S ING 1005900 Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL…………………………………………………………..i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION………………………………………..ii
PREFACE………………...………………………………………………...……iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………iv
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………...xii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………...…….xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the Research…………………………………………………..1
1.2 Statement of the problems……………………………………………….……3
1.3 Aims of the Research……………………………………………...…………..3
1.4 Scope of the Research……………………………………………………...….3
1.5 Hypothesis……………………………………………………….…………….3
1.6 Significance of the Research…………………………………………………..4
1.7 Clarification of Terms…………………………………………………………5
1.8 Organization of the Paper……………………………………………………...6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………..…..7
2.1 Reading………………………………………………………………....…......7
2.1.1 Definition of Reading……………………………………………….7
2.1.2 Reading Comprehension………………………………………….....8
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.1.2.1 The Purpose of Reading Comprehension………………...11
2.2 Teaching Reading Method…………………………………………………...12
2.2.1 Reciprocal Teaching Strategy……………………………………...12
2.2.1.1 The Main Principle of Reciprocal Teaching…………......12
2.2.1.2 The Four Strategies of Reciprocal Teaching……………..15
2.2.1.3 The Implementation of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy…..16
2.2.1.4 The Benefits of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy…………..17
2.2.2 Question Answer Relationship (QAR)…………………………….18
2.2.2.1 The Concept of QAR…………………………………….18
2.3 Narrative Text………………………………………………………………..20
2.3.1 The Definition of Narrative Text…………………………………..20
2.3.2 The Generic Structure of Narrative Text…………………...……...21
2.3.3 Language Features of Narrative Text………………………………22
2.4 Review of Previous Studies ………………………………………………....23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………26
3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………...26
3.1.1 Variable…………………………………………………………….27
3.1.2 Hypothesis………………………………………………………….28
3.2 Data Collections……………………………………………………………...28
3.2.1 Population and Sample……………………………………………..28
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2.2 Research Instruments………………………………………………29
3.3 Research Procedure…………………………………………………………..30
3.3.1 Organizing Teaching Procedure……………………………………30
3.3.2 Organizing Research Instruments………………………………….30
3.3.3 Testing the Validity and Reliability of Pre-test and Post-test through
Pilot-test……………………………………………………………30
3.3.4 Administering Pre-test………………………………………...…...30
3.3.5 Conducting the Treatment………………………………………….31
3.3.6 Administering Post-test…………………………………………….40
3.3.7 Conducting Questionnaire………………………………………….40
3.4 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...40
3.4.1 Scoring Technique………………………………………………....40
3.4.2 The Validity Test of Pilot-test……………………………………...40
3.4.3 The Reliability Test of Pilot-test…………………………………...41
3.4.4 The Difficulty Index………………………………………………..42
3.4.5 Data Analysis on the Pre-test and Post-test Scores………………...42
3.4.5.1 The Normal Distribution Test……………………………42
3.4.5.2 Homogeneity of Variance Test…………………………..43
3.4.5.3 Independent T-test………………………………………..44
3.4.5.4 Dependent T-test…………………………………………45
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.4.5.5 The Calculation of Effect Size…………………………...45
3.4.6 Data Analysis of the Questionnaire………………………………...46
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………48
4.1 Findings………………………………………………………………………48
4.1.1 Findings from Pilot-test…………………………………………….48
4.1.1.1. The Validity of the Test…………………………………48
4.1.1.2. The Reliability of the Test……………………………….50
4.1.1.3. The Difficulty Index of the Test…………………………51
4.1.2. Findings from Pre-test…………………………………………….53
4.1.2.1. The Normal Distribution Test…………………………...54
4.1.2.2. The Homogeneity of Variance Test……………………..55
4.1.2.3. The Independent T-test Analysis………………...……...55
4.1.3 Findings from Post-test…………………………………………….56
4.1.3.1 The Normal Distribution Test……………………………57
4.1.3.2 The Homogeneity of Variance Test……………………...58
4.1.3.3 The Independent T-test Analysis………………………...59
4.1.3.4 The Dependent T-test Analysis…………………………..60
4.1.3.5 The Calculation of Effect Size Analysis…………………61
4.1.4 Findings from the Questionnaire………………………………….62
4.2 Discussions…………………………………………………………………...65
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………….71
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..71
5.2 Suggestions…………………..........................................................................72
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………74
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………..
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1………………………………………………………………………….19
Table 3.1………………………………………………………………………….27
Table 3.2……………………………………………………………………...…..31
Table 3.3……………………………………………………………………….....41
Table 3.4………………………………………………………………………….46
Table 4.1………………………………………………………………………….48
Table 4.2………………………………………………………………………….50
Table 4.3………………………………………………………………………….50
Table 4.4………………………………………………………………………….52
Table 4.5………………………………………………………………………….53
Table 4.6………………………………………………………………………….54
Table 4.7………………………………………………………………………….55
Table 4.8………………………………………………………………………….56
Table 4.9………………………………………………………………………….56
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.10………………………………………………………………………...57
Table 4.11………………………………………………………………………...58
Table 4.12………………………………………………………………………...59
Table 4.13………………………………………………………………………...61
Table 4.14………………………………………………………………………...62
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 An Example of Students’ Prediction…………………………………35
Figure 3.2 An Example of Student’s Clarifying and Questioning……… ………36
Figure 3.3 An Example of Student’s Summary of Narrative text………………..37
Figure 3.4 An Example of the QAR Level of Questions……………….. ………39
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PAGE OF APPROVAL…………………………………………………………..i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION………………………………………..ii
PREFACE………………...………………………………………………...……iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………iv
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………...xii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………...…….xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the Research…………………………………………………..1
1.2 Statement of the problems……………………………………………….……3
1.3 Aims of the Research……………………………………………...…………..3
1.4 Scope of the Research……………………………………………………...….3
1.5 Hypothesis……………………………………………………….…………….3
1.6 Significance of the Research…………………………………………………..4
1.7 Clarification of Terms…………………………………………………………5
1.8 Organization of the Paper……………………………………………………...6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………..…..7
2.1 Reading………………………………………………………………....…......7
2.1.1 Definition of Reading……………………………………………….7
2.1.2 Reading Comprehension………………………………………….....8
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.1.2.1 The Purpose of Reading Comprehension………………...11
2.2 Teaching Reading Method…………………………………………………...12
2.2.1 Reciprocal Teaching Strategy……………………………………...12
2.2.1.1 The Main Principle of Reciprocal Teaching…………......12
2.2.1.2 The Four Strategies of Reciprocal Teaching……………..15
2.2.1.3 The Implementation of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy…..16
2.2.1.4 The Benefits of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy…………..17
2.2.2 Question Answer Relationship (QAR)…………………………….18
2.2.2.1 The Concept of QAR…………………………………….18
2.3 Narrative Text………………………………………………………………..20
2.3.1 The Definition of Narrative Text…………………………………..20
2.3.2 The Generic Structure of Narrative Text…………………...……...21
2.3.3 Language Features of Narrative Text………………………………22
2.4 Review of Previous Studies ………………………………………………....23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………26
3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………...26
3.1.1 Variable…………………………………………………………….27
3.1.2 Hypothesis………………………………………………………….28
3.2 Data Collections……………………………………………………………...28
3.2.1 Population and Sample……………………………………………..28
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2.2 Research Instruments………………………………………………29
3.3 Research Procedure…………………………………………………………..30
3.3.1 Organizing Teaching Procedure……………………………………30
3.3.2 Organizing Research Instruments………………………………….30
3.3.3 Testing the Validity and Reliability of Pre-test and Post-test through
Pilot-test……………………………………………………………30
3.3.4 Administering Pre-test………………………………………...…...30
3.3.5 Conducting the Treatment………………………………………….31
3.3.6 Administering Post-test…………………………………………….40
3.3.7 Conducting Questionnaire………………………………………….40
3.4 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...40
3.4.1 Scoring Technique………………………………………………....40
3.4.2 The Validity Test of Pilot-test……………………………………...40
3.4.3 The Reliability Test of Pilot-test…………………………………...41
3.4.4 The Difficulty Index………………………………………………..42
3.4.5 Data Analysis on the Pre-test and Post-test Scores………………...42
3.4.5.1 The Normal Distribution Test……………………………42
3.4.5.2 Homogeneity of Variance Test…………………………..43
3.4.5.3 Independent T-test………………………………………..44
3.4.5.4 Dependent T-test…………………………………………45
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.4.5.5 The Calculation of Effect Size…………………………...45
3.4.6 Data Analysis of the Questionnaire………………………………...46
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………48
4.1 Findings………………………………………………………………………48
4.1.1 Findings from Pilot-test…………………………………………….48
4.1.1.1. The Validity of the Test…………………………………48
4.1.1.2. The Reliability of the Test……………………………….50
4.1.1.3. The Difficulty Index of the Test…………………………51
4.1.2. Findings from Pre-test…………………………………………….53
4.1.2.1. The Normal Distribution Test…………………………...54
4.1.2.2. The Homogeneity of Variance Test……………………..55
4.1.2.3. The Independent T-test Analysis………………...……...55
4.1.3 Findings from Post-test…………………………………………….56
4.1.3.1 The Normal Distribution Test……………………………57
4.1.3.2 The Homogeneity of Variance Test……………………...58
4.1.3.3 The Independent T-test Analysis………………………...59
4.1.3.4 The Dependent T-test Analysis…………………………..60
4.1.3.5 The Calculation of Effect Size Analysis…………………61
4.1.4 Findings from the Questionnaire………………………………….62
4.2 Discussions…………………………………………………………………...65
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………….71
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..71
5.2 Suggestions…………………..........................................................................72
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………74
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………..
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1………………………………………………………………………….19
Table 3.1………………………………………………………………………….27
Table 3.2……………………………………………………………………...…..31
Table 3.3……………………………………………………………………….....41
Table 3.4………………………………………………………………………….46
Table 4.1………………………………………………………………………….48
Table 4.2………………………………………………………………………….50
Table 4.3………………………………………………………………………….50
Table 4.4………………………………………………………………………….52
Table 4.5………………………………………………………………………….53
Table 4.6………………………………………………………………………….54
Table 4.7………………………………………………………………………….55
Table 4.8………………………………………………………………………….56
Table 4.9………………………………………………………………………….56
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.10………………………………………………………………………...57
Table 4.11………………………………………………………………………...58
Table 4.12………………………………………………………………………...59
Table 4.13………………………………………………………………………...61
Table 4.14………………………………………………………………………...62
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 An Example of Students’ Prediction…………………………………35
Figure 3.2 An Example of Student’s Clarifying and Questioning……… ………36
Figure 3.3 An Example of Student’s Summary of Narrative text………………..37
Figure 3.4 An Example of the QAR Level of Questions……………….. ………39
Kamelia Paska Rusmana, 2015
RECIPROCAL TEACHING STRATEGY AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu