“AMERICAN IDIOT”: EXAMINING READERS’ SUBJECT POSITION IN ONE OF GREEN DAY’S ALBUMS.

“AMERICAN IDIOT”: EXAMINING READERS’ SUBJECT

POSITION IN ONE OF GREEN DAY’S ALBUMS

A Research Paper

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in Indonesia University of Education

By:

Admiral Indra Supardan (0806183)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

AMERICAN IDIOT : EXAMINING

READERS’ SUBJECT POSITION IN

ONE OF GREEN

DAY’S ALBUMS

Oleh

Admiral Indra Supardan

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

© Admiral Indra Supardan 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Maret 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

PAGE OF APPROVAL

“AMERICAN IDIOT”: EXAMINING READERS’ SUBJECT POSITION IN ONE OF GREEN DAY’S MUSIC ALBUMS

By

Admiral Indra Supardan 0806183

Approved by:

First Supervisor Second Supervisor

Bachrudin Musthafa, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 1957031011987031001

Nicke Yunita Moecharam, S.Pd., M.A. NIP. 198206302005012001

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

ABSTRACT

This research paper entitled “American Idiot”: Examining Readers’ Subject Position in One of Green Day’s Music Albums is aimed at investigating the ways by which the sixth album of Green Day, American Idiot (2004), ideologically positioned the implied readers in opposite to the USA political agenda. A qualitative descriptive study is employed in this present study. In analyzing the album, which consists of 13 songs, three theoretical frameworks are used: ideological analysis by John Lye (1997), context framework by Adrian Beard (2001), and John Stephens’ (1992) narrative transactions—where he locates the implied readers as the ideological function of a text. By having those frameworks within the analysis, the study discovers five socio-cultural issues, recognized as an attempt to position the implied readers in opposite the US political agenda in Bush administration. These assumptions within the issues known as a subject position are ideologically offered to the readers or the implied readers through narrative aspects; point of view and narrator.

ABSTRAK

Kajian penelitian ini berjudul “American Idiot”: Examining Readers’ Subject Position in One of Green Day’s Music Albums. Tujuan penillitian ini adalah menganalisa cara-cara yang dikembangkan di album keenam dari Green Day, American Idiot (2004), dalam memposisikan pembaca yang dituju (implied reader) secara ideologis, untuk menentang agenda politis Amerika Serikat. Adapun metodologi yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Tiga kerangka teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisa album yang terdiri dari 13 lagu ini adalah: ideological analysis oleh John Lye (1997), context framework olehAdrian Beard (2001), dan John Stephens’ (1992) narrative transactions—yang menempatkan implied reader sebagai fungsi ideologis di dalam sebuah teks. Dengan menggunakan teori tersebut, kajian ini mengemukakan bahwa ada lima isu kultur-sosial yang diyakini sebagai upaya untuk memposisikan implied reader, untuk menentang agenda politis Amerika Serikat pada masa pemerintahan Bush. Asumsi atau isu-isu ini dikenal sebagai posisi subjek (subject position), dan secara ideologis ditawarkan kepada implied reader menggunakan alat yang dikenal sebagai aspek-aspek narasi, yakni: sudut pandang cerita (point of view) dan pembawa cerita(narrator).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. PREFACE ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xi

CHAPTER I lNTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Research Question ... 6

1.3. Aims of the Study ... 6

1.4. Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5. Significance of the Study ... 7

1.6. Methodology ... 7

1.6.1. Research Method ... 7

1.7. Clarification of the Terms ... 8

1.8. Organization of Paper ... 9

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 11

2.1. Framework of Ideology ... 12

2.1.1. Ideology in Linguistics Stance ... 13

2.1.2. Ideology in Literary Text ... 15

2.2. Subject Position and Implied Reader ... 23

2.3. The Ideology of American Empire ... 25

2.3.1. American Society ... 28

2.4. American Idiot ... 29

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 31

3.1. Research Problem... 31

3.2. Research Method ... 31

3.3. Data Collection... 32

3.4. Research Procedures ... 33

3.5. Data Presentation ... 34

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36

4.1.1. Socio-Cultural Issues ... 38 4.1.2. Reader Subject Position and the Implied Reader ... 47 4.2. Discussion ... 53 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 56 5.1. Conclusions ... 56 5.2. Suggestions ... 58

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Example of Findings: The Assumptions which are Natural, Just and Right; and Distorted or Obscured and Mystified Assumptions.

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Seymour Chatman’s Illustration of the Role of the Implied Reader. 4.1 Frame of Narrative Transactions.

4.2 Frame of Socio Cultural Issues, Subject Position and Implied Reader-Author Transactions.

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 A Complete Text of the American Idiot Album Lyrics

Appendix 2 Assumptions which are Natural, Just and Right; and Assumptions which are Obscured and Mystified.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter encompasses the introduction of the study that covers background of the study, statement of problems, aims of the study, research methods, and the organization of the paper.

1.1. Background of the Study

Due to the rapid advancement of technology, today’s society could access any kind of music all around the globe easily. Despite the fact that technology has a substantial role in music, the writer would rather outline an issue of how ideology manifested in a song might have a massive impact on its society. As a kind of entertainment, the existence of the music or song is identified or perceived differently by the society. Some people might see this role of music or song as a mean or medium to voice the right of marginalized society, a medium of propaganda, and any other things related to social phenomena.

A positive ideological impact of the song toward the society is marked by the latest occurrence of a Korean song entitled Gangnam Style by PSY (2012). As it is reported by AFP (Agence France-Presse), cited in thejakartaglobe.com and

escapistmagazine.com in October 2012, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon believes that by its global reach and the implicit meaning lies within the song, he finds it helpful for him in attempt to establish world peace. The song that has been widely known for its world record— topped YouTube viewers of all history (1,308,121,490 viewers , viewed in February 12, 2013) is the reason why he reckons that the song has unlimited reach all around the globe.

The phenomenon on how music could easily widespread among society brings another effect; still, in relation to ideology of the song. One of the negative examples on how the ideology of the song may affect its society can be found on the following tragic event. According to Dailymail.co.uk in 2008, a girl named Hannah Bond (13) hanged herself after allegedly becoming obsessed with “Emo”—fashion which is famously brought by a well-known band, My Chemical Romance in their album Welcome to the Black Parade (2006). She further found out through the Internet the way how emo scenes—emo fanatics live. Therefore, this case marks the existence of ideology in the song album or a song, which is taken a follow up action by those who see this ideology. However, this research would like to examine on how readers or in this case audience, is positioned to the manifested ideology in the song album.

This research uses song lyrics as its primary source. The song lyrics itself is a part of literature and yet an artifact or social product that may manifest certain ideology (Eagleton, 2002). That is mainly because the author carries his/her own

ideology or thoughts, beliefs and attitudes that relates to social and politic as an individual (Thompson, 1984). Furthermore, Fiske on his book Cultural and Communication Studies (1990) states the ideology as a social practice. Indeed, the song could be a medium to manifest and disseminate ideology in which the writer has previously accentuated on how the existence of the music in the society.

The exact definition of the ideology is difficult to pin down. Nealon and Giroux (2003) in their book The Theory Toolbox characterize the features of ideology as false consciousness, prescriptive, descriptive, and dynamic. While Hollindale`s Three Levels of Ideology (1998) as cited on Wannamaker (2009) notes that ideology is beliefs which are left unexamined by the writer and it slips into the text unseen with people’s bare eyes. Other definitions are stated in the Fiske`s (1990) book which states that Karl Marx defines ideology as a set of ideas used by ruling social class to be accepted in the society as something natural; while Gramsci, cited in the same book, defines ideology as a hegemony which needs to be striven for. Still, the ideology is defined by Beard`s Text and Context: An Introduction to Literature and Language Study (2001) as the attitudes, values and assumptions that refers to the systems of ideas and characters of an individual or a group.

Turning into a point where this research will focus on; a legendary American punk rock band, Green Day appears as the main discussion of the ideology in this research for their finest album American Idiot (Egerdahl, 2010). It is chosen mainly under the assumption that the album is highly political. Egerdahl on her book Green

Day: A Musical Biography (2010) mentions on how the album could create a massive change in the band, yet it is the mark of the top career of the band itself by having more than 25 awards for its album in range 2005 to 2006. The album, which would be filmed in 2012 (Egerdahl, 2010), was released in 2004 or around the time when American society faced an aftermath of devastating event in September 11, 2001 or known as 9/11. Billie Joe (a lead vocalist, guitarist and main songwriter of Green Day) on his interview in 2011 said that his band was anxious to voice the feelings of their society and tried to protest the government under the reign of G.W. Bush. Indeed, what is being criticized by the album is the ideology of what Ryn (2003) called as American Empire Ideology.

This ideology generally introduces United States as the leader in order to make the world not only safer but also better that the writer tends to call it as a utopian belief. The ideology appeared in the album as a cliché thing. This “nearly messianic role” (coined by Washington Post) of US had brought another humanity agenda that the writer thought was so dehumanizing; such as the raid on Iraq. That agenda, the raid, had been marked as Bush’s justification for the sake of the tragedy of 9/11 of his grandiose plan to annihilate terrorism.

In attempt to examine how readers/audiences are positioned as subject through the song lyrics, the writer employs Beard`s (2001) approaches to texts and contexts in order to get a better understanding in reading the song as literary text, which will be supported by Lye`s (1997) Ideological Reading. Beard`s approaches

cover a context framework; writer`s, text`s, reading`s, and language`s context. This methodology will be discussed further in chapter three; not to mention that Stephens’ theory (1992) of implied readers and subject position is further explained, due to the basic needs of the analysis of readers’ subject position in the text.

The writer finds many researchers have conducted the same study about lyrics, such as: Oppression Against Children in Iwan Fals Song Lyrics by Munawaroh, (2011), and Identity Construction As Depicted in Avril Lavigne`s Songs: An Analysis of Characterization Using Transitivity System by Laela (2011). Even those researches were analyzing about lyrics, but none of them investigated the ideology that exists in the text. Munawaroh’s research for instance, as it is cited in repository.upi.edu (2012), she investigates a song lyrics by employing semiotic approach proposed by Barthes and theory of oppression by Young (1990). While Laela scrutinizes Avril Lavigne`s songs by applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that aims to seek the answer of two formulated research questions: the identity construction as depicted in the Avril Lavigne’s song’s lyrics and the types of processes predominantly used in the text. Relying on that fact, the writer would rather evaluate Green Day’s song album by employing Beard`s theory on the context framework and Lye`s theory of Ideology as the supporting approach.

1.2. Research Question

The writer would like to examine readers’ subject position in Green Day`s album American Idiot. To do so, here is a question that the writer would like to establish:

In what way(s) does Green Day’s album American Idiot ideologically position the implied reader(s) in opposite to the USA political agenda?

1.3. Aims of the Study

In line with the question above, the aim of the study will be listed as follow: To find out on the way(s) of Green Day’s album American Idiot ideologically positions the implied reader(s) in opposite to or against the USA political agenda.

1.4. Scope of the Study

In narrowing down the scope of the study, the writer puts only the first Green Day`s concept album, American Idiot, which was released on February 21, 2004. In order to grasp the way the album positioned the implied reader(s) in opposite to the USA political agenda, the writer sticks on the Beard`s (2001) approaches, Ideological Analysis initiated by Lye (1997) and Stephens’ (1992) theory of implied readers and subject position.

1.5. Significance of the Study

It is expected that the readers will be more aware of how ideology operates in texts that positioned readers in a certain way to either reject or conform the ideology in song lyrics. To some extends, this research will hopefully inspire the writer`s own society, especially musicians to create their works even better.

1.6. Methodology

1.6.1. Research Method

This study employs qualitative approach in accomplishing the main goal of the study. It focuses on describing, interpreting, analyzing, and criticizing the ideology of Green Day`s album American Idiot (2004). In doing so, the tool in dissecting the ideology will rely on Beard`s (2001) a context framework and Lye`s (1997) Ideological Analysis. Stephens (1992) theory of implied readers and subject position are utilized due to the basic needs of examining readers’ subject position in the album. Further details of methodology will be presented in chapter III.

1.6.2. Data Collection and Analysis

The data were gained from Green Day`s album American Idiot (2004). In order to strengthen the analysis and interpretation of the data, the writer also conducts

library research to enrich the understanding of ideological position in text. To conduct the research, the writer follows some steps as follow:

1. Collect the data from the album of American Idiot.

2. Read the theory of Beard and Lye (1997) on context and ideology, and Stephens’ (1992) theory of implied readers and subject position.

3. Listen carefully to the whole songs.

4. Identify and list some issues in the album, and interpret the songs. 5. Apply Beard and Lye`s approaches into the text.

6. Elaborate the whole songs, the questions, and the information that has been obtained earlier from articles, journals, interviews and books.

7. Determine the subject position along with implied readers and implied author of the album.

8. Draw conclusions and suggestions based on the findings and results of the study.

1.7. Clarification of the Terms

Since the research explores many studies to be discussed, the writer will reassert them under the clarification listed as follows:

1. American Society: American society in this context refers to American society in range 2001-2004 or the time when the album was made. At that period, the American society was in a great distress because of the traumatic tragedy called 9/11

and series of attacks were launched on America (BBC.co.uk). Furthermore, the reign of G.W. Bush put its society on panic because of his controversial series of policies, including the agenda of Iraq invasion.

2. Ideology: Theoretically speaking, ideology is what people think before people think or act (Nealon & Giroux, 2003). Thus, the ideology is hidden behind the text. Critically speaking, the term ideology itself refers to the ideology initiated mainly by Beard (2001) and Lye (1997).

3. Song Lyrics: In defining the term lyrics, it is often associated with the literary work which is written based on someone`s point of view which is subjective. In accordance to Online Etymology Dictionary, the term lyrics refer to “words of popular song”, that consists of choruses and verses that main message of the lyrics itself can be told whether implicitly or explicitly.

4. Readers’ Subject Position: Defining readers’ subject position might engage in a discussion about a moment where a reader interprets the text’s implicit ideology— known by Stephens (1992) as a process of subjection. He further asserts that literary text, as an object of reading, and reader as a subject both have their own sense of self. Therefore, a reader’s subject position will always confront with a numerous subject positions within a text.

1.8. Organization of Paper

CHAPTER I

This chapter contains background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II

It consists of theoretical review that provides a basis for conducting the research problems.

CHAPTER III

This section contains the research methodology, discussing the steps and procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.

CHAPTER IV

In this part the result of the research will be presented. This chapter contains the research findings and discussion.

CHAPTER V

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the research in a form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with the research.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Problem

The writer would like to examine readers’ subject position in Green Day`s

album American Idiot. To do so, here is a question that the writer would like to establish:

In what way(s) does Green Day’s album American Idiot ideologically position the implied reader(s) in opposite to the USA political agenda?

3.2. Research Method

This study employs qualitative approach in accomplishing the main goal of the study. As it is cited in Moleong (2011), as well mentioned in Miles & Huberman`s Qualitative Data Analysis (1994:1) this kind of study will not deal with numbers. Therefore, he establishes the definition of qualitative method through Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5); that the study collects descriptive data, which deals with written text or spoken text of an individual.

The study focuses on describing, interpreting, analyzing, and criticizing the ideology of Green Day`s album American Idiot (2004). In doing so, the tool in dissecting the ideology relies on Beard`s (2001) a context framework and Lye`s (1997) Ideological Analysis. The role of Lye`s approaches itself is more applicable for this study. Thus, the role of Beard theory itself is operated as the main framework; so that ideology could be identified in certain ways.

In addition, the study involves Stephen’s (1992) frame of narrative transactions to seek the ideological position of the album through the perspective of narrative process. Furthermore, by putting this theory into the analysis, the writer expects to gain some relevant findings related to subject position and implied reader as the ideological function of the album—discussion that deals with the main question.

3.3. Data Collection

The data were gained from Green Day`s album American Idiot (2004). The album lyrics were taken from the cassette tape cover and it has been re-synchronized with the songs. Those thirteen songs are: 1. American Idiot, 2. Jesus of Suburbia, 3. Holiday, 4. Boulevard of Broken Dreams, 5. Are We Waiting, 6. St.Jimmy, 7. Give Me Novacaine, 8. She`s a Rebel, 9. Extraordinary Girl, 10. Letterbomb, 11. Wake Me Up When September Ends, 12. Homecoming, 13. Whatsername. Furthermore, the album

was converted into word texts from the lyrics that is found on the cassette tape cover text in order to ease the analysis. In order to answer the research question, the data is made in a form of words, phrases and to sentences. The section below elaborates the writer`s data analysis in a detailed way.

3.4. Research Procedures

The structure of the songs in the album remains unchanged due to several issues within. The song entitled Wake Me up When September Ends, for instance, is intentionally put as the twelfth song; since it encloses an issue of 9/11 tragedy. However, the image presented in the album was not included since the analysis of this study revealed only the contents of the songs in the album.

The writer then took some steps in analyzing it. In the beginning, the early step in conducting this research was by reading the theory of Beard (2001) and Lye (1997) on the context and ideology. Beard theory was taken as the mainframe of the analysis of ideology. In practice, Lye`s theory on Ideological Analysis (1997) was applied to make the range of analysis fits the needs. In addition, as it is said in the chapter two the importance of understanding implied reader, the writer read some related sources that has been delivered earlier in the chapter II and yet developed the idea of the intentional readers further in the chapter IV.

To grasp the meaning, the writer then replayed each song more than ten times. This was meant to make the song fully understood, for the reason that a song entitled Rock and Roll Girlfriend was sung by the drummer Tre Cool has its meaning: it recalls the life of Cool himself. This was also meant to inspire the writer in analyzing the album.

After the previous point, while the writer was identifying and listing several issues, he was interpreting the songs as well. In this process, the writer finds a specific term that took in the grand issue. The term used in this study is The Ideology of American Empire by Ryn. The writer considered this term to be more relevant after he read two different books, Green Day: American Idiots & The New Punk Explosion by Myers (2006) and musical biography of Green Day by Egerdahl (2010).

Further steps taken was both applying Beard, Lye`s approaches, and elaborating the whole songs, questions, and any information needed. It is followed by putting Stephens (1992) methods on implied readers or as a part of narrative process into the album. This step was taken before the writer drew the conclusions and suggestions based on those findings and result of the study.

3.5. Data Presentation

These assumptions cover things that are natural, just and right. Yet, it shows

the other issues of “What and who do these assumptions distort or obscure?” and

things which are mystified.

Table 3.1

The more complete references of the data are available in the appendices.

Songs Assumption Comments

American Idiot:

Don’t want a nation

under the new media— Welcome to an new kind of tension—

Where everything isn’t

meant to be okay

Television Dreams of Tomorrow

We’re not the ones who

meant to follow—

One Nation controlled by the media—

Information age of hysteria—

US media or television takes control (One Nation controlled by the media) the situation in the society through the American dreams (Dreams of tomorrow). Terribly, mass media that generally conceived as a natural medium informs the chaotic situation so that creates a mass fear among society (see: line 2-7).

In this matter, the writer argues the first step of the band in protesting towards their government or

Bush’s administration is through pointing the media that had been used to

disseminate the

administration`s interest to fit in the society.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter encapsulates the present study based on the previous chapters; I, II, III, and IV. Furthermore, it features suggestions for further study related to the analysis of ideological operation in literary text.

5.1. Conclusions

It has been accentuated in chapter one that this study draws on Green Day’s sixth album American Idiot (2004) as the primary source and is aimed to seek the answer on: “In what way(s) does the album ideologically position the implied reader in opposite the US political agenda?” by which, the answer has been obtained through several steps; presented in each chapter. Some terms related to the study have been elaborated in chapter two to create some boundaries to the study or scope of the study—ideological operation in literary text. In chapter three, the design of the study was made to construct the overview of the chapter four—how the approaches from Lye (1997), Beard (2001), and Stephens (1992) were put together into the text. Hence, chapter four applies those steps and locates some findings discussed.

To seek the answer of the main question, the writer starts with examining the basic ideology that operates/manifested in the album. The study discerns that the album generally works as a vehicle to oppose the US government political agenda. This assumption has been examined by deploying Lye’s approaches (1997) in analyzing ideology in the text, strengthened by the Beard’s approach (2001). Through Lye’s approaches, five socio cultural issues have emerged throughout the album, those are: The role of media as the “truest” source of information, domestic affairs comes second in priority, society is the site of government’s propaganda, the President of USA had absolute power, and USA turns into a dystopian nation. The issues are considered as the initial ideology of the album or the ideological stances of the album. Therefore, having introduced to those negative perceptions towards the US is considered as one of the ways directed to lead the implied readers into opposing the government political agenda.

Another way used to position the implied reader against the US political agenda is through the analysis of the narrative function of the album American Idiot. The use of persona and point of view have both designed by the implied author to invite the implied reader’s mind to get involved with the idea, and to familiarize it, the choice of words such as “we/our/you/I” are all applied throughout the album. This concept has consequently caused the implied reader to initiate the idea being offered. Moreover, by examining the persona and point of view in the album also suggests that the ideology, as a social practice (Freeden, 2003), is practiced in literary work.

That is to say, the answers of the main question are basically rooted in two major approaches; by introducing five negative socio cultural issues and constructing the role of persona along with the point of view or the perspective imbued with ideological value.

5.2. Suggestions

A follow up action of this study should be taken related to the ideological operation in literary works. This kind of ideological analysis—which based on three major influences; Lye, Beard and Stephen, could also applicable for any literary works, such as; short story, novel, poems, etc. In examining the ideology of a text, the writer does not necessarily get confused with the approach taken. Indeed, there are many ways to measure the ideology of a text; either it employs CDA or any other approaches, but still, the approaches should be measurable, feasible and relevant. In addition, one specific step should be aware of, is to focus on what kind of ideology the study is about, hence the term of ideology, as it has been stated earlier in the previous chapter, has a broad meaning. In short, the writer should be firm on determining the boundaries of the ideology being discussed.

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Moleong, L. (2011). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Munawaroh, I. (2011). Oppression Against Children in Iwan Fals' Lyrics. Bandung: Undergraduate Research Paper of Indonesia University of Education.

Myers, B. (2006). Green Day: American Idiots & The New Punk Explosion. New York: The Disinformation Company Ltd.

Nealon, J., & Giroux, S. S. (2011). The Theory Toolbox: Critical Concepts for the Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

NCTE/IRA. (2006). ReadWriteThink. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from readwritethink.org:

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Ryn, C. G. (2003). The Ideology of American Empire. In C. G. Ryn, America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire (pp. 383-397). New Jersey : New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.

Schwarzmantel, J. (2008). Ideology and Politics. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Stephens, J. (1992). Language and Ideology in Children's Fiction. London: Longman.

Thompson, J. B. (2003). Analisis Ideologi: Kritik Wacana Ideologi-Ideologi Dunia . Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.

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That is to say, the answers of the main question are basically rooted in two major approaches; by introducing five negative socio cultural issues and constructing the role of persona along with the point of view or the perspective imbued with ideological value.

5.2. Suggestions

A follow up action of this study should be taken related to the ideological operation in literary works. This kind of ideological analysis—which based on three major influences; Lye, Beard and Stephen, could also applicable for any literary works, such as; short story, novel, poems, etc. In examining the ideology of a text, the writer does not necessarily get confused with the approach taken. Indeed, there are many ways to measure the ideology of a text; either it employs CDA or any other approaches, but still, the approaches should be measurable, feasible and relevant. In addition, one specific step should be aware of, is to focus on what kind of ideology the study is about, hence the term of ideology, as it has been stated earlier in the previous chapter, has a broad meaning. In short, the writer should be firm on determining the boundaries of the ideology being discussed.

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