my degree of the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons) and agree be subjected to the disciplinary rules and regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Name of Student : Nur Muhamad Firdaus Bin Mustafa Kamal Student’s ID No
Project/Dissertation Title : Geo Tourism: Transforming Gunung Lang Recreational Park as Geo Park through Geological and Ecological Approach
Case Study
: Gunung Keriang, Kedah.
Signature and Date
Approved by:
I certify that I have examined the student’s work and found that they are in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Department and University and fulfills the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons).
Name of Supervisor
Signature and Date
ABSTRACT
The Geo Park Lembah Kinta has set initiatives to entitle as international geo park site. Meanwhile the identified site in Perak has a high geo tourism value in terms of geo heritage, geo cultural and geo formation. From this geo sites, procedures has been made to take place of the geo assets. Also the geological of Perak is dominated by limestone hills that which make some of the geo sites suitable to be enhance as Geo Park. The UNESCO Global Geo Park defines that the Geo Park concept is derived from the development of geological diversity and the need to conserve geological heritage. It is more focused on preserving, conserving and maintaining this valuable assets for the use of future generations. However, one of geo sites in Perak has been identified to meet the Geo Park requirements. The Gunung Lang Recreational Park, an urban escape park with serene nature backdrop with natural limestone hills. The Gunung Lang Recreational Park has the potential to be main Geo Park Center for Geo Park Lembah Kinta. This is because the GLRP itself is a tourism hotspot during the ‘Tahun Melawat Perak 2017’ which set by Department of Tourism Perak. The site study has a good positive feedback from both local and tourist, unfortunately the uniqueness of GLRP were not outstand among community of Ipoh. Through geological and ecological approach, GLRP can become a successful Geo Park for Geo Park Lembah Kinta. Thus, the awareness and interest of geo tourism will lift the community lifestyle and tourism sector in Perak.
ACKNOWLEDMENT
In the name of ALLAH S.W.T, I am grateful for the blessing for giving me this great opportunity to complete this thesis, Geo Tourism: Transforming Gunung Lang Recreational Park as Geo Park through Geological and Ecological Approach. First of all I would like to give my gratitude to my parent for supporting me days and night until the thesis is completed. Also to my superb and amazing supervisor, LAr. Abu Hassan Wahab, I am extremely thankful for sharing knowledge, valuable guidance and encouragement throughout the process.
My appreciation goes to my studio lecturers, LAr. Dr. Nurhayati Abd. Malek, LAr. Abu Hassan Wahab, LAr. Zalina Jaal and LAr. Nurulhuda Hayati Ibrahim for all guidance, advices and knowledge while carrying this dissertation studies. I also take this opportunity to express gratitude to all the Center of Studies for Landscape Architecture members for their help and support.
Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my friends and all person that involve in completing this thesis. Alhamdulillah.
TABLE OF CONTENT
PG ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDMENT II TABLE OF CONTENT III LIST OF TABLE VII LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF PLAN
XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
XIV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Prevalent Issues 2-3
i) Physical
ii) Environmental
iii) Social
1.2 Aim & Objectives
1.2.1 Aim
1.2.2 Objectives
1.3 Definition of Terminology 4-5
i) Geotourism
ii) Geopark
iii) Ecological landscape iv) Geological landscape
1.4 Scope of Study
1.5 Research Methodology 6-7
1.5.1 Primary Data
1.5.2 Secondary Data
1.5.3 Data Analysis
1.5.4 S.W.O.T
1.6 Study Phase 7-8
1.6.1 First Phase
1.6.2 Second Phase
1.6.3 Third Phase
1.6.4 Fourth Phase
1.7 Flow chart
1.8 Significance of study
1.9 Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND REFERENCE CASES
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Evolution of Geo Park Worldwide. 12-16
2.1.1 Unesco Global Geopark (UGG)
2.1.2 Global Geopark Networks (GGN)
2.1.3 Asia Pacific Geo Park Network (APGN)
2.1.4 Lembah Kinta Geo Park
2.2 Geo Park Perspective in Malaysia 18-20
2.2.1 Lembah Kinta
2.2.3 History of Lembah Kinta
2.2.4 Geology Lembah Kinta
2.3 Importance of Geopark Establishment 21-23
2.3.1 Principle in Geo Park Development
2.3.2 Relevant Authorities Related to Development of Geopark
2.4 Reference Cases 24-26
2.4 Gunung Keriang Recreational Park
2.4.1 Site Background
2.4.2 Aim of Project
2.4.3 Issues and Problems
2.4.4 Design Approach and Solution
2.5 Miri Airport Road Outcrop Museum 27-28
2.5.1 Site Background
2.5.2 Aim of Project
2.5.3 Issues and Problems
2.5.4 Design Approach and Solution
2.6 Comparison between Reference Cases
2.7 Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 3: SITE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Gunung Lang and Gunung Bilike 31-33
3.1.1 Location
3.1.2 Site Background
3.2 Gunung Lang Recreational Park 34-35
3.2.1 Site Background
3.3 Land Use and Activities 36-40
3.3.1 Development Zone
3.3.2 Land Use
3.3.3 Land Use Zones related to at GLRP
3.3.4 Land Used Activities
3.4 Accessibility and Circulation 41-51
3.4.1 Accessibility
3.4.2 Circulation
3.4.2.1 Typology of Road
3.4.3 Traffic Flow
3.4.4 Waterways
3.4.5 Pedestrian Circulation
3.4.5.1 Typology of Path
3.4.6 Pedestrian Flow
3.5 Topography and Hydrology 52-58
3.5.1 ‘Kawasan Sensitif Alam Sekitar’ (KSAS)
3.5.2 Demarcation of Safety Zones In The Vicinity Of Limestone Hills.
3.5.2.1 Safety Zone Gunung Lang and Gunung Bilike Areas
3.5.2.2 Classification Of Cliff Faces In Limestone Hill.
3.5.2.3 Recommendation/Solution
3.5.3 Topography
3.5.3.1 Elevation Profile
3.5.4 Hydrology
3.6 Geomorphology 59-62
3.6.1 Lithology of Ipoh
3.6.2 Lithology of Gunung Lang Recreational Park
3.6.3 Geological Significance
3.7 Vegetation, Wildlife and Climatic Factor 63-69
3.7.1 Plant Communities and Wildlife
3.7.2 Climatic Factor
3.8 Site Sensory Study and Online Surveys 70-74
3.8.1 Online Surveys
3.8.2 Visual Quality Analysis
3.8.3 Site Sensory Study
3.9 Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 4: SITE SYNTHESIS
4.1 SWOT Identification
4.2 Issues 77-78
4.3 Potential and Significance 78-80
4.3.1 Potential of Gunung Lang, Gunung Bilike and Gunung Lang
Recreational Park.
4.3.2 Significance of Gunung Lang, Gunung Bilike and GLPK
4.4 Overlay Technique
4.5 Final Synthesis Map 82-83
4.6 Design Strategy 84-85
4.7 Chapter Summary
CHAPRER 5: FINDINGS AND DESIGN GUIDELINES
5.1 Design Aim
5.2 Design Objectives
5.3 Conceptual Development 86-88
5.3.1 Concept
5.4 Theme Development
5.4.1 Theme
5.5 Design Development 89-93
5.5.1 Conceptual Diagram
5.5.2 Functional and Programming Diagram
5.5.3 Preliminaries Plan
5.5.3.1 Design Approach
5.5.3.2 Design Ideas
5.6 Overall Landscape Masterplan 94-98
5.6.1 Landscape Masterplan
5.6.1.1 Zone 1(Geo Wall)
5.6.1.2 Zone 2 (Geo Experience)
5.6.1.3 Zone 3 (Geo Camp)
5.7 Enlargement 1 99-101
5.8 Enlargement 2 102-104
5.9 Chapter Summary 104
6.0 Conclusion 105
7.0 References 106-108
8.0 Appendixes 109
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title Page
9 Table 2.0
Table 1.0 The methodology flow chart.
29 Table 3.0
Comparison study between each reference cases.
36 Table 4.0
Citizens density for development block 6.
40 Table 4.1
Activity related to land use.
52 Table 4.2
KSAS classification of environmental sensitive area
Plant communities and wildlife in GLRP. 63-66 Table 4.3
71 Table 4.4
Visual quality analysis assessment.
Table valuation and criteria of Gunung Lang.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Title Page
Figures 1.0 UGG logo
13 Figures 1.1 GGN logo
13 Figures 1.2 APGN logo
14 Figures 1.3 Geopark Lembah Kinta logo
15 Figures 1.4 Organization chart of Geopark associates
17 Figures 1.5 Geoforest park with beautiful river.
18 Figures 1.6 Kilim Geoforest Park signage.
18 Figures 1.7 Karst landscape.
18 Figures 1.8 Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
19 Figures 1.9 Tanjung Tualang tin dredge.
Figures 2.0 View towards Titiwangsa range from Kledang hill.
20 Figures 2.1 Tasik Cermin, Gunung Rapat.
20 Figures 2.2 Key plan
24 Figures 2.3 Location plan
24 Figures 2.4 Entrance of Gunung Keriang Recreational Park.
25 Figures 2.5 Rock site Gunung Keriang Recreational Park.
25 Figures 2.6 Key Plan.
27 Figures 2.7 Location Plan.
27 Figures 2.8 The outstanding outcrops that can be seen.
27 Figures 2.9
28 the fault lines
A 3-d sketch of the Miri Airport Road Outcrop showing
Figures 3.0 Key plan
31 Figures 3.1 Location plan
31 Figures 3.2 Panoramic view of Gunung Lang Karst Landscape
33 Figures 3.3 View towards Gunung Bilike from park area.
33 Figures 3.4 View towards Gunung Bilike from jetty area
33 Figures 3.5 Aerial view of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
34 Figures 3.6 View towards scenic backdrop of Gunung Lang.
35 Figures 3.7 View from observation tower towards Gunung Lang main lake.
35 Figures 3.8 View towards mini waterfall which 47 meters heights.
35 Figures 3.9 Swamp/pond.
37 Figures 4.0 Groundwater of Gunung Lang.
37 Figures 4.1 Cat fish pond
37 Figures 4.2 Main lake of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
37 Figures 4.3 Playground area in GLRP.
37 Figures 4.4 Parking space at GLRP.
37 Figures 4.5 View towards Limestone hills forest reserve of Gunung Lang
38 Figures 4.6 Persiaran Gunung Lang.
38 Figures 4.7 Kuala Kangsar road.
38 Figures 4.8 South-North Highway.
38 Figures 4.9 Medium terrace house
Figures 5.0 Government quarters
39 Figures 5.1 Small factory machineries
39 Figures 5.2 Workshop and garage.
39 Figures 5.3 Terraces shop houses.
39 Figures 5.4 Plant Nurseries.
39 Figures 5.5 TNB sub station near commercial area.
40 Figures 5.6 Electric line tower.
40 Figures 5.7 Buddha temple
40 Figures 5.8 Petrol Station.
40 Figures 5.9 North South Expressway
42 Figures 6.0 Kuala Kangsar road
43 Figures 6.1 Persiaran Gunung Lang.
43 Figures 6.2 Jetty 2 at island area.
45 Figures 6.3 Jetty 1 at entrance area.
45 Figures 6.4 Lang 1 – Medium boat (18 -23 passenger).
46 Figures 6.5 Lang 2 and 3 – Small boat (8-12 passenger).
46 Figures 6.6 Soil erosion due to boat ride activity and loose soil structure.
46 Figures 6.7
48 Recreational Park are in good condition.
12 meter wide asphalt footpath around Gunung Lang
Figures 6.8 Building frontage of Ipoh Landscape and Recreation
48 Department made by concrete and pebble wash finishing.
Figures 6.9 ‘Laman Perak’ walkway are varies in materials and are 2
48 meters wide.
Figures 7.0
48 that give connection to playground area.
3 meter wide of fibre-like-wooden walkway at island area
Figures 7.1
48 throughout the island area.
3 meter wide of concrete imprint walkway
Figures 7.2
48 made cave access were used for maintenance and emergency purposes.
5 meter wide of asphalt road at the island area. This man
Figures 7.3 One of the concrete imprint walkway were damage from
49 the uprooting of Samanea Saman trees.
Figures 7.4
49 area was in good condition.
3 meter wide of concrete walkway near the exit of island
Figures 7.5 View towards the observation tower from heritage plaza. The
49 condition of the boulevard are in great condition.
Figures 7.6 View towards the heritage plaza archway from boulevard
49 direction.
Figures 7.7 Unpaved path to man-made waterfall area which lack of
49 physical linkage.
Figures 7.8 Unpaved path to resting area at ‘Laman Perak’.
49 Figures 7.9 Cow path from the parking to the playground area.
50 Figures 8.1 View towards man-made waterfall. During peak hour,
50 this spot become crowded with visitor and activity.
Figures 8.2 Playground area for children in front of Jetty building
50 equipped with resting area.
Figures 8.3 Tourist waiting for their boat ride at Jetty near to cascading
50 waterfall.
Figures 8.4 Natural limestone wall and lake near exit of the park.
50 Figures 8.5 Attractive mural wall with seating equipment are the stop
51 by for visitors to take picture.
Figures 8.6 Dinosaur theme playground give attraction to family
51 and children at island area.
Figures 8.7 Malay traditional house architecture at heritage plaza at
51 island area.
Figures 8.8 View towards mini-zoo. During peak hour, this spot become
51 crowded with visitor and activity.
Figures 8.9 Observation Tower give a glance view of the island area
51 and create an attraction to visitors.
Figures 9.0 The decking pathway is a spot for tourist to feed monkey and
51 fish beside act as a linkage to playground area.
Figures 9.1 Man-made cave give attraction to visitor to experience
51 cave features like stalactite and stalagmite.
Figures 9.2 Part of Gunung Bilike limestone hills safety.
53 Figures 9.3 Visible undercut can be seen at the foothill of Gunung Bilike
53 which consider it as very high hazards rating.
Figures 9.4 Non-visible undercut can be seen at the foothill of Gunung
53 Bilike which consider it as high hazards rating
Figures 9.5 Class of cliff faces in limestone hills
54 Figures 9.6 Gunung Lang.
56 Figures 9.7 Gunung Bilike
56 Figures 9.8 Elevation profile of Gunung Lang – 183 meters high. A – A’.
56 Figures 9.9 Elevation profile of Gunung Bilike – 91 meters high. B – B’.
56 Figures 10
58 Figures 10.1 Natural earth swale channels towards groundwater below
Detention Pond at the jetty area
58 Gunung Lang.
Figures 10.2 Conventional drainage flows towards the nearest outlet in
58 the area.
Figures 10.3 Main lake of Gunung Lang Recreational Park cater all water
58 runoff from Gunung Lang and Gunung Bilike.
Figures 10.4 Lithology time scale of limestone in Gunung Lang
60 Recreational Park.
Figures 10.5 Cave access from island area
60 Figures 10.6 Cave entrance behind Gunung Lang.
60 Figures 10.7 Stalactite beside of the existing cave
61 Figures 10.8 View inside the cave (maintenance access).
61 Figures 10.9 Panoramic view towards Gunung Lang Recreational Park
61 limestone wall
Figures 11 Close up of dripstone wall
61 Figures 11.1 Close up of limestone rock at GLRP.
62 Figures 11.2 Close up of marble rock at JMG Perak
62 Figures 11.3 Climograph of Ipoh.
67 Figures 11.4 Temperature graph of Ipoh.
67 Figures 11.5 Humidity graph of Ipoh
68 Figures 11.6 Samanea Saman trees provide a good shade along the
68 boulevard path during the afternoon.
Figures 11.7 A good shade area with comfortable seating space
69 attract user to relax and enjoy the park
Figures 11.8 Shadow fall in the morning.
Figures 11.9 Low shadow at noon
69 Figures 12
69 Figures 12.1 Chart of geopark standing in Perak
Shadow fall in the evening
70 Figures 12.2 View towards VOP 1.
72 Figures 12.3 View towards VOP 2.
72 Figures 12.4 View towards VOP 3
72 Figures 12.5 Natural key element of Gunung Lang Recreational
78 Figures 12.6 List of significance features in GLRP.
80 Figures 12.7 The six overlay maps in producing a final synthesis
81 Figures 12.8 Conceptual Development Process
87 Figures 12.9 Living Nature concept.
87 Figures 13
88 Figures 13.1 Conceptual Diagram
Geopark Gateway theme.
89 Figures 13.2 Conceptual Diagram
90 Figures 13.3 The section above shows KSAS table and Demarcation of
92 Safety Zones in Vicinity of Limestone hills infographic.
Figures 13.4 Entrance statement design ideas
93 Figures 13.5 Side view of flying fox structure.
93 Figures 13.6 Sketches showing overall structure of flying fox activity.
93 Figures 13.7 Simple section show hanging glass walk at IPOH signage
93 Figures 13.8 Geology gardens Monash University.
93 Figures 13.9 Rock climbing activity
93 Figures 14
99 Figures 14.1 View towards entrance statement of Gunung Lang
Enlargement 1.
100 Recreational Park – cave mimicking
Figures 14.2 View towards flying fox ramp – extreme 100 Figures 14.3 Blow up of elevator bridge and shallow deck area.
101 Figures 14.4 View towards ecological bridge from shallow deck
101 Figures 14.5 View towards elevator bridge and Gunung Lang Karst landscape 101 Figures 14.6 Enlargement 2
Figures 14.7 View towards Ipoh sky bridge – connection between both 102 platform using tensile structure and a remarkable scenery
Figures 14.8 View towards elevator bridge from sky 103 Figures 14.9 Section A – A’ of Ipoh Sky Walk has a difference level
103 due limestone topography
Figures 15 Blow up of elevator bridge and sky platform and a 104 remarkable scenery
Figures 15.1 Aerial view towards Ipoh sky platform – 100 person 104 – 60 m height. Source: author.
LIST OF PLAN
Plan Title Page
Plan 1.0 Geo Park Lembah Kinta geo site boundaries.
16 Plan 2.0
Demarcation of Gunung Lang, Gunung Bilike and
32 Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
34 Plan 2.2
Plan 2.1 Site Plan.
36 Plan 2.3
Key Plan of development in Ipoh.
36 Plan 2.4
Land use plan Ipoh 2017.
41 Plan 2.5
Accessibility plan pf GLRP.
44 Plan 2.6
Vehicular traffic flow.
45 Plan 2.7
Tourist boat flow.
47 Plan 2.8
Pedestrian flow at Jetty area.
47 Plan 2.9
Pedestrian flow at island area.
52 Plan 3.0
KSAS Plan of Ipoh.
55 Plan 3.1
Topographic Plan.
57 Plan 3.2
Hydrology Plan.
55 Plan 3.3
Lithology Plan of Ipoh.
55 Plan 3.4
Lithology Plan of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
61 Plan 3.5
Rock outcrop plan
74 Plan 3.6
Sensory Plan of GLRP.
Final synthesis plan of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
Plan 3.7 Design Strategy Plan.
84 Plan 3.8
91 Plan 3.9
Preliminary masterplan of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
94 Plan 4.0
Overall masterplan
Masterplan of Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations JMG
Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia
GLRP
Gunung Lang Recreational Park
KSAS
Kawasan Sensiftif Alam Sekitar.
RTD
Rancangan Tempatan Daerah
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UKM
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
GIS
Geographical Information system
UGG
UNESCON Global Geoparks Networks,
UGGN
Global Geoparks Networs,
APGN
Asia Pacifitic Geopark Networks.
MBI
Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh.
LADA
Lembaga Pembangunan Langkawi.
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
1.0 INTRODUCTION The concept of ‘Geo Park’ is derived from the development of geological diversity and the need to conserve geological heritage. In conferences, particularly the Malvern International Conference on Geological and Landscape Conservation that took place in London in 1993, the international community of geo-science began to extend considerable attention to the importance of conserving geological heritage sources. In 1997, the UNESCO Annual General Meeting in Paris approved the initiative to promote the Global Geotechnical Network as a machinery to promote global conservation efforts. Following this initial initiative, in 2000, the Division of Earth Sciences, UNESCO has proposed to the Executive Board to approve a program known as 'UNESCO Geo Park Development' (Eder 2002). The program is the beginning of the development of global geopark concepts, and thus spurred several national, regional and global efforts to create geopark entities.
The geopark idea evolved in Europe when a small group of geologist legacy managers in France, Greece and Germany proposed the concept 'Geo Park' as a necessity for expanding tourism activities (geotourism), conservation and involvement of local communities to develop a 'geo park' sustainably. At the same time, in Asia Pacific, the geo park idea was developed by the Malaysian Geological Heritage Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) when the results of the research on 'geo heritage values' need to be translated into conservation ideas. An area that is vast and contains many geopark, such as Langkawi Island, should be restored based on innovative approaches. The concept of geopark was introduced to incorporate a number of important geopark as a unity that needs to be preserved and developed for the benefit of tourists and local communities.
The preliminary idea when UNESCO introduced the concept of geopark was that areas of special geoheritage resources would serve as a tool for promoting the concept of conservation of geoheritage and sustainable use of resources to the general public. Geopark is also capable of generating local community economic activities in remote areas, in particular by developing geotourism products. For the first time the concept of geopark was introduced globally. The concept of 'geopark' is defined as 'national The preliminary idea when UNESCO introduced the concept of geopark was that areas of special geoheritage resources would serve as a tool for promoting the concept of conservation of geoheritage and sustainable use of resources to the general public. Geopark is also capable of generating local community economic activities in remote areas, in particular by developing geotourism products. For the first time the concept of geopark was introduced globally. The concept of 'geopark' is defined as 'national
1.1 PREVALENT ISSUES Geopark development in Perak is still new and was officially launch on
2015. Based of structure plan of Geopark Lembah Kinta, Gunung Lang Recreational Park is one of the areas that was identified to fit the features to be geopark (Department of Mineral and Geoscience Perak, 2014). Moreover the Gunung Lang Recreational Park was already known by Ipoh folk and foreigners. Unfortunately the park itself has a potential more than that. Most of the facilities and amenities are not well maintained by the authorities. As a result, it produces many negative spaces which can reduce social activity and become less attractive.
i. Physical
The physical aspect that need to give attention is the inadequate landscape management by authorities especially the island area at the existing main lake. This is because most the potted plants, trees and shrubs are not well maintained and some of the potted plants are not wisely designed. Besides that, existing space planning of the park and jetty area do not consider the pedestrian connectivity and universal design. Moreover the facilities and amenities in the park are underutilized.
ii. Environmental The natural disturbances consist in the park were interference of wildlife and soil erosion. Animals like monkey (Long tailed Macaques) , rarely migrate from one habitat to another. Due to rapid development within the site context of Gunung Lang Recreational Park, these monkeys have migrated to the park to find food and shelter. Unfortunately these monkeys likely to make mess at the park ii. Environmental The natural disturbances consist in the park were interference of wildlife and soil erosion. Animals like monkey (Long tailed Macaques) , rarely migrate from one habitat to another. Due to rapid development within the site context of Gunung Lang Recreational Park, these monkeys have migrated to the park to find food and shelter. Unfortunately these monkeys likely to make mess at the park
iii. Social The social perspective of a park, define that each component of the park are integrated with user, how they use, interact and manage the spaces. Unfortunately, the social activity are poor, the overall structure and space can lead to misconduct behaviour. During my site visit, I have noticed that young couple doing bad behaviour inside the observation tower similarly cases happened in other hidden places like camping site and catfish lake. Also some of the facilities were vandalize, which make an eye sore towards the park and visitors.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 Aim To enhance Gunung Lang Recreational Park natural landscape element as geotourism spot through geological and ecological approach.
1.2.2 Objectives
i. To identify and study related literature of the reclamation of the
geological landscape.
ii. To conduct the inventory and analysis for documenting the Gunung
Lang Recreational Park uniqueness characteristics.
iii. To provide a design strategy and solution that contribute to the creation of Gunung Lang Recreational Park geological landscape as a successful geopark.
1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY Geo-tourism: Transforming Gunung Lang Recreational Park as Geo Park
through geological and ecological approach.
I. Geotourism
a. Geo-tourism is a vacation industry that founded on an extent of geological properties that endeavours to minimalize the effects of this vacation industry through geo-conservation management (Hose, 1995 & 2003 and Dowling & Newsome, 2006).
b. Tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of place – its environment, culture, aesthetic, heritage, and the well- being of its residents. (National Geographic, 2017)
II. Geopark / Geo park
a. Geo-park as an area with a specific geological heritage with internationally significance, rarity or aesthetic appeal. It is developed as part of an integrated concept of conservation, education and local economic development in that area. (UNESCO in the Global Geo-parks Network, 2006).
b. Geo-parks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development (UNESCO Global Geopark, 2017)
III. Ecological landscape
a. Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationship between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems (Urban Ecosystems, Understanding the Human Environment: Sociology, Globalization, 2014)
IV. Geological landscape
a. Geological landscape is a term used to describe the natural geological physical landscape or natural geological environment (Tanot Unjah, Mohd Shafeea Leman and Ibrahim Komoo, 2013)
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY This study will focus on transforming Gunung Lang Recreational Park as a
geopark based on its natural features. The study area is focused on the limestone of Gunung Lang and its vicinity which has a parameter that is bounded by expressway (South-East Expressway), primary road (Kuala Kangsar road) and Ipoh railway. The key features of the site is its natural elements and its strategic location which is the main strength for the design development. It consists of natural lake, swamp area, forest reserve, limestone hills and groundwater. Also, emphasizing the natural and geological value in the design strategies which will help boosting tourism sector and at the same time creating a green living community wellbeing. The study also covers space planning, geopark development and social activities
1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology of this study involved several stages to implement that will
conducted by the author. There are several approaches used to gain detailed information to complete the study. The methods that will be used, are explained below:-
1.5.1 Primary Data The collection of data and information in this study were done through observation and site visit at Gunung Lang Recreational Park, Perak. Observation were made based on current situation of the site study. The observation occurred by day. The site visit is to identify and experience the site and its context. Pictures were taken as evidences to show the current existing of the site study and its surrounding.
1.5.2 Secondary Data The secondary data are collected from Ipoh Local Plan 2020, demarcation of safety zones in the vicinity of limestone hills, demarcation of environmental sensitive zone, GIS data from Department of Mineral and Geoscience Perak, and Perak GIS Unit, local document from Department of Landscape and Recreation Ipoh, Department of Survey and Mapping Perak, and Ipoh City Council. Also journals, articles, books, internet materials, apps, newspaper and design guidelines.
1.5.3 Data Analysis All the data collected will be combined and analysed to provide an overviewed the general idea of this study. The result of the inventory and analysis stage will form a synthesis before entering the design development stage and design outcomes.
1.5.4 S.W.O.T SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis will guides to identify the positives and negatives of overall and current condition of Gunung Lang recreational park and the opportunity and threat exists in the external environment. Developing a full awareness of current situation and competitive 1.5.4 S.W.O.T SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis will guides to identify the positives and negatives of overall and current condition of Gunung Lang recreational park and the opportunity and threat exists in the external environment. Developing a full awareness of current situation and competitive
1.6 STUDY PHASE
1.6.1 First Phase Desktop study- At this stage, the terminology of geological landscape, geoheritage, geo sites, and geo tourism and geo parks are identified. The literature review of geological park design supported with reference cases around the world are collected. The specific geological landscape of Gunung Lang Recreational Park and its surrounding are gathered from the document analysed mostly from Department of Mineral and Geological Perak.
1.6.2 Second Phase Documenting of the site inventory- Review past inventory /document of the site study from the secondary data comprising the structure plan & local plan, Ipoh Local plan 2020, local documents from Ipoh Local Authority, Department of Landscape and Recreation, Department of Survey and Mapping journal, geology information from Department of Mineral and Geoscience Perak, historic document, magazine, newspaper, articles, books, internet materials, design guidelines and etc. At this stage also, the site visit is conducted. Data collection from the site by compiling existing conditions through site observation, site photos, and aerial photography.
1.6.3 Third Phase Data evaluation- The evaluation are focused on the planning and design for a successful geopark. It includes the suitability of design (undisturbed the overlap grey ecological sensitive area), universal design, preserving and enhancing the place identity of Gunung Lang Recreational Park surrounding, identification of target user group need in Gunung Lang Recreational Park and the usage of suitable
for geo park development(geological restoration).
geological and
ecological approach
1.6.4 Fourth Phase Planning and designing space- the evaluated data at the third stage will be as the
guide for the planning and designing of the geo sites. The problem statement, aim and objectives will be finalized for the restoration strategy in order to achieve the successful of geo park and karst landscape in Gunung Lang Recreational Park.
1.7 Flow Chart The data collection will be primary source for developing geo park of Gunung
Lang Recreational Park. Also, information from secondary sources such as literature, geo rocks information, the stories of ancestors, the government planning as well as photographs, are related. The following flowchart is the method of information gathering undertaken in this study (Figure 1.0).
Site Study “Gunung Lang Recreational Park”
Finding the site issues and problems
Establishment of Aim and Objective
Topic definition
References cases
Typologies
Literature Review Study
Method involves /design strategies
Site Background PHASE 1
Primary Data
Secondary Data
Adjacent Land use
Data Collection
Ipoh Local plan 2020, Circulation and Accessibility Dept. of Mineral and Geoscience Perak,
Hydrology and Topographic
Perak GIS Unit, Vegetation and Wildlife Dept. of Landscape and Recreation Ipoh,
Geomorphology Dept. of Survey and Mapping Perak,
Microclimate
Ipoh City Council,
Sensory Study
Journals, articles, books, internet materials, apps, newspaper and design guidelines.
PHASE 2
Site Analysis; Finding site issues from primary, secondary and site analysis findings
PHASE 3
Site Synthesis; Finding or solution on site issues
PHASE 4
Design proposal and conclusion of study; Proposed solution by design based on
issues
Table 1.0: The methodology flow chart Source: Author
1.8 Significance of Study In this study, the author want to highlight the importance of limestone hills and
karst landscape. It is because, physical characteristics of the limestone makes it unique than other. Also it holds, a diversity of ecosystem for both animals and humans, besides balancing the surrounding temperature in term of shadow casting application in solar study. Similarly to other limestone hills in Ipoh, the major contributor for limestone hills degradation is rapid development. Rapid development includes urban development, agricultural activity and mineral extraction that have all contributed to degradation of limestone hills. If this difficulties continue untreated, it would cause a major loss to the unique diversity of limestone hills and the natural beauty of karst landscape. Also it would lead to geological disaster such as sink hole, land subsidence and limestone erosion.
The case study focuses on Gunung Lang Recreational Park, Ipoh, Perak as an urban escape park that preserving and protecting the uniqueness of Gunung Lang and Gunung Bilike limestone hills besides providing a serene natural landscape to the visitor and folks of Ipoh. Also it is one of the must visit places in Ipoh for ‘Tahun Melawat Perak 20 18’. It is essential to study this kind of context as it is entitle as environmentally sensitive area by Ipoh City Council. By understanding the environmentally sensitive context boarded by several uncontrolled development, a justification consists of information, projection and cultural method will ease the geological philosophy. Furthermore, as a recreational park, this study would transcend
a typical recreational park into a geopark with sets of interactive-education-thrilling activity for user to experience geo tourism. Also will ease the Geopark Lembah Kinta to entitle as UNESCO Geo Park by UNESCO Global Geopark (UGG).
1.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY As a conclusion in for this chapter, the topic is about highlighting the potential of
recreational park as a geo park which can open new ideas in geo-tourism sector. Geo- tourism encourage user to appreciate and conserving the geo-value of a geo-site, thus this type of landscape are closely related during the existence of human being. The strategies of a successful geo-tourism should be considered in such aspect as education, preservation and recreation. Several research methods were made to achieve the goals and objectives.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND RELATED REFERENCE CASES
2.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to encourage author with relevant studies and
theories that are related with geological landscape approach which are implemented on geo site area. Also author will recognize, philosophies, principles, guidelines, approaches and strategies that are to be adapted into geo tourism perspective. Thus, the study will promote an understanding in order to achieve the aim and objectives of this study. This is because, the potential of site study can ease in term of design and also enable to identify successful reference cases on geo park area. Understanding the problems, solution and locality will help to ease this study. Finally, a comparative study between each reference cases will determine the best result and methods for geo the undertaking park area.
2.1 Evolution of Geo Park Worldwide In early 2000, Division of Earth Sciences, UNESCO has made a preliminary
study on the Development Program of UNESCO Geo Park. This study was conducted due to the demands of the international geoscience expertise which needs a program entitled 'conservation of global geo heritage, 'such as the UNESCO World Heritage Sites program, which recognizes the outstanding geo-heritage area which has been neglected and still have no effective conservation approac h. However, UNESCO’s work with geo parks began in 2001. In 2004, 17 European and 8 Chinese geo parks came together at UNESCO headquarters in Paris to form the Global Geo parks Network (GGN) where national geological heritage initiatives contribute to and benefit from their membership of a global network of exchange and cooperation. On 17 November 2015,195 members of the states of UNESCO approved the creation of a new label, the UNESCO Global Geo parks , during the 38th General Conference of the Organisation. This expresses governmental recognition of the importance of managing outstanding geological sites and landscapes in a holistic manner.
2.1.1 UNESCO GLOBAL GEO PARKS (UGG) UNESCO Global Geo parks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development.
Figure 1.0: UGG logo.
Source: www.unesco.org
2.1.2 GLOBAL GEO PARKS NETWORKS (UGGN) The Global Geo parks Network (GGN), of which membership is obligatory for UNESCO Global Geo parks, is a legally constituted not-for-profit organisation with an annual membership fee. The GGN was founded in 2004 and is a dynamic network where members are committed to work together and exchange ideas of best practise and join in common projects to raise the quality standards of all products and practises of a UNESCO Global Geo park.
Figure 1.1: GGN logo.
Source: globalgeoparksnetwork.org
While the GGN as a whole comes together every two years, it functions through the operation of regional networks, such as the European Geo parks Network
(EGN ) and Asia Pacific Geo Park Network (APGN) that meets twice a year to develop and promote joint activities.
2.1.3 ASIA PACIFIC GEO PARK NETWORK (APGN) APGN is established under Article 18 of The Global Geo parks Network (GGN) Statues as an Asia Pacific Region member for Regional Geo park Networks. Regional Geo Park Networks serve for the coordination of GGN activities at a regional or continental level and as fora for the exchange of information and co-operation between Global Geo parks and Global Geo park professionals in the region.
Figure 1.2: APGN logo. Source: asiapacificgeoparks.org
2.1.4 LEMBAH KINTA GEO PARK Kinta Valley Geo park concept stipulates the source of heritage is not limited to geological heritage alone, but also biodiversity, archaeological, historical, artistic heritage, and even the heritage of the living. In this case, every citizen and all elements contained in the special area of Kinta Valley Geo Park and all the activities that take place are main component of Geo Park Kinta Valley and none should be set aside.
Based on research and survey by Department of Mineral and Geoscience (JMG) Perak on proposal development of Lembah Kinta Geo Park during 2015, the
2 areas covers 2000 km wide with different administration authority such as Ipoh City Council (MBI), District office of Tanah Kampar and District office Tanah
Batu Gajah. Also there were 20 sites that has been identified to fit the features to be Geo Park. Below are the potential site: -
1. Gua Khantan (Gua Khantan)
2. Mata Air Panas Lubuk Timah
3. Hutan Lipur Ulu Kinta
4. Jeram Papan
5. Lata Ulu Chepor
6. Gunung Karang Besar
7. Taman Rekreasi Gunung Lang
8. Gunung Datok
9. Gunung Tasek (Perak Tong)
10. Air Terjun Sg. Chelik
11. Gua Kandu
12. Air Terjun Salu
13. Gua Tempurung
14. Taman Rimba Klebang Saiong
15. Air Terjun Batu Berangkai
16. Jeram Sg. Kampar (Kg. Jahang)
17. Kapal Korek Tanjung Tualang
19. Gua Naga Mas (Gunung Pua)
19. Gua Tambun (Gunung Panajang)
20. Gua Kek Lok Tong (Gunung Rapat)
Figure 1.3: Geopark Lembah Kinta logo Source: www.kintageopark.com
Plan 1.0: Geo Park Lembah Kinta geo site boundaries. Source: ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopark_Lembah_Kinta
Shown below is organisation chart of each geopark associates:-
Figure 1.4: Organisation chart of Geopark associates. Source: author.
2.2 Geo Park Perspective in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Geo Park initiative was implemented during the 2000, unfortunately there
were lack of technologies and resources. Although in 2006, Chairman of LADA, Dato Kamarulzaman Abdul Ghani believed that Geo Park industry can lead Langkawi to become international tourist destination. The development of Geo Park ideas lead by Kumpulan Warisan Geologi, UKM; Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia; and Kerajaan Negeri Kedah (IBK, 2017). On 1st June, 2007, Malaysia has officially become a member of the 52th Global Network of National Geo parks which thus recognizes Langkawi as one of the geo park sites in the world. Located in northern Peninsular Malaysia in the state of Kedah, it is formed by the combination of 99 magical islands that adds the uniqueness to Langkawi Archipelago. The total area of the Langkawi Geo
Park is about 478 km 2 , (Malaysian National Commission for UNESCO). However, there are 13 to 14 geo site areas that have the potential to be developed as Geo Park, including Lembah Kinta, Tasik Kenyir, Gunung Kinabalu, and Delta Sarawak.
Figure 1.5: Geoforest park with beautiful river.
Figure 1.6: Kilim Geoforest Park signage. Figure: 1.7 Karst landscape. Source: www.langkawi-info.com
2.2.1 LEMBAH KINTA The Kinta Valley in Perak is rich in unique karst hills that have a variety of heritage value, mining geology and diversity of landscapes. Most of these karst hills are located in Ipoh and it is a package to make the city of Ipoh capable of promoting among local and international tourists within geo tourism.
The Kinta Valley also has mass resources of geological heritage and cultural heritage that satisfy most of the requirements for being entitled at least as a national geo park. The Kinta Valley is renowned for its tin mining site and has
a unique diversity of natural landscapes and high geological and scientific historical value.
Figure 1.8: Gunung Lang Recreational Park. Figure 1.9: Tanjung Tualang tin dredge. Source: www.ipoh-city.com
Source: www.ipoh-city.com
2.2.2 HISTORY OF LEMBAH KINTA The history of the Kinta Valley is said to begun not less than 1,500 years ago based on the discovery of Buddhist relics from the Srivijaya era in Tanjung Rambutan (1893) and Lahat (1931) which were planted 10 ft. in the ground. At that point, Kinta was the centre of land route between the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya Buddha’s in Palembang with the Malay kingdom of Buddha Khmer and Campha in Indo-China.
The Kinta Valley is also regarded as the centre of the first Gangga state administration before Beruas and this discovery is said to be delayed as Kinta has been destroyed due to the failure of the miner that demolish of the natural landform for the tin resources.
2.2.3 GEOLOGY LEMBAH KINTA The Kinta Valley area is a lowland formed by limestone and a small part of the sycamore. Nearly 80% of the Kinta Valley area is based on limestone layers with some appearing on the surface of an upright hill or hill called the topographic bar. Kinta Valley is also surrounded by 2 rocky granite rocks that are Kledang Range in the west and Titiwangsa Range in the east.
In general, the Kinta Valley consists of granite rocks and metaphorical rocks from the Calcareous Series with reference to the Kinta Valley map by Ingham and Bradford (1960). The metasedimen rocks of the Calcareous Series form the base layer of the Kinta Valley and comprise two falsies, namely limestone falsies and argillic falsies. The limestone rock is the dominant rock that forms the limestone falsies. The argillic falsies are composed with shale, filit and quartz alternate with limestone falcies (Ingham and Bradford, 1960). According to (Ingham and Bradford 1960), in 1956 and 1959 graptolites were found in Kanthan and Chemor from aged from middle Ordivision to Silur. Suntharalingam (1966) also had found a fossil aged Devon Down to middle Perm in Kampar. Based on this limited fossil discovery, Ingham and Bradford (1960) have given the age of the Lower Carbon to the base of the Kinta Valley.
Figure 2.0: View towards Titiwangsa range from Figure 2.1: Tasik Cermin, Gunung Rapat Kledang hill
Source: www.orangperak.com/tasik-cermin
Source: www.ipoh-city.com/attraction/Kledang_Hill
Granite rocks in the Kinta Valley are formed by two granitoid ranges of Kledang Range (3,469 ft.) to the west and Titiwangsa Range (7175 ft.) to the east. Ingham and Bradford (1960) gave Trias age while Hutchison (1973) reported that granite in the Kinta Valley had a range of age between the Central Trias and the Final Jura. In the Kinta Valley alluvium deposits are the most important deposits because they are the major source of tin ore production. These alluvium sediments are divided into Old Age Old Pleistocene and Young Aluvium Resen are found unincorporated on the symmetry and marble.
2.3 IMPORTANCE OF GEOPARK ESTABLISMENT The Geo park idea underscores the importance of raising the socio-economic
status of citizens by taking into account the inherent advantages of heritage treasures, including through industry:
i. TOURISM Developing a sustainable tourism industry and introducing the geo tourism sector by injecting geoscience elements in existing nature tourism and recreational activities and opening a new Geo tourism site. Geo tourism not only guarantees economic return but also supports the conservation and enhancement of human capital.
ii. TOURISM SUPPORT The tourism industry has vast opportunities for the growth of various other supporting industries including accommodation services (resorts, hotels, homestays, campsites, etc.) transport, culinary and production of souvenir products. Geopark Ideas advocates a unique initiative in producing local products that can be used as the identity of a region as a geo park product.
iii. PRESERVATION Geo park member can be involved as ranger and volunteer who will be responsible for monitoring activities on a geo tourism site.
iv. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Increased tourism activities led to the need for scientific research to increase scientific value and determine the attractiveness of a tourism site. Socio-economic studies are also important in making short and long term development plans.
v. EDUCATION Involvement of citizens as geo park expertise and trainers as well as facilitators in geo park awareness activities at various levels
2.3.1 PRINCIPLE IN GEO PARK DEVELOPMENT Based on literature review from Ibrahim Komoo, Geopark as a Model for
Regional Sustainable Development, 2010. He has highlighted two main component in development of Geo Park:
i. Contains geological heritage sites that have important in the international level this source is the basis of formation geo park
ii. Biological heritage and culture site, especially when it has a close
relationship with geology and landscape.
Besides that, the GGN has published guideline and criteria that determine a successful geo park. The following six criteria are:
i. To be an area with clearly defined boundaries that includes not only many geological heritages showing the intelligible geologic history of and phenomena in the region, but also sites of archaeological, ecological, or cultural value
ii. To have the steady governing structure by a public institution, local community, and private entity and to have administrative and financial plans
iii. To foster the sustainable society and economic development in the
region through geo tourism and other measures
iv. To conduct education and promulgation activities on earth sciences and environmental problems through museums, natural observation paths, and guided tours