Analisis Potensi dan Arah Pengembangan desa Pesisir di Kabupaten Batu Bara

REKONSTRUKSI DAN PENGELOMPOKAN BAHASA-BAHASA BATAK
ABSTRAK
Disertasi ini merupakan laporan hasil penelitian mengenai rekonstruksi dan
pengelompokan bahasa-bahasa Batak (bbB) yang terdiri atas bahasa Toba (bT),
bahasa Simalungun (bS), bahasa Pakpak Dairi (bPD), bahasa Angkola (bA),
bahasa Karo (bK), dan bahasa Mandailing (bM).
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam disertasi ini adalah metode komparatif.
Masalah penelitian meliputi perangkat korespondensi bbB, proto-fonem bbB,
proto-morfem bbB, rumus perubahan bunyi, pengelompokan bbB serta
inventarisasi fonem dan realisasi fonetis bbB.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, perangkat korespondensi fonemis yang diwariskan
secara linear adalah a-a-a-a-a-a, u-u-u-u-u-u, dan i-i-i-i-i-i dengan
proto-fonem masing-masing *a, *u, dan *i serta b-b-b-b-b-b,
t-t-t-t-t-t, j-j-j-j-j-j r-r-r-r-r-r, l-l-l-l-l-l, -----,
p-p-p-p-p-p , g-g-g-g-g-g, d-d-d-d-d-d, m-m-m-m-m-m, s-ss-s-s-s, dan d-n-n-n-n-n dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *b,
*t, *j, *r, *l, *, *p, *g, *d, *m, *s,
dan *n.

Sementara itu, perangkat korespondensi yang tidak linear adalah --e--e, o-o-e-o-e-o, -ei---e-, --a--a-, u-u--u-uu, dan i-i-i-i-e-i dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *, *o,
*, *, *u, dan *i serta -h-h--h-, --m--, --n---,
-----, h-h-k-h-k-h,

k-k--k-- dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *h, *, *,
*, *k, dan *.
Rumus perubahan bunyi dari p(bbB) ke bbB adalah sebagai berikut:
1. * → e/K___K, 2. *o → e/K___K, 3. * → ei/__, 4. * → a/K___K,
K V
5. *u → /K___K, 6. *i → e/K___K, 7. *h → /___#, 8. *→ m /#__b,
9. * → n/#___t, 10. *k→h/#___ V,11. * → /___g, 12. * → k/___k,
d
13. *n→d/V___ V.

Dengan diketahuinya proto-fonem, proto-morfem bbB direkonstruksi.
Rekonstruksi tersebut menghasilkan satu daftar yang memuat kata-kata bbB yang
sekarang dan kata-kata yang menurunkannya (proto-morfem).
Berdasarkan inovasi bersama (shared innovation) dan kemiripan bbB antara satu
dengan yang lain, bbB terdiri atas tiga kelompok yakni kelompok bT-bA-bM,
bPD-bK, dan bS. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan fonem-fonem bbB dan realisasi
fonetisnya.
Kata Kunci: Rekonstuksi, Pengelompokan, bahasa-bahasa Batak

Universitas Sumatera Utara

RECONSTRUCTION AND SUB-GROUPING OF BATAK LANGUAGES
ABSTRACT
This dissertation is the report of research into reconstruction and sub-grouping of
batak languages (bbB) comprising Toba language (bT), Simalungun language
(bS), Pakpak Dairi language (bPD), Angkola language (bA), Karo language (bK),
and Mandailing language (bM).
The research method is comparative method. The research problems cover
correspondence sets, proto-phonemes, proto-morphemes, rules of sound changes,
sub-grouping as well as phonemes and their phonetic realizations.
The objectives of the research are to discover sound correspondence sets, protophonemes, proto-morphemes, rules of sound changes, sub-grouping as well as
phonemes and their phonetic units in bbB.
The analysis shows that the phonemic correspondence sets resulted from linear
inheritance are a-a-a-a-a-a, u-u-u-u-u-u, and i-i-i-i-i-i of which
proto-phonemes are respectively *a, *u, and *i as well as b-b-bb-b-b, t-t-t-t-t-t , j-j-j-j-j-j r-r-r-r-r-r, l-l-l-l-l-l, ----, p-p-p-p-p-p, g-g-g-g-g-g, d-d-d-d-d-d, m-m-m-m-m-m,
s-s-s-s-s-s, and d-n-n-n-n-n of which proto-phonemes are respectively
*b, *t, *j, *r, *l, *, *p, *g, *d, *m,
*s, and *n.
Meanwhile, phonemic correspondence sets in bbB resulted from phonemic
innovation are --e--e-, o-o-e-o-e-o,

-ei---e-,
--a--a-, u-u--u-u-u, and i-i-i-i-e-i of which protophonemes are respectively *, *o, *, *, *u, and *i
as well as -h-h--h-, --m---, --n--,
-----, h-h-k-h-k-h, k-k--k--, of which
proto-phonemes are respectively *h, *, *, *, *k,
and *.
The sound change rules of bbB are as follows:
1. * → e/K___K, 2. *o → e/K___K, 3. * → ei/__, 4. * → a/K___K,
K
V
5. *u → /K___K, 6. *i → e/K___K, 7. *h → /___#, 8. *→ m /#__b,

9. * → n/#___t, 10. *k→h/#___ V,11. * → /___g, 12. * → k/___k,
d
13. *n→d/V___ V.

On the basis of the proto-phonemes, the reconstruction of proto-morphemes of
bbB is conducted, resulting in a list of modern words along with their protomorphemes.
Based on the closeness of bbB between one to each other, the languages can be
grouped into bT-bA-bM, bPD-bK, and bS. This research also reveals the

phonemes and their phonetic units in bbB.
Key Words : Reconstruction, Sub-Grouping, Batak languages

Universitas Sumatera Utara