THE INFLUENCES OF FAMILY AND ENVIRONMENT TOWARD RICHARD WRIGHT’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN RICHARD WRIGHT’S BLACK

BOY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

Student Number: 994214086

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS F A C U L T Y O F L E T T E R S

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE.................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 A. Background of the Study ................................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................... 3 C. Objective of the Study .................................................................................... 3 D. Definition of Term .......................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW

5 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................. 5

B. Review of Related Theories........................................................................... 7

1. Theory of Character and Characterization............................................... 7

2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology ................................... 9

3. Theory of Personality Development ........................................................ 12

4. Theory of Setting ..................................................................................... 22

C. Theoretical Framework.................................................................................. 23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 24 A. Object of the Study ........................................................................................ 24 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................... 25 C. Method of the Study....................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 27 A. The Social Environment of Richard Wright as Seen in the Novel .............. 27 B. The Influence of Family and Environment toward Richard Wright’s Personality Development................................................................ 36

1. The Influence Richard’s Family towards His Personality Development ............................................................................................ 36

2. The Influences Environment toward Richard Wright personality Development .........................................................................

60 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 72

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 76

ABSTRACT

Antonius Agung Prihantara (2004). THE INFLUENCES OF FAMILY AND

ENVIRONMENT TOWARD RICHARD WRIGHT’S PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN RICHARD WRIGHT’S BLACK BOY. Jogjakarta:

English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses the work of Richard Wright’s, Black Boy , in this novel Richard Wright presents a life story of a black boy name Richard Wright from his early childhood until his early youth. Based on the Psychological theory, a person always faces developments and one of them is the personality development. This thesis analyzes the influences of family and environment to the personality development of the main character Richard Wright.

There are two problem formulations in this analysis. The first will give picture on the environment where Richard Wright spends his time during his early childhood until early youth. This is important to recognize the environment that influences his personality development. The second problem tries to explore the influences of family and environment through the characters in the story that becomes the representation of those two factors, this last problem is formed to reveal the influences of family and environment in Richard Wright’s personality development.

This thesis employs library research as the method of the study. The psychological approach was applied in this thesis because the topic deals with the aspects of human development.

The analysis shows that Richard Wright gets influences from his family and the environments. Each character that represented Richard’s family and his environment showed that directly and indirectly they give a big contribution to his personality development especially his early childhood until his early youth. The influences from family makes Richard develop from an obedient into rebellious personality, from dependent into independent personality( although he is still dependent toward his mother) ,from ordinary child into a person who is more mature before his time. Richard’s rebellion and independent personality make him difficult to adapt in his environment. From the environment Richard personality is developed from limited knowledge into full of curiosity, from difficult to adapt into more adaptive personality, from obedient and naïve into naughty, limited view toward his environment into open minded view toward the outer environment.

ABSTRAK

Antonius Agung Prihantara (2004). THE INFLUENCES OF FAMILY AND

ENVIRONMENT TOWARD RICHARD WRIGHT’S PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN RICHARD WRIGHT’S BLACK BOY. Jogjakarta:

Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Thesis ini membahas karya Richard Wright ,Black Boy .Dalam novel ini Richard Wright menampilkan kisah hidup seorang anak kulit hitam yang bernama Richard Wright dari anak –anak sampai awal remaja. Berdasarkan pada teori psikologi , seseorang selalu mengalami beberapa jenis perkembangan dan salah satu dari hal tersebut adalah perkembangan kepribadian. Thesis ini menganalisa pengaruh –pengaruh dari keluarga dan lingkungan terhadap Richard Wright dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.

Ada dua perumusan masalah yang digunakan pada analisis ini. Masalah pertama akan memberikan gambaran tentang lingkungan tempat Richard Wright tinggal selama masa kanak-kanaknya sampai masa remajanya.Hal ini penting untuk mengenal lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadiannya. Masalah kedua mencoba untuk menyelidiki pengaruh keluarga dan lingkungan melalui karakter-karakter dalam cerita yang mewakili kedua factor tersebut. Masalah akhir dirumuskan untuk mengungkap pengaruh keluarga dan lingkungan kepada Richard Wright dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah studi pustaka . Pendekatan psikologis diterapkan dalam tesis ini karena pokok bahasannya terkait dengan aspek-aspek perkembangan manusia.

Analisa menunjukan bahwa Richard Wright mendapat banyak pengaruh dari keluarga dan lingkungannya. Setiap karakter yang mewakili keluarga dan lingkungannya terbukti mereka secara langsung maupun tidak langsung memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap perkembangan kepribadiannya khususnya masa kanak-kanaknya sampai awal remaja. Pengaruh dari keluarga membuat Richard berkembang dari patuh menjadi pemberontak kepribadiannya, sangat tergantung menjadi lebih merdeka dalam kepribadiannya walaupun ia masih terikat pada ibunya, dari anak yang normal menjadi anak yang lebih dewasa sebelum waktunya,kepribadian Richard yang pemberontak dan mandiri menyebabkan ia sulit beradaptasi dengan lingkungan diluar keluarganya. Dari lingkungannya Richard berkembang dari terbatas dalam pengatahuan menjadi penuh rasa ingin tahu, sulit untuk beradaptasi menjadi lebih terbuka untuk beradaptasi, patuh dan lugu menjadi pemberontak dan nakal, pandangan yang tertutup menjadi lebih terbuka terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya individual aspect covers some natural process such as personality development. In this growing process, the individual aspect will be influenced by the social condition happen around him, for example: family and environment. Hurlock in her book en titled Child Development (1974:19-20) states that there are three major factors in determining the development of the personality pattern: first, the individual’s heredity endowment; second, early experience within the family; third, important events in later life out side the home environment. The heredity endowment provides some potential in heritage from parent. Whether it will develop as good or bad potentials depends on the family and environment. The second and the third are the parts of social aspect, the individual personality development is never apart from the social condition around him because family and environment where the individual lives will always have roles in determining one’s personality development.

In the social theories of Harry Stack Sullivan, an individual is ”the important object of his study because he does not and cannot be separated from his relationship with other around him who continue to influence his thinking, behavior and acting”

(1953:144). Then in the book entitled Humanistic Psychology John Cohen stated the great influence of family in individual personality development The significance of these early experiences is al the greater because they determined the subsequent relationship which the child will form .He never really leaves his family. He carries it with him through life as a kind of invisible framework, a prototype for all the later relationships that he will form. He will continue to assess him self at the appraisal he received from his parents, and his judgments of other will very largely be projections of his own self-judgment so acquired (1958:54). Those aspects happen in Richard Wright’s personality development in the autobiography entitled Black Boy, which is written by Richard Wright himself.

Harper and Brother Publishers in United States was first published the Autobiographical novel in the year 1937.

Black Boy was named among the top 25 non-fiction works of the century, Richard Wright's Black Boy has made a strong impact on American literature with its strong commentary on the cultural, political, racial, religious, and social issues of 20th century American society. It is often describe as a superb example of subtlety-crafted narrative describing Wright's journey into adulthood. Many critics question whether the book should be considered pure autobiography or fiction, particularly because they doubt the accuracy of Wright's recollection as well as because of its novelistic style. But it is agreed that the book monumentalizes an important piece of American, as well as African-American culture (http://www.classicnote.com/Author/Richard Wright/criticism/Back Boy.html).

Based on the brief explanations above, the writer encourages himself to choose Richard Wright’s Autobiography Black Boy to be analyzed in term of a fiction. The writer is interested in discussing a childhood until early youth personality development of major character Richard Wright, under the influences of his family and environment around him. This study aims to find the influence from his family as the major factor and environment as the minor factor in Richard Wright childhood until early youth.

B. Problem Formulation

Having presented the background of the study, in the followings are presented the problems, which are going to be analyzed in this study. They are some questions that will be answered throughout this thesis, in order to make it better.

1. How is the social Environment of Richard Wright as seen in the novel?

2. How do the family and the environment influence the development of Richard Wright’s personality as seen in the novel?

C. Objective of the Study

Firstly, this study will explore the condition of Southern African -American people in United States in that period, as seen in the novel. In order to get a better understanding on the social condition, which greatly influenced Richard Wright personality development as the member the society.

Secondly, the study will identify some characters in the novel that represent Richard family as the major factor, and his environment as the minor factor, which influence the development of Richard personality. From his childhood until his youth clearly from the way Richard Wright see things around him, how he reacts toward something happen around him in his environment and to find out the change in the way Richard view the environment around him.

In this section the writer wants to clarify some terms that the writer uses in this thesis. The first term is development. According to Craig’s Child Development, it can be defined as the changes in thought and behaviors of a person influenced by either biological or environmental factors (1979:9). Further, Craig conveys that there are some developments such as parental growth, physical changes that are influenced by biological factors, how ever, there are also developments that depend highly on the environment, for example one’s personality development (1979:10).

The second term is personality; in Hall’s Theory of personality one’s personality is clarified as an effectiveness by which he can get all supports he needs from people around him (1957:245). Then According to Alport’s personality is that a

man really is Personality shows the most typical and deeply characteristic of the person (1953:185-186). autobiography uses techniques so well usually reserved for fiction that many experts question if these events are nonfiction. When read as such, however, Black Boy sparks many emotions that are sometimes lost in today's society, where racism is perhaps not as overt as it used to be” ( http://www.teenink.com/Past/2000/November/Books/BlackBoy.html ). Elizabeth Schultz in her critical essay entitled To be Black And Blue: The

Blues Genres in Black American Autobiography , explained that Richard Wright’s

Black Boy is the history of imagination compare to Henry James’s description on his

own Autobiography.

The history of (an) imagination; so might Richard Wright have called Black

Boy . Beginning a long list of purely natural sensory experiences early in the

autobiography, Wright notes that “Each…. spoke with a cryptic tongue “two more such lists follow, the last one a list of superstition involving natural phenomena Wright seems, in making such lists as a boy, to be seeking for the organizing principle in the phenomenal world. Which would give him the means for understanding and controlling it. His interpretations are inevitably emotional in terms of his delight, nostalgia, melancholy, disdain, alarm, and glory, panic (1981:118-119).

This criticism tells about the fiction aspect of Richard Wright’s Black Boy as an autobiography novel compare to Henry James’s interpretation on his own autobiography. The criticism shows Richard Wright’s Black Boy can be categorized as fiction.

Then the other criticism as quoted from the Internet also gave explanation about the subjectivity and high selective of the novel Black Boy, which makes it, can be categorized as fiction work.

Most readers agree that Black Boy is a highly selective account, more selective than the term "record" in its subtitle suggests. At the time Wright wrote Black Boy, he was already an accomplished author of fiction. He had published a collection of short stories called Uncle Tom's Children and the highly successful novel Native Son. Wright chose carefully the experiences he includes in Black Boy, the ones he highlights, and the tone in which he writes about them. Many readers even think that he invents some of the incidents. Most agree, however, that Wright crafts his autobiography for the precise impact he wants ( http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/barrons/blackby2.asp#chr ).

Taryl Savage from Herndon, VA in her essay gives comment that the novel

Black Boy gave a natural description of African American person and it has a strong

effect toward the reader.

This autobiography of Richard Wright has a really strong sense of power to it. It shows the everyday trials that a young black boy has to go through in order to be accepted in this society. Giving real life situations this book is filling everybody that reads it in on the life and times of a normal African American human. Situations were very hected during the time that Richard Wright was growing up and he knew being a black child was a top reason that he would never make it through. Strength comes from within the mind and soul and there were a lot of examples showing how strong he was. No matter what stood in his way, he never gave up. There was plenty of negativity, stereotyping, and hatred against blacks and most of that still exists today believe it or not. Black Boy captured the attention of many individuals and gave a sense of what it was like to get anywhere in the world today as a young afro-American. Just telling of all the events that he went through shows how much one can do with very little opportunities. Overall, Black Boy is a very powerful book and should be read by teenagers all across the country ( http://www.Amazon.com/criticism/Black Boy.html ).

Most of the criticism above discussed Black Boy in term of autobiography, although there some question about the narrative style which Richard Wright’s use and the accuracy of the work as an autobiography. These facts show the fiction side and subjectivity of Black Boy .The writer is interest in Richard Wright’s Black Boy as fiction work .The writer in the thesis is going to analyze the personality development of the main character Richard Wright under the influence of his family an the environment around him, not as the real person who is the author Richard Wright’s but as the main character in the fiction work. The criticisms above are use in this thesis in order to give clear picture on the analysis that the writer does. The writer is finding something new from the analysis in the thesis that the writers work.

In order to make the finding in the analysis theoretical justify, the writer would also apply some theories to be the basic guidance. Those theories are the theory of character, theory of characterization and theory of personality development.

According to M. H Abrams in his book The Glossary of Literary Terms , “ characters are the persons presented in a dramatic work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral dispositional qualities, that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue- and by what they do-the action”(1981:20). According to him, a major character can be the center of the story. He or she is the most important character in the story. Usually, the acts of the story are focused on this character from the beginning to the ending parts. The core of the story is highlighted to this character’s experience. Minor character appears in certain setting, just to become the background for the major character. Their roles are less important than those of the major characters are because their roles in the story are just to support the development of the major character (1981:20).

Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English poetry and the

English Novel for over seas student states that there are nine ways in which the author

presents his character. Those way are:

a. Personal Description We can find out the nature of the character from the author’s description about his /her character appearance.

b. Character as seen by another Besides, we can know the character’s nature through other eyes and also comment on his/her nature.

c. Speech The character can give us the clue to his/her nature through his/her speaking, conversation with other people, and opinion. d. Past Life A person’s past life can shape his/her nature. We can find out the character’s past life by the author direct explanation, the character’s thoughts and conversation of other

e. Conversation of Other The conversation of other people and the things they say about him/her can give a description of the character’s nature.

f. Reactions The person’s nature can be known by his/her reactions to different occasions

g. Direct Comments The author describes the character by his/her own direct comments on the character’s nature.

h. Thoughts The nature of the character can be known from what he/she is thinking. i. Mannerisms

We can understand the character through the way in which he/she behaves and talks when he is with other people (1972:161-173).

Because the writer in this study is going to analyze the personality development of Richard Wright as the main character in the novel, the writer need to give clear explanations on the relation between literature and psychology, in order to make the study clear and understandable.

David Willbern in his essay “Reading after Freud” explain Psychological criticisms of literature are not something new. The argument between Plato and Aristotle about the value of myth and drama is fundamentally a conflict between psychological assumptions about mimesis. Plato argue that the composition (inspiration) and, by inference, the reception of poetry were kind of madness. Because poetry encourages the emotions and weakened reason. He also stated that poetry should be banned from ideal stated. Aristotle in his argument toward Plato explains, the same energies of enactment and response were therapeutic (art of healing) or catharsis (give a strong emotion through the work of art) that allowed the controlled expression of powerful feelings. Versions of this ancient argument still persist beneath modern disputes about the place of psychoanalysis in literary studies (1989:1590).

In some aspects literature and psychology has a close relationship with each other, according to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book entitled Theory of

Literature stated that literature must stand in recognizable relation in life in such

away that it is in any case a selection from life. Literature is an expression of life, and this expression has the power to move the readers hearth it can be happiness and sadness. In this case a literary work must be creative and imaginative to bring the reader mind to understand what the authors intention or purpose in his or her work mean the psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of psychological types and laws present within works of literature upon each readers (audience psychology)” (1956:81).

Then according to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, there remains the question of ‘psychology’ in the works themselves. The character in the novels and plays are judged by us to be ‘psychologically true’ .The psychologically true itself raise a question whether such ‘truth’ is an artistic value. The psychological truth is sometimes corroborates important artistic values, those of complexity and coherence (1956:92). The situations are praised and the plots are accepted because of this same quality. Sometimes a psychological theory, held either consciously or dimly by an author, seems to fit a figure or a situation.

Two aspects are revealing in the relation between literature and psychology. Firstly, it related to the author. Wellek and warren explains that it is a creative process and an inspiration of the writer of the author to create the literary works. Secondly, It is about the work it self. The characters can be analyzed using psychological approach. The psychological approach can also be applied on the plot or situations.

There are a lot of studies analyzing the psychological aspects in the literary works, for Example the study on the characters personality development, behavior and the other studies .The literary works enable the researchers to analyze the psychological aspects presented in its.

In this study the writer want to explore the personality development of an autobiography novel but the fiction side of the novel makes the writer interesting to analyze it using psychological approach. The main purpose of this study is studying the influence of family and environment toward Richard Wright personality development as seen in Richard Wright’s Black Boy.

Hurlock in her book entitled Personality Development stated that an individual’s personality pattern is the product of learning during the course of social relationships with people both within and outside his home. Furthermore, she describes that there are three major factors, which determine the development of one personality pattern. The first is the individual’s hereditary endowment, the second is the early experiences within one’s family, and the third is important events outside one’s home environment. Thus one’s personality pattern is not product of learning exclusively or hereditary exclusively. However it comes from an interaction of the two, in other word, behavior learned in child hood may later be changed by direct training or by altering one’s environment (1974:19). Byrne and Kelley (1981:87) consider one’s Personality as a dynamic process for it can change through out one’s life. Further, they state that personality change can occur when there is a condition that leads the new emotional, informational or responses (1981:533).

The earliest years of life are important to form the basis for an adult personality. However, there is no final personality. It is because later experiences can new stimulus conditions. Therefore, he then may behave in a totally new way, it means that new emotions may be formed and new attitudes develop moreover, Bryne and Kelley An Introduction to Personality, point out that when an individual is faced to new facts, there may be dramatic changes in the info-belief system, new expectancies, and perhaps new emotional responses and attitudes as well (1981:523).

In fact, the personality development can be influenced by some factor. Horton and Hunts say that the factors that can influence the personality are heredity, physical environment, and culture (1987:114). Heredity is an inherent factor from our parents, what is meant by physical environment is the environment around us such as our parents, friend, and other people. Culture in the society presents some experiences, which are experienced by the people in the society.

While according to Justin Pikunas in his book Human Development: An

Emergent Science , the growth of individuals is divided into two big influences. They

are hereditary influence and environmental influences. Environmental influences include physical environment, family, peers as models, and education for life, and community, Let us understand the factors that can influence the personality one by one a. The Hereditary Influence

The Hereditary Influence is concerned with DNA and RNA molecules. This factor influences biologically. This hereditary factor is transmitted from parents to the children. This also called biological inheritance (Pikunas, 1969:54). b. Physical Environment Physical Environment is concerned with environmental ecology, food, and chemicals. The rapid population growth causes pollution problem, which is increased without good handling, the environment will be worse. The damaged environment causes the bad quality plants, some can also cause cancer included in food.

c. Family Living in the household with the parents and the children is called a family. In family, we are taught to socialize and also taught about values .A family is formed from two persons who have the same commitment of living together and officially recorded in a marriage institution. The family is the most minimum size group in society.

Furthermore, Light and Calhoun in their book entitled Sociology say: The family is the primary agent of socialization for children, who are in process of developing fundamental values and learning about social relationships. For many years the family serves as the foremost agent of socialization in a child’s world (Claudia Parks/stock market) (Light, 1989:124). A family is an agent to formed from several families who live together in a place. An individual grows in family. An individual tries to face the fact or the reality and the problems so that in the future the individual can easily adapt to the society. It cannot be denied that a family is also a factor of one’s. Light and Calhoun also state: The family introduces a child into society, locating him or her on the Social map. To be born into a particular family is to acquire asocial status. Whether a family status has a strong effect on how neighbors, teachers, and others see that child (Light, 1989:124). According to Justin Pikunas, a family is formed by marriage and blood relationship “The family is enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship, exercising hereditary and environmental influences of prime dimensions on the offspring”( 1969:60).

The emotional condition and social development of the children are influenced by the mother’s attitude” The psychosocial development and emotional security of the child are based on the mother’s reasonably consistent, patient, and tender care. Each year of full-time mothering tends to pay large dividends to both mother and children” (1969:61).

While the role of the father tends to the protection and the discipline for the children. With the existence of the father’s disciplined the father can guide the children to have reality orientation .The father teachers the children to view every thing as a reality “The father usually shoulders a major part of discipline and arbitration as children grow. By his authority and disciplined he stimulates their reality orientation” (1969:62). The family has a special condition if there is un equal leadership between the parents. The mother who is more dominant than the father influences family condition.” In a minority of families however, the mother becomes recognized as the decisive leading person, often it is the husband and insecurity that facilitates dominance by the wife and mother. The family situation becomes unsound if she takes advantage of her dominance”(1969:62). d. Peers as models For many people, associates with peers are very pleasuring. They have the same needs because they are at the same age and maturity. They share their problems together, the peers can also influence their feeling.” Most persons enjoy associating with those who are similar in age, maturity, and status” (1969:66).

e. Education for life Children’s education is influence by the condition of the family. Children from rich family will have a better education than the children from poor family” Many children from the lower income brackets are socially and culturally disadvantaged and greatly in need of regular preschool training to fill gaps in their cognitive and social experience so that they can respond properly to the demands of school” (1969:67).

f. Community Some one’s growth is also influenced by the community. Community’s life, which has high social s status, is different from community’s life, which has middle or low social status (1969:73). From six theory of Personality Development that the Writer quote from Justin Pikunas in his book Human Development: An Emergent Science, the Writer used Peers as models, Community, and Family.

RossVasta et.al. in their book entitled Child Psychology the Modern Science states that there are two styles of parenting. a. Authoritative parents is typical of parenting who are high in both warmth and control. These parents tend to be caring and sensitive toward the children but set clear limits and maintain a predictable environment. Children of these parents generally are the most curious, self-confident, academically successful and independent

b. Authoritarian parents is a parenting style who are low in warmth but high in control. These parents are very demanding, exercising strong control over their children’s behavior and enforcing their demands with threats and punishment. Most children do not respond well to this approach. Children of authoritarian parents often are really upset, displaying moodiness, aggression, and conduct problems (Vasta, 1995:476). Hurlock in her book Adolescent Development explains that, the way parents raises their children also has an important role for the development of children personality Hurlock explains that there some method of Child’s training that uses by parents one of those method is the Authoritarian method, which is characterized by the use of strict rules and regulations to enforce the desired behavior. This method produce a child who is quiet, well behaved, socially unagressive, and restricted in curiosity, originality, and fanciful .As he grows up he develops feelings of quilt about independent thinking and this impedes his social and emotional maturing. He learns to think of himself, as worthless and as a result lacks confidences in his abilities (1950:90). Elizabeth B.Hurlock in her book Child Growth and Development explained the importance of early environmental toward children personality development.

In as much as most personality traits are learned, the child’s early environment plays an important role in determining what they will be. Also, because the child environment during the early years of his life is limited to his home, the members of house hold are the people who are of primary importance in determining what sort of person he will be. The only other influence on the child’s personality development during the early years is the nursery school or kindergarten. The influence of the children in the neighborhood is of secondary personality development because in these early years he child does not actually play with other children, he plays parallel to them. Furthermore his contacts with them are few and sort, as compared with his contacts within the home. As child progresses in years however, playmates become progressively more important in the development of his personality, and the influence of the home decreases in importance (Hurlock, 1956:232). Elizabeth Hurlock in her other book entitled Personality Development explains that besides the influence of family, one’s personality is also shaped and influenced by their environment in which the individual lives. This means that people out side the home may have a role to shape one’s personality (1974:234). Adults outside the home may also affect young children’s social attitudes and behavior. When children associate with people older than they are, they will strive to keep up with them, and by doing so, develop more mature patterns of behavior than their age mates (Hurlock, 1974: 234).

Hurlock explains that the ways environment influences one’s personality pattern can be as follows: a. Studies of Models

This is done by providing models for the individual to follow. It may occur direct directly and indirectly. The direct way is done by providing opportunities for learning the approved patterns of behavior and by preventing the learning of disapproved patterns. Indirectly the environment influences the individual by setting up a model for him to imitate and by making the models became so prestigious that the individual will want to imitate them.

b. Studies of Learning Opportunities The shaping of personality pattern from environment can come from learning.

The learning may be “inner-directed” or “outer-directed”. In inner directed learning. The learner take “imitate is putting forth the effort needed to achieve end result that he feels is valuable to him”(1974:83). While outer-directed learning is “instructed by some one else who motivates the learner to continue his practice. Until he has mastered the desired pattern of behavior”(1974:84).

From Elizabeth Hurlock two Theories in the influence of environment toward personality development in Her book Personality Development the Writer used Studies of Models and Studies of Learning Opportunities. Duane Schultz in her book entitled Growth Psychology: Models of the Healthy

Personality , there are seven stage of the self, or proprium, unfold from infancy to adolescence according to Allport.

a. Bodily Self The infant is not born with the sense of self; it is not part of the genetic

Gradually, through increasing complex learning and perceptual experiences, a vague distinction becomes clearer. The Bodily self stages happen at the ages of 15 months .The example of a Bodily Self is the infant’s distinguishing between its fingers and an object held in its fingers, this is the first step toward achieving total selfhood. Allport called it “a lifelong anchor for our self awareness”; although it is far from being the person’s total self.

b. Self –identity Self-identity is the second stage of the self-development. In this stage the child becomes aware of its continuing identity as a separate person. The child learns its name; Allport felt that the most important aspect of self-identity is a person’s name. It becomes the symbol of one’s existence, identifying one’s self and distinguishing it from all the other selves in the world.

c. Self-esteem The third stage of self-development or proprium is the emergence of the self is self –esteem. This concerned with the child’s feeling of pride as a result of learning to do things on its own. At this stage the child wants to make things, to explore and satisfy its curiosity about the environment, and to manipulate and change that environment. Allport believed this stage is very important stage of development; if parents frustrate the child’s need to explore, the emerging sense of self-esteem may be damaged. Feeling of humiliation and anger can result. At this stage around the age of two the child seems to oppose virtually everything the parent want it to do. Later, with one’s peers. In this stage central on the emergence of self –esteem is the Childs need for autonomy from its parent.

d. Self-extension Self-esteem begins at the ages of four. The child has become aware of other people and objects in the environment and the fact that some of them belong to the child. The child is learning the meaning and the value of possessiveness as embodied in that marvelous word “mine”. While at this age the circle of the objects and people identified, as “mine” is limited, the process by which larger entities (such as country, career, or religion) become “mine” is now established. This is the beginning of the person’s ability to extend his or her broadly to include things but also abstractions, values, and beliefs.

e. Self-image The self-image refers to how the child sees itself, the opinion it holds of itself.

This image develops from interactions between the parents and the child. Through praise and punishment, the Childs learn that its parents expect it to display certain behaviors and avoid others. Parents usually call the child “good” in response to some behaviors and “bad” in response to others.

f. The Self as a Rational Coper The self as a rational coper begins to emerge after the child begins school.

New rules and expectations are learned from teachers and schoolmates and, more importantly, intellectual activities and challenges are presented. The child learns that g. Propriate Striving Propriate Striving is the last stage in the development of selfhood, which appears in adolescent. According to Allport the adolescent is a particularly crucial time. The person is engaged in a renewed quest for self –identity, quite different from the one at age two. The question “Who am I?” is rise. Pushed in different directions by parents and peers, the adolescent experiments with masks and roles, testing the self-image, trying to find an adult personality. The most important aspect of this search for identity is the definition of life-goal. The significance of this research is that for the first time the person is concerned with the future, with long- range goals and dreams (Schultz, 1977:13-15). From seven seven stages of the self, or proprium by Allport that quote in a book entitled Growth Psychology: Models of The Healthy

Personality written by Duane Schultz the writer used Self Esteem theory, Self-image

,and Propriate Striving.

According to Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms stated that the setting of narrative or dramatic work who is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstance in which its action occurs; the setting of an episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place (1981: 175).

In defining setting Yelland, Jones ,and Easton in A Handbook of Literary

Terms put the emphasis more on the environment. They say that setting has the elements that give the reader an abstract impression of the environment in which the characters more. The setting is usually provided by the prevailing conditions (1953: 1984). From these explanations the writer can conclude that the important elements making up setting in works of literature are place, time, the environment and social condition.

In this thesis the writer apply some theories in order to make the research finding become more justify. They are theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of personality development. The theory of character and theory of characterization are use because the writer is going to analyze the main character in the novel. The theories of setting are use to explains the social environment influence toward Richard Wright personality development. Then the theory of personality development will be use in order to reveal, Richard Wright personality development as the main character in this novel. The main character Richard Wright personality development from his early childhood until early youth become the writer main topic in this thesis, therefore theory of Human personality development is needed in this thesis.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study in this thesis is a novel entitled Black Boy, which

is written by Richard Wright’s. The novel consists of 228 pages. The novel is divided into 14 chapters. Each chapter is unnamed. Harper and Brothers Publishers was first published this Autobiography novel in United Stated. The novel was first published in 1937. Black Boy was named among the top 25 nonfiction works of the century. Richard Wright's Black Boy has made a strong impact on American literature with its strong commentary on the cultural, political, racial, religious, and social issues of 20th century American society. The setting of the story takes place in southern United States in the 20th century. The novel is talking about the life of the main character Richard Wright from child hood until early youth in southern United States. Richard Wright life is his journey to reach his adult personality. Richard Wright lives that always move from one place to another, his stay with his strict religious Granny, strict family condition and environment around him very influence Richard personality. Everyday of his life is a struggle in order to be survive. The study focus on the early childhood until early youth personality development of the main character who is Richard Wright, and how his family and the environment around him influence his personality development.

B. Approach of the Study

To analyze the problem formulation presented in the previous part, the writer would apply psychological approach. The reason the writer chooses the psychological approach in this study, because in dealing with the development of one’s personality, it is necessary to deal with psychological aspect. For this reason, applying a psychological approach is necessary. According to Lewis Leary in A Study and Research Guide “A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situations within a work of literature or to the person who wrote that work” (1976:57). By applying psychological theories of personality development, a better understanding of Richard Wright personality development under the influences of his family and the environment from childhood until early youth as seen in the novel can be achieved.

C. Method of the Study

In this study, the data are collected mainly by library research as a primary source and inter-net research as a secondary source. The writer used this kind of study since his thesis deals with novel belonging to the field of humanity. As quote from Liny Riantini in her An Under Graduate thesis entitle ,The

Significance of Sula’s Family In Shaping Her Anti Social Personality In

Morrison’s Sula’s .Donald Zimmerman and Dawn Rodriquez in Research Writing

in The Dicipline explain that “knowledge in the humanities is based on the

THE INFLUENCES OF FAMILY AND ENVIRONMENT TOWARD RICHARD WRIGHT’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN RICHARD WRIGHT’S BLACK