The Analysis Of Theme Used In Paulo Coelho’ Novel The Winner Stands Alone
2. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE
Jacobs (1993:1-3) says that literature provides the comparative that basic
from which we can see worthiness in the aims of all people, and it helps us to see
the beauty of the world around us. It is a kind of art which need a creative writing.
It is a writing that can describe the real feeling which related to human interest,
characterized, full of imaginations, and artistic. Literature in the sense drama,
poems, and novel has something different. The writer of this paper is sure that
literature is an investment of genius which pays dividends to all subsequent times.
Shaw (1977:162) says that literature is the writing in which expression and
form, in connection with ideas and concern of universal and apparently permanent
interest are essential features. Literature is frequently, but unwisely applied to any
kind of printed material such as circulars, leaflets, and handbills. The term is
correctly reserved for prose and verse of acknowledge excellence.
Eagleton (1988:4) says that literature is a delicate piece of writing is the
work of the recorded from of language. Daily in the variety of ways with the
language compressed, at in the right, lapped, trimmed and reversed in length, uses
as odd.
Taylor (1981:1) says that it is explained that the literature of social
institutions use language as a medium. Language itself is a social creation.
Literature presents a picture of life, and life itself is a social reality.
Stanford (2003) says that literature is literary or disclosure of the facts
artistic and imaginative as a manifestation of human life. Society through
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
language as a medium and has a positive effect on human life (humanity). There
have been various attempts to define literature. You can define it, for example as
“imaginative” writing in the sense of fiction. Writing which is not really true. But
even the briefest refection on what people commonly include under the heading of
literature suggests that this will do. Literature as imaginative writing is reflected
from people thought, that is not really true.
Fannanie (2000:6) says that literature is a fiction that are created based on
emotion spontaneously capable of expressing the ability aspects of beauty are
both based aspects of language and aspects of meaning. This human capable of
presenting creative ideas and life experiences with literary art from.The form of
literary content of thoughts, feelings, experiences, beliefs and spirits of others.
William (1934) says that writings having excellence of form or expression
and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. Literature is writings in
which expression and form in connection with ideas of permanent and universal
interest, are characteristic or essential features as poetry, novels, history,
biography, and essays. Literature in the sense drama, poems, and novel has
something different. Literature is human creation in the form of oral and written
language that can make you feel good.
Literature formed which has two elements, they are intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic elements are included in the content of literary works. And extrinsic
elements are elements that originate from outside of literature.
Sumardjo (1998: 29) says that novel is a story with the prose form in long
shape, this long shape means the story including the complex plot, many character
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and various setting. A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a
totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and
mutually dependent. The elements of a novel-builder that collectively form a
totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more
kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic
elements.
Abrams, (1981: 119) says that novel is the name of a literary kind and
there is a story to tell about how over the centuries, its substance has widened and
its conventions changed. In an excited moment, we can call the novel
„independent, elastic prodigious, and its story is as untidy as some of its
masterpieces. If Abrams had ever read any novels, he would have needed a far
wider canvas than he allowed to tragedy in that surviving fragment of analysis
known as the poetics. Novella literally means 'a small new item' and then
interpreted as 'a short story in the form of prose'.
Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction.
Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of shape,
in terms of story length. A long story, let's say hundreds of pages, clearly can no
tbe called as a short story, but more appropriately called a novel. Because of its
length, the novel can not inherit the solid unity that belongs to the short story. The
novel is also not able to make the subject stand out like a microcosmic principle
of short stories. Instead the novel is able to present the development of one
character, a complicated social situation, relationships that involve many or few
characters, and a variety of complicated events occurring in greater detail. The
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
novel is able to create a complete universe at once complicated. This means that
the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when compared with the short
story. It is said more easily because the novel is not burdened with the
responsibility to deliver something quickly or with solid form and said to be more
difficult because the novel was written in large scale units that contain a larger
organization rather than short stories.
The novel is educating us because novels can inform on some surprising
subjects. Like other kinds of story, a novel is a way of learning about how things
were cognitive instrument and those who distrust stories as evidence should
consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer
questions. For one thing, a novel is too untidy an object, often, to be seen as
regulated in its entirety and the patterns offered can be improvisation the figure in
the carpet is not itself the carpet, or anything like it. A novel is a fund of
knowledge as well as a literary form and any pure and exclusive formalism
whether structuralize or other, flies in the face of much of the ordinary experience
of reading fiction. Novel can freely express something, to present something more
detailed, and more involving many complex problems. This includes various the
story elements that build the novel.
Novel is one of many possible prose narrative forms. Richard Gill
(1985:78) says that in the writing, there is a recognition that a novel is something
specially made by an author so that a reader will respond to it in a particular way.
The good candidate has recognized three things about a novel: the events of the
novel, the author who has created them, and the reader for whom the novel is
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
written. In any good writing about a novel, these three things should be
mentioned. They are, however not separable. For instance, the events of a novel
are only there because the author has put them there, and they are only recognized
as events when read by a reader.The author, of course is the most important
element; the events of the novel and the reactions of the reader depend upon what
he or she chooses to do. Because without an author there could be no book at all,
but there is also a much more important reason: a novel is a world specially made
in words by an author.
A novel‟s theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also
be defined as the action of the characters do. Rarely can a novel‟s theme be
interpreted in only one way. Because of the length of novels and the various
characters, conflicts and scene found within them, readers can look at different
aspect of the work to uncover different interpretations of the meaning of the tale.
Throughout the history of the novels, a major theme has been whether
people can change their situations in life or whether they are in the grips of forces
beyond their control. A common theme in novels is the conflict between
appearance and reality, the search for personal identity. The other common
themes in novels include how act and life are reflected in one another, the
meaning of the religion, and whether technology helps people or whether it is a
harmful aspect of society. However, themes are the “keys” to understanding the
novel.
Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be
defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel,
drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate,
madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc.
Nurgiyantoro, (1965: 70) says that theme is a meaning of story which
especially explains a big part of its elements in the simple way. It is more or less
synonymous the central idea and central purpose.
Hamalian (1976: 23) says that the expanding of story does not always
parallel with the framework because the idea will often develop suitable with the
author‟s will. But when he thinks that the idea has become so usual in life and
bored, he develops it out of the basic framework and makes his story more
interesting to be enjoyed and implemented his readers.
Theme is also a general basic idea that supports a literature, and it implies
in the text as semantic structure and connects with the similarities and differences.
Themes become basic development of the whole story, so it must represent the
whole part of novel.
Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme means
what the novel can be summed up as saying. Another way of putting it would be
to talk of the „ideas‟ of the book. The message may be about life, society or
human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost
implied rather than stated explicitly.
To determine the main meaning in a novel, we should know the definition
of theme itself. Therefore, the theme is the basic common idea that support of
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
literary work that is contained in the text as a semantic structure and related
equations similarities or differences.
Hartoko and Rahmanto, (1986: 142) say that the theme is the ideas of
common bases that sustain a work of literature and are contained in the text
semantic structure regarding commonality or differences. Themes distilled from
the motifs contained in the relevant work that determines the presence of events,
conflicts and situations. The theme became the basis of development of the whole
story, so he is animating the whole story. A common theme has a generalization,
wider, and abstract. Principal themes as the meaning of a work of fiction is not
deliberately hidden because precisely this that is offered to the reader.
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jacobs (1993:1-3) says that literature provides the comparative that basic
from which we can see worthiness in the aims of all people, and it helps us to see
the beauty of the world around us. It is a kind of art which need a creative writing.
It is a writing that can describe the real feeling which related to human interest,
characterized, full of imaginations, and artistic. Literature in the sense drama,
poems, and novel has something different. The writer of this paper is sure that
literature is an investment of genius which pays dividends to all subsequent times.
Shaw (1977:162) says that literature is the writing in which expression and
form, in connection with ideas and concern of universal and apparently permanent
interest are essential features. Literature is frequently, but unwisely applied to any
kind of printed material such as circulars, leaflets, and handbills. The term is
correctly reserved for prose and verse of acknowledge excellence.
Eagleton (1988:4) says that literature is a delicate piece of writing is the
work of the recorded from of language. Daily in the variety of ways with the
language compressed, at in the right, lapped, trimmed and reversed in length, uses
as odd.
Taylor (1981:1) says that it is explained that the literature of social
institutions use language as a medium. Language itself is a social creation.
Literature presents a picture of life, and life itself is a social reality.
Stanford (2003) says that literature is literary or disclosure of the facts
artistic and imaginative as a manifestation of human life. Society through
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
language as a medium and has a positive effect on human life (humanity). There
have been various attempts to define literature. You can define it, for example as
“imaginative” writing in the sense of fiction. Writing which is not really true. But
even the briefest refection on what people commonly include under the heading of
literature suggests that this will do. Literature as imaginative writing is reflected
from people thought, that is not really true.
Fannanie (2000:6) says that literature is a fiction that are created based on
emotion spontaneously capable of expressing the ability aspects of beauty are
both based aspects of language and aspects of meaning. This human capable of
presenting creative ideas and life experiences with literary art from.The form of
literary content of thoughts, feelings, experiences, beliefs and spirits of others.
William (1934) says that writings having excellence of form or expression
and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. Literature is writings in
which expression and form in connection with ideas of permanent and universal
interest, are characteristic or essential features as poetry, novels, history,
biography, and essays. Literature in the sense drama, poems, and novel has
something different. Literature is human creation in the form of oral and written
language that can make you feel good.
Literature formed which has two elements, they are intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic elements are included in the content of literary works. And extrinsic
elements are elements that originate from outside of literature.
Sumardjo (1998: 29) says that novel is a story with the prose form in long
shape, this long shape means the story including the complex plot, many character
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and various setting. A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a
totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and
mutually dependent. The elements of a novel-builder that collectively form a
totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more
kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic
elements.
Abrams, (1981: 119) says that novel is the name of a literary kind and
there is a story to tell about how over the centuries, its substance has widened and
its conventions changed. In an excited moment, we can call the novel
„independent, elastic prodigious, and its story is as untidy as some of its
masterpieces. If Abrams had ever read any novels, he would have needed a far
wider canvas than he allowed to tragedy in that surviving fragment of analysis
known as the poetics. Novella literally means 'a small new item' and then
interpreted as 'a short story in the form of prose'.
Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction.
Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of shape,
in terms of story length. A long story, let's say hundreds of pages, clearly can no
tbe called as a short story, but more appropriately called a novel. Because of its
length, the novel can not inherit the solid unity that belongs to the short story. The
novel is also not able to make the subject stand out like a microcosmic principle
of short stories. Instead the novel is able to present the development of one
character, a complicated social situation, relationships that involve many or few
characters, and a variety of complicated events occurring in greater detail. The
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
novel is able to create a complete universe at once complicated. This means that
the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when compared with the short
story. It is said more easily because the novel is not burdened with the
responsibility to deliver something quickly or with solid form and said to be more
difficult because the novel was written in large scale units that contain a larger
organization rather than short stories.
The novel is educating us because novels can inform on some surprising
subjects. Like other kinds of story, a novel is a way of learning about how things
were cognitive instrument and those who distrust stories as evidence should
consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer
questions. For one thing, a novel is too untidy an object, often, to be seen as
regulated in its entirety and the patterns offered can be improvisation the figure in
the carpet is not itself the carpet, or anything like it. A novel is a fund of
knowledge as well as a literary form and any pure and exclusive formalism
whether structuralize or other, flies in the face of much of the ordinary experience
of reading fiction. Novel can freely express something, to present something more
detailed, and more involving many complex problems. This includes various the
story elements that build the novel.
Novel is one of many possible prose narrative forms. Richard Gill
(1985:78) says that in the writing, there is a recognition that a novel is something
specially made by an author so that a reader will respond to it in a particular way.
The good candidate has recognized three things about a novel: the events of the
novel, the author who has created them, and the reader for whom the novel is
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
written. In any good writing about a novel, these three things should be
mentioned. They are, however not separable. For instance, the events of a novel
are only there because the author has put them there, and they are only recognized
as events when read by a reader.The author, of course is the most important
element; the events of the novel and the reactions of the reader depend upon what
he or she chooses to do. Because without an author there could be no book at all,
but there is also a much more important reason: a novel is a world specially made
in words by an author.
A novel‟s theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also
be defined as the action of the characters do. Rarely can a novel‟s theme be
interpreted in only one way. Because of the length of novels and the various
characters, conflicts and scene found within them, readers can look at different
aspect of the work to uncover different interpretations of the meaning of the tale.
Throughout the history of the novels, a major theme has been whether
people can change their situations in life or whether they are in the grips of forces
beyond their control. A common theme in novels is the conflict between
appearance and reality, the search for personal identity. The other common
themes in novels include how act and life are reflected in one another, the
meaning of the religion, and whether technology helps people or whether it is a
harmful aspect of society. However, themes are the “keys” to understanding the
novel.
Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be
defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel,
drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate,
madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc.
Nurgiyantoro, (1965: 70) says that theme is a meaning of story which
especially explains a big part of its elements in the simple way. It is more or less
synonymous the central idea and central purpose.
Hamalian (1976: 23) says that the expanding of story does not always
parallel with the framework because the idea will often develop suitable with the
author‟s will. But when he thinks that the idea has become so usual in life and
bored, he develops it out of the basic framework and makes his story more
interesting to be enjoyed and implemented his readers.
Theme is also a general basic idea that supports a literature, and it implies
in the text as semantic structure and connects with the similarities and differences.
Themes become basic development of the whole story, so it must represent the
whole part of novel.
Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme means
what the novel can be summed up as saying. Another way of putting it would be
to talk of the „ideas‟ of the book. The message may be about life, society or
human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost
implied rather than stated explicitly.
To determine the main meaning in a novel, we should know the definition
of theme itself. Therefore, the theme is the basic common idea that support of
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
literary work that is contained in the text as a semantic structure and related
equations similarities or differences.
Hartoko and Rahmanto, (1986: 142) say that the theme is the ideas of
common bases that sustain a work of literature and are contained in the text
semantic structure regarding commonality or differences. Themes distilled from
the motifs contained in the relevant work that determines the presence of events,
conflicts and situations. The theme became the basis of development of the whole
story, so he is animating the whole story. A common theme has a generalization,
wider, and abstract. Principal themes as the meaning of a work of fiction is not
deliberately hidden because precisely this that is offered to the reader.
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara