Gramatical cohesion in XXX: Return of Xander Cage movie.

GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN “XXX:RETURN OF
XANDER CAGE” MOVIE

THESIS
Submitted as Partial of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degre of
English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan
Ampel Surabaya

By
Ribal Al Muntaqo
Reg. Number A83211179

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

2017

ABSTRACT
Al-Muntaqo, Ribal. 2017. Grammatical Cohesion in “XXX:Return of Xander
Cage (2017)” Movie. English Department, Faculty of Letters

and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key words : Cohesive device; grammatical cohesion; “XXX:Return of Xander
Cage “ Movie

This study attempts to analyze of the use of grammatical cohesion in
“XXX:Return of Xander Cage “movie script. The basic purpose of this present study
is to investigate the frequent of grammatical cohesion in movie script and the
function. This descriptive study found out that all the grammatical cohesions
suggested by Hassan and Halliday can be seen in this movie except nominal ellipsis.
In addition, this research also found three important functions of references, two
functions of substitute, six functions of conjunction and only one function of ellipsis.
the analysis showing that All types of grammatical cohesion are used by the four
main characters in this movie except nominal ellipsis. In 15 scenes, the are 452
grammatical cohesive devices. From 452 cohesions, 84% is personal reference. It
appears 406 times. In other word, personal reference is the most often used
devices within the movie. The most frequent reference is personal reference.
Additive conjunction is in the second place, which is, 7% (30) times, followed by
demonstrative reference which appears 17 times (3%). Adversative conjunction

then follows, which is, 10 time appearance (3%). Comparative reference is 7
times, causal conjunction is 5 times, and temporal conjunction is 6 occurrences or
1% of appearance. The last is verbal substitution, verbal ellipsis, and clausal
substitution, each appears twice. Nominal substitution and clausal ellipsis appear
once each. For the functions of grammatical cohesion found within the movie are
expressed by some divisions. First, reference has three important functions are to
avoid repeating the same words, to point out a scale of proximity, and to compare
something or situation. Second, substitution and ellipsis simplify and accurate the
utterance. The last is conjunction, it has six functions are to relate similar or
identical words, to coordinate sentences, to opposite the preceding statement, to
connect between cause and effect in a sentence, and to connect chronology.
Beside the function are mentioned above, the general and basic function of
grammatical cohesion is to relate words, clauses, phrases, or sentence in order to
make the sentence meaningful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page .............................................................................................

i

Inside Title Page ................................................................................................

ii

Declaration Page ................................................................................................. iii
Motto .................................................................................................................. iv
Dedication Page .................................................................................................. v
Advisor’s Approval Page .................................................................................... vi
The Examiner’s Approval Page ........................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ viii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................ ix
Abstract ................................................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ..............................................................................

4

1.3 Objective of the Study ..................................................................................

4

1.4 Significance of the Study ..............................................................................

4

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................

5

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ...............................................................................

6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Cohesive Device ............................................................................................. 8

2.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion ............................................................................... 10
2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion ........................................................................................ 16
2.1.3 The Movie: XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017) ..................................... 19

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Method ........................................................................................... 20
3.2 Data and Data Sources .................................................................................. 21
3.3 Instruments .................................................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 22
3.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings ......................................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 The Cohesive Devices in “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)”
Movie: Grammatical Cohesion .......................................................... 23
4.1.1.1 Reference ...................................................................................... 25

4.1.1.2 Substitution ................................................................................... 27
4.1.1.3 Ellipsis .......................................................................................... 30
4.1.1.4 Conjunction ................................................................................... 32
4.1.2 Function of Grammatical Cohesion used in “XXX:Return of Xander
Cage (2017)” Movie............................................................................. 35
4.1.2.1 Reference ....................................................................................... 36
4.1.2.2 Substitution .................................................................................... 38
4.1.2.3 Ellipsis ........................................................................................... 40
4.1.2.4 Conjunction ................................................................................... 40
4.2 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................49
5.2 Suggestion ...................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 52
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 1-19

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter concerned about an overview of this Grammatical Cohesion in
“XXX:Return of Xander Cage ” Movie research. The digitalization make the
people based on live with the technology and the grammatical cohesion . This
study is conducted by collecting data from “XXX:Return of Xander Cage ”
Movie. The researcher presents background of study, statement of the problem,
significant of the study, scope and limitation, and the definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of The Study
Grammatical cohesion is one part of cohesive devices. Grammatical
cohesion is very important to format the sense of sentences. Grammatical
cohesion can be in the form of words, utterances, phrases that exist in the text to
correlate one element to the other element. This study about cohesive device have
explain the grammatical cohesion is concrete. this researchers interest about the
grammatical cohesion each other stance to be analyzed. Between one of them is
grammatical cohesion’s function. All of the researchers has use text as their data
sources (see, for example, Fulcher, 1989; Muslimah, 2007; Setyowati, 2007;
Ahmed, 2008; Akindele, 2011; Fukuade, 2012; Gocic, 2012; Hasselgard,
2007:Rahimi & Ebrahimi, 2012 Thompson 2004 and Shanaz & Imtiaz, 2014)

creative data source use to analyze mind.
A data source that is used in this study is movie script. In grammatical
cohesion use, the speaker surely has intention. Therefore, the listener or reader has

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to know what the speaker means. In the other word, understanding function of
grammatical cohesion is needed to avoid misunderstanding. This study uses
Halliday and Hasan’s theory that divide cohesive device into two types, which are
grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesions are forms of
cohesion realized through grammar (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, page 6).
Grammatical cohesion is divided into four kinds, they are reference, substitution,
ellipsis, and conjunction, whereas lexical cohesion consists of two kinds, namely,
reiteration and collocation.
Halliday and Hasan (1976, page 37) classify reference into three types,
they are: personal, demonstrative, and comparative. Personal reference by means
of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category
of personal consist of three classes of personal pronouns, possesive determines (

usually called “possesive adjectives”), and possesive pronouns, The examples of
personal reference are: I, me, my, mine. Demonstrative reference is reference by
means of location, on a scale of proximity(near,far,neutral,time), e.g. this, these,
that, those, here, now, then, there, and the. Comparative reference is indirect
reference by means of identity or similarity, additional, so+ quantifier (e.g. so
many), better, comparative adjectives, and adverbs, etc.
There are three types of substitution, that are nominal (one, ones, same),
verbal (do), and clausal (so,not) substitution. The substitute one/ones in nominal
always functions as a head of nominal group. The verbal substite is “do”,and it
functions as head of a verbal group Ellipsis is used to replace words omitted from
the middle of a quoted sentence (Paul and Goione, 1973, page 263-264).Ellipsis

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consists of three parts namely nominal group. Nominal ellipsis involves the
upgrading of a word functioning as deictic, numerative, ephithet, or classifier
from the status of modifier to the status of head. Verbal ellipsis means ellipsis
within the verbal group. Clausal ellipsis has a two-part structure consisting of

modal element plus propositional element.
Halliday and Hasan (1976, page 303) state that conjunction is on the
borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion. My statement are form of
conjunctive elements take the interpred grammatically in terms of systems, but
lexical selection’s interpretation form of meaning. There are five’s conjunction
categories:additive, adversative, causal, temporal, and other conjunction.Additive
conjunction is expressed by the words and, and also, nor, and...not, or else,
furthermore, in addition, etc. The causal relation consist of the words so, then,
hence, therefore, consequently, because of this, for this reason, on account of this,
etc. Temporal conjunction includes then, next, after that, just then, at the same
time, etc.
As mentioned before, cohesive devices are divided into two types, that are:
grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. However in this study, the researcher
focuses only on grammatical cohesion. This is because most of the previous
studies prefer to analyze cohesive device wholly or grammatical cohesion partly.
The researcher feels that this study is necessary to be conducted. Discovery of
Grammatical Cohesion “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” movie will
complete the previous studies on grammatical cohesions.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.What kind’s categories of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage “ movie?
2.what kind’s function of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander Cage
“ movie?
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.To know kind’s categories of the grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of
Xander Cage”movie.
2.To describe kind’s functionof the grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of
Xander Cage”movie.
1.4 Significance of the Study
On the study, to spesific about to the theoretical and practical
function.Especially, this study is expected to broaden the theoritical perspective
on grammatical cohesion that are take dialog/speech by XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage”movie.Normally, this study might be disiplined to help the teach theory
course to other researchers in conducting similar researcher.
1.4.1. Theoritical Significance
This theoritical is focused into the theorie of grammatical cohesion that
specifically into the structure theory. However, there are many category to be
uncovered in the using of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander Cage
movie. Hence the researcher focuses on discourse analysis as the development of
the study. Related to discourse analysis, it helps to uncover the discourse analysis
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in the classify categories to dialog the movie. In grammatical cohesion, the study
is to break up the ability on the movie in the understanding cohesive function in
XXX:Return Of Xander Cage movie because how to know by the context dialog.
1.4.2. Practical Significance
Finish classify is expected can easy to build a certain studies as practical
significance.The appropriate classify categories among the movie will be the
contribution of this research. The researcher describes the categories of
grammatical cohesion choice among both the movie (XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage mentioned and describes how to classify cohesive function.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.5.1. Scope
This study is done by discourses analisys as the theory into the movie
(XXX:Return Of Xander Cage,it will can describe by grammatical cohesion. The
reason is because this study mainly tries to find the discourse of the grammatical
cohesion used in the movie (XXX:Return Of Xander Cage.The other reasons are
the movie’s contexts (XXX:Return Of Xander Cage such as local language and
culture that influences the action in different speech context.

1.5.2. Limitation
Regarding to the limitation, there are many action movies on speech
context. The possibilities of covering all movies, since this research has limited
time-range, as ungraduate thesis. Furthermore, even the researcher find the

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action’s movie. Based on that situation, the researcher is going to do the research
as mentioned in the objective of the study.

1.6 Definiton of the Key Term

In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation about the basic
concepts used in this study, the researcher gives some definitions of key terms as
follows.

1.6.1. Grammatical cohesion is

Grammatical cohesion refers to the various

grammatical devices that can be used to make relations among sentences more
explicit. Cohesive devices are used to tie pieces of text together in a specific way.
The aim is to help the reader understand the items referred to, the ones replaced
and even the items omitted (Harmer 2004). So it mean form of grammatical is as a
conjunction between sentences or more specific for connected one sentence to
other sentence.Thus, the theory it will make understand object by the meaning.

1.6.2. “XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)“ is the movie which one Extreme
athlete turned government operative Xander Cage (Vin Diesel) Xander Cage is
left for dead after an incident, though he secretly returns to action for a new, tough
assignment with his handler Augustus Gibbons. Then comes out of self-imposed
exile, thought to be long dead, and is set on a collision course with deadly alpha
warrior Xiang (Donnie Yen) and his team in a race to recover a sinister and

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seemingly unstoppable weapon known as Pandora's Box. Recruiting an all-new
group of thrill-seeking cohorts, Xander finds himself enmeshed in a deadly
conspiracy that points to collusion at the highest levels of world governments.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of research and literature related with the
topic, which is grammatical cohesion in “xxx:return of xander cage (2017)”
movie. Literally, this chapter supports the concepts and backgrounds in the
previous chapter. There are four points of sub chapter here and the first one is
about grammatical cohesion and function, as basic study of language that
correlated with the context sentence. The second sub chapter is about grammatical
cohesion. It helps the reader to have the clear about grammatical cohesion by
reviewing related research. Then for the next sub chapter about “xxx:return of
xander cage (2017)” movie. It discusses about the perspective and argument about
grammatical cohesion; meanwhile the researcher has different point of view that is
elaborated into chapter IV. The but last not least, the sub chapter is about
grammatical function. This mobilization era there are many grammatical function
offers by providers in the movie. However, this research is focused into
grammatical cohesion; then the researcher know about context sentence as the
additional tools.
2.1. Cohesive Devices
Grammatical devices are tools of cohesion to create unity of meaning
within a text. In the text, cohesive devices are in the form of words, utterances,
phrases that exist in the text to correlate one element to the other element. The
concept of cohesive devices is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning

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that exist within the text. And that define it as a text. It proves that cohesive
devices are needed in a text to make it meaningful. Without cohesive devices, the
text is meaningless.
According to Muslimah (2007) “Cohesive devices are certain words or
phrases and their location within the discourse will activate a set of assumptions
as to the meaning of what has gone before hand or will generate a set of
expectations to what may follow”. From this opinion can be conclude that how
important cohesive device in forming a meaning in sentence.
Some studies in analyzing cohesive devices are done by the experts.
Halliday and Hasan (1976) and De Beaugrande are the two experts in cohesive
devices study. The theory of Halliday and Hasan is shown in Figure 2.1.
COHESIVE
DEVICE
ENDHOPHORA

EXOPHORA
GRAMMATICAL
COHESION

LEXICAL
COHESION

REFERENCE
REITERATION

COLLOCATION

SUBSTITUTION
ELLIPSIS
CONJUNCTION

Figure 2.1 The Diagram of Halliday and Hasan’s
Cohesive Device.

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Based on figure 2.1 on Halliday and Hasan’s theory, cohesive devices are
divided into two characteristics: endhophora (refers to textual meaning) and
exophora (referrs to situational meaning). Endophora has two kinds; they are
anaphora and cataphora in which anaphora is if the relation presupposes
something that has gone before, while cataphora is when a relathion is
presupposed by something in the following part. Halliday and Hasan also say that
cohesive devices are divided into two types; that are grammatical cohesion and
lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion consists of four kinds, namely reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and concjuntion, where as lexical cohesion consist of two
kinds, namely reiteration and collocation.

2.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion

A cohesive tie which is shown through grammar is called as grammatical
cohesion. Grammatical cohesion are forms of cohesion realized through grammar
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:6). Grammatical cohesion is divided into four kinds,
they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction that will explained
below.
A. Reference
Halliday and Hasan state that reference is a semantic relation between
an element and the others in the text in which the interpretation of the element
involves the act of referring to a preceding or following element. Further, they

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differentiate the reference into two parts; they are exophoric reference which
reference.
Halliday and Hasan (1976: 37) classify reference into three types, they are:
personal, demonstrative, and comparative. Personal reference is reference by
means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The
category of personal consist of three classes of personal pronouns, possesive
determiners (usually called “possesive adjectives”), and possesive pronouns. The
examples of personal reference are: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, we, us, our,
ours, he, him, his, they, their, theirs, them, one, one’s, it, its, she, her, hers.
Demonstrative reference is reference is reference by means of location, on
a scale of proximity (near, far, neutral,time), e.g. this, these, that, those, here, now,
then, there, and the. Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of
identity or similarity, e.g. same, equal, identical, identically, such, similar, so,
similarly, likewise, other,different, else, differently, otherwise, more, fewer, less,
further, additional, so+ quantifier (e.g. so many), better, comparative adjectives,
and adverbs, etc.
The explanation above will be firmed by the examples as follows.
1. We’re going to the party to the party tonight. This’ll be our second outing
for month (demonstrative reference).
The pronoun “this” presuppose to the word “we’re going to the party
tonight”.
2. It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday (comparative reference).
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Comparative reference is used in that sentence namely the word “same” to
point forward to the referent “the one we say yesterday”.
3. There was a brief note from Susan. She just said, I am not coming home
this weekend (personal reference).
The pronoun “she” and “I” presuppose the proper name “ Susan” in the
preceding sentence.

B. Substitution
Subtitution is the replacement of one item by another in a text. It is a
relation between linguistic items, such as words, phrases, and clauses.
Substitution is a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning. In terms of
the linguistic system, substitution is a relation on the lexicogrammatical level,
the level of grammar and vocabulary, or linguistic form (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:88-89).
There are three types of substitution, that are: nominal (one, ones,
same), verbal (do), and clausal (so,not) substitution. The substitute one/ ones in
nominal alway functions as a head of a nominal group. The verbal substitute is
“do”, and it functions as head of a verbal group. Some examples below support
the explanation above:
1. I lost my way in the galleries. The same thing happened to me.
(Nominal Substitution).
The meaning of the second sentence is “I also lost my way in the
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galleries” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:109).
2. Thought I’d finished with the toughest assignments. They didn’t tell me
about this one. (Nominal Substitution).
3. I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I
don’t believe you do either. (Verbal Substitution).
“Do” in this sentence substitutes for “know the meaning of half those
long words” (Halliaday and Hasan, 4976:112).
4. Everyone seems to think he’s guilty. If so, no doubt he’ll offer to resign.
(Clausal Substitution).
“So” in this sentence substitutes for “he is guilty” (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:134).

C. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is used to indicate omission of part of a quotation. Ellipsis is
used to replace words omitted from the middle of a quoted sentence (paul
and Goione:263-264). Ellipsis consist of three parts namely nominal, verbal,
and clausal ellipsis.
Nominal ellipsis means ellipsis means ellipsis within the nominal
group. Nominal ellipsis involves the upgrading of a word functioning as
deictic, numerative, epithet, or classefier from the status of modifier to the
status of head. Verbal ellipsis means ellipsis within the verbal group.

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Clausal ellipsis has a two-part structure consisting of modal element plus
propositional element. The examples of ellipsis:
1. How did you enjoy the exhibition? – A lot (of the exhibition) was
very good, though not all. (Nominal Ellipsis).
The “of the exhibition”on the parenthesis above is actually omitted
from the sentence. Some words are omitted, but it can be
understood.
2. What have you been doing? – swimming. (Verbal Ellipsis).
“I have been” is omitted. Therefore, it called as verbal ellipsis. It
should be “I have been swimming”.
3. What was the Duke going to do? – Plant a row of poplars in the
park. (clausal Ellipsis).
In the answer, the modal element is omitted: the subject “Duke”
and, within the verbal group, the finite operator “was”.
D. Conjunction
Halliday and Hasan (1976: 303) state that conjunction is on the
borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion. It means that the set of
conjunctive elements can probably be interpreted grammatically in terms of
systems, but such an interpretation involves lexical selection in terms of
meaning. Conjunction consist of five categories: additive, adversative,
causal, temporal, and other conjunction.

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Additive conjunction is expressed by the word and, and also,
nor,and..not, or, or else, furthermore, in addition, besides, alternatively,
incidentally, by the way, that is,I mean, in other words, for instance, thus,
likewise, similarly,in the same way, on the other hand, by contrast, etc.
The causal relation consist of the words so, then, hence, therefore,
consequently, because of this, for this reason, on account of this, as a result,
in consquence, for this purpose, with this in mind, for, because, it follows,
on this basis, arising out of this, to this end, in that case, in such an event,
that being so,

under

the circumstances,

otherwise, under other

circumstances, in this respect, in this regard, with reference to this,
otherwise, in the other respect, aside from this, etc.
Temporal conjunction includes then, next, after that, just then, at the
same time, previously, before that, finally, at last, first...then, at first...in the
end, at once, thereupon, soon, aftera time, next time, on other occasion, next
day, an hour later, meanwhile, until then, at this moment, up to now, etc.
The example of each:
1. And i all this he met no one. (Additive).
2. Yet he was hardly aware of being tired. (Adversative).
3. So by night time the valley was far below him. (Causal).
4. Then, as dusk fell, he sat down to rest. (Temporal).

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2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion
Crystal (1995: 118) state that to study the lexicon of English,
accordingly, is to study all aspects of the vocabulary of the language-how
words are formed, how they have developed over time, how they are used
now, how they relate in meaning to each other, and how they are handled in
dictionaries and other word books. There are two kinds of lexical cohesion
namely reiteration and collocation. Reiteration consist of repetition,
synonym, hyponym, metonym, and antonym. All those kinds are explained
below.

A. Reiteration
Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition
of a lexical item, the use of a general word to refer back to a lexical item, and
a number of things in between the use of synonym, near-synonym, or
superordinate. There are five kinds of reiteration; they are repetition,
synonym, hyponym, metonym, and antonym.
1. Repetition
Repetition is the act of repeating exactly the same word as has been
mentioned before.
Example:
1. There’s a girl cooking that pan.
The girl’s going to burn if she’s not careful. (Repetition of “girl”).

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2.

Synonym

Synonym is lexeme which has the same meaning, a definition which
sounds straight forward enough (crystal, 1995: 164). Synonym deals with
sameness of meaning, more than one word having the same meaning, or
alternatively the same meaning being expressed by more than one word
(Jackson, 1988: 64). Synonym is an expression with the same meaning of
the words.
Example:
1. There’s a girl cooking that pan.
The lad’s going to burn if she’s not careful. (Synonym).
3. Hyponym
Hyponim refers to the hierarchical relationship between the meanings of
lexemes, in which the meaning of one lexeme is included in (under) the
meaning of another lexeme ( Jackson, 1988: 65). Hyponym is a
subordinate, specific terms whose referent is included in the referent of a
superordinate term (Finnegan,2004:189).
Example:
1. My mother was in supermarket for fruit. She bought a fresh apple.
Apple is hyponym (subordinate) of the fruit (fruit is superordinate).
4. Metonym
Metonym is a relathionship of part versus whole.

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Example:
1. After a hard strom two days ago, the leaking roofs need to be
repaired. However, the house is in good condition.
The relationship between roofs and house is between part and whole.
5. Antonym
Antonym deals with oppositeness of meaning, words with opposite
meaning of various kinds (jackson, 1988: 64). Antonym is words which
are in some sense opposite in meaning.
Example:
1. In that terrible situation, the old people did not want to take a risk.
But the young were braver.
B. Collocation
Collocation deals with the relationship between word on the basis of
the fact that these words often occur in the same surroundings or are
associated with each other (Renkema, 1993: 39). Jackson (1988:97)
explains that colollocation refers to the combination of words that have a
certain mutual expectancy; the words regularly keep company with certain
other

words.

The

examples

are

such

as:

fish...water,

orchid....fragrant....flower, hospital.....doctor...blood,etc.

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2.1.3 The Movie: XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)
XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017) movie is a produced by Joe
Roth that published in United States in 2017. It is an American bigraphical film
directed by D.J Caruso. It is based on the previous films, which were distributed
by Columbia Pictures, the film was released by Paramount Pictures on January 20,
2017, in 2D, RealD 3D and IMAX 3D. This also marks the first film produced
by Revolution Studios in ten years since 2007's The Water Horse: Legend of the
Deep. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $346
million worldwide against a production budget of $85 million, making it the
highest-grossing film of Revolution Studios and in the franchise.
This movie tells about secret agents which found dangerous something
by the enemies, but it are inside peopple also know chronology this story. The tool
can be fall some satellite on the sky then show the object. It is called Pandora’s
box to destroy somethinh in the land. But again on the last Xander Cage can give
sollution this to end.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter explains the detail of the research method used in this study.
The main parts included research approach, data and data sources, instruments,
the data collection ,and the data analysis.
3.1 Research Method
The methodology of this research is applying qualitative research method
because it is very nature and inductive reasoning. The condition of the fied
research is pretty broad range that has evolved over nearly a century of scholarly
interest in the language used by movie in every terms and specific condition.The
researcher agrees with Merriam’s (2009) four points of view for qualitative
research characteristics such as the individual experience of the researcher,
instrument of the collecting data, inductive process, and also considers the
products that collected from the research. The current characteristics of this
method are follows:
3.1.1 This research knows the meaning attributed to individuals’ experiences. The
focus of meaning people attribute to their experiences is on the process rather than
the outcome. Likewise, the intent of qualitative research is used to study
individuals’ understanding of theirexperiences, not researchers’ perceptions of
individuals’ experiences. Therefore researcher takes classify as the data.
3.1.2 The second characteristic common to qualitative research is that the primary
instrument used to collect and analyze data is the researcher themselves. As can

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be expected, certain biases might occur when researcher acts as the data collection
instrument. Rather than attempting to remove such biases, qualitative research
operates on the belief that biases presented by the researcher must be considered,
accounted for and monitored to determined their impact on data collection and
analysis.
3.1.3 Third, qualitative research is regarded as an inductive process as researchers
often use qualitative studies to gather evidence in order establish theories.
3.1.4 The final characteristic associated with qualitative research considers the
products that are collected from the research.Also, this method reseach provides
highly data in the form of words and pictures rather than the numbers produced by
other types of research.

3.3 Data and Data Sources
Dealing with this topic of analysis, the data of this research is a movie,
known as

“XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)“. Basically, the words written

grammatical cohesion. Then, the data sources of this research completely to classify
categories.Additional, the categories can to finish study about the theory also help the
researcher to find out the related studies.

3.4 Instruments
Stated in the early of this research is qualitative, in this study the
researcher is the main instrument also to know the theory.Through the dialog on
the movie to some condition,that in qualitative research, the human collect some
condition for the gathering and analyzing data.

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3.5 The Data Collection
1.Identify dialog’s context step by step with the detail word by word on th movie.
2.To understanding dialog’s mean by supporting data on the movie.
3.To produce speech on the dialog into the theory and choose statements on the
dialog on the movie.
3.6 The Data Analysis
After collecting the data by applying the method used, the researcher
classifies the word used that are already into the theory that the context classifies
the categories with the grammatical cohesion, and do other ways mentioned in the
research instruments. Then also, the researcher applies the theories mentioned to
analyze the objects that are discussed.

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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This part presents the categories and the function of each types of
grammatical cohesion found out in “Grammatical Cohesion in XXX:Return of
Xander Cage (2017) movie”.
4.1 Findings
This chapter presents the findings and discussion based on data analysis
and from the research results. Generally, the data present about the reference,
substitution, ellipsisis, and conjunction related to the grammatical cohesion in
“XXX:Return Of Xander Cage(2017)Movie. Particularly, this chapter answer that
movie in grammatical cohesion. Related to the second research question, this
chapter also describing the situation of dialog context on the movie.
Meanwhile, the rest of research result will be discussed into sub chapter of
discussion. It contains about something beyond that still related with the research.
4.1.1 Categories of Grammatical Cohesion in XXX:Return of Xander Cage
(2017) movie”
In this discussion, the first step of the analysis is the identification of the
grammatical cohesion stated in the movie. The results of the analysisn of the
grammatical cohesion are stated in the following figure.

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GRAMMATICAL
COHESION

Reference

Substitution

Ellipsis

Conjunction

Personal
Reference

Nominal
Substitution

Verbal
Ellipsis

Adversative
Conjunction

Demonstrative
Reference

Verbal
Substitution

Clausal
Ellipsis

Causal
Conjunction

Comparative
Reference

Clausal
Substitution

Temporal
Conjunction

Figure 4.1:Result of the Analysis

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All types of grammatical cohesion are used by the four main characters in
this movie except nominal ellipsis. In 15 scenes, the are 452 grammatical cohesive
devices. From 452 cohesions, 84% is personal reference. It appears 406 times. In
other word, personal reference is the most often used devices within the movie.
The most frequent reference is personal reference. Additive conjunction is in the
second place, which is, 7% (30) times, followed by demonstrative reference which
appears 17 times (3%). Adversative conjunction then follows, which is, 10 time
appearance (3%). Comparative reference is 7 times, causal conjunction is 5 times,
and temporal conjunction is 6 occurrences or 1% of appearance. The last is verbal
substitution, verbal ellipsis, and clausal substitution, each appears twice. Nominal
substitution and clausal ellipsis appear once each.
To give clearer table of the grammatical cohesion used in Grammatical Cohesion
in XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)

movie”, examples of the utterances

containing grammatical cohesions are shown below.
4.1.1.1 Personal Reference
Personal reference is the term used as a referential item to something or
someone within the framework of the discourse. In this study, there are 452 of
personal references that cover all of the classes. It is the most frequent
grammatical cohesion that is found. For example, “your” in line 39 and “your” in
next line refers back to “Gibbons” in line 39.
(39).Xander:You really do look different, Gibbons.
Did you lose weight?
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4.1.1.2 Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative references that are found in this study are 32 references. It
takes the third position in this study. The demonstrative reference that is found in
this study indicates scale of proximity that implicate near, far, neutral, and, time.
“This” in line 54 is referring to “Triple-X” in line 54 too.
(52). Xander:By whose definiton?The last time i was patriotic,I got three
strikes.And there was only one man who believed in the
underdog.Patriotismi is dead.There‟s only rebels and tyrants now.
(53). Marke:So,which are you?
(54). Xander:I‟m Triple-X.

4.1.1.3 Comparative Reference
There are eleven examples of comparative references in this movie. The
purpose of comparative references is to indicate resemblance which is a referential
property. “ jacked up” in line 120 refers to “ Mountain Dew and Red Bull” in the
same and the following line.
(113).Captain Paul Donovan:Hey,here comes the Red Bull freak show.
(114).Marke:Xander Cage,I want you to meet Paul Donovan.
(115).Xander:Donovan.Captain Paul Donovan.I know you. I saw youon
TV!The President gave him a medal.That must have been pretty

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cool,right?You guys must have some seriously cool stories to
tell.Must‟ve seen a lot.I wonder.How many of you have ever
pulled a freestyle triple backflip on a BMX bike before?All of you?
(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don‟t play on bikes.Anyof you ever carve an R4 on a
snowboard while an avalance is on your booty?
(118). Captain Paul Donovan:We‟re soldiers,hotshot.Not stackers.
(119).Xander:Okay, but you all have HALO jumped over Eastern Europe
using a standard-issue armor deployment parachute system.Am I
right?
(120). Captain Paul Donovan:No.We‟re not all jacked up on Mountain
Dew and Red Bull,you asshole.Where‟d you find this guy?
4.1.1.4 Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitution in English is the replacement of an item which is the
head of a nominal group. It is expressed through the use of one/ones, the same and
so (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).
(122).Marke:What did you just do?Ican‟t believe this shit.
(123).Xander:I‟m gonna have clowns watch my back.
(124).Marke:I know I‟m gonna regret asking you this,but who would you
trust?

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(125).Adele Wolf :You know, no one has this number.

4.1.1.5 Verbal Substitution
The verbal substitute is „do‟, and it functions as head of a verbal group. In
verbal substitution, substitution of verb takes place. The verbal substitute in
English is do. This operates as Head of a verbal group, in the place that is
occupied by the lexical verb. As far as verbal substitution is concerned, there are
two examples in this movie. “What‟s it do?” in line 137 indicates substitution of
“Pandora‟s Box” in line 136.
(134).Marke:I‟ll make this for you.These four assholes, very bad
guys.Pandora‟s Box, very bad thing.We‟ll land in Manila and you
will requistion your own transportation to the island.
(135).Nicky:You,why don‟t we just nuke this bitch from orbit and callit a
day?
(136).Marke:Pandora‟s Box is one of a kind.It needs to be recovered
intact.
(137).Xander:Why?What‟s it do?Brainwave scrambler?
(138). Marke:It killed Gibbons.All you need to know.The rest is classified.

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4.1.1.6 Clausal Substitution
In clausal substitution, the whole clause is substituted by the presupposed
anaphoric reference. In this study, there are two clausal substitutions. “turn
around” in line 174 substitutes “Revolve” .
(166). Lazaruz:You need something,man?
(167). Xander:Well, I heard this is a perfect place to disappear for a few
days for my crew, no questions asked.
(168). Lazaruz:My house is your house, if the price is right.
(169). Xander:Perfect. Tennyson!You‟re gonna like this.I just happen to
have the best hardware in the South Pasific.
(170). Lazaruz:30% off the top gets you our finest hospitality package.
(171).Xander:30% off the top?Do I get the girls for a weekend and two
coconuts?10%
(172).

Lazaruz:10%,You

must‟ve

been

aiming

at

the

other

lawless,uncharted island down the block.
(173).Xander:Happens all the time.
(174).Lazaruz:Here‟s what you do.You turn around, go get your boat. You
can kiss my ass.

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(175).Xander:Okay, hang on.What do you think?You talked me into
it!18%!
(176). Lazaruz:You think this is a flea market?You think we‟re the hood
selling TVs and fake watches,or something like that?What‟s wrong
with you, man?
(177).Xander:All right. Twenty-two and a half.
(178). Lazaruz:How you gonna do “and a half”?
(179). Xander:Twenty-two and a half.
(180). Lazaruz:All right. Enjoy this party.I like your style, man.

4.1.1.7 Verbal Ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis refers to ellipsis within the verbal group where the elliptical
verb depends on a preceding verbal group. There is an example of verbal ellipsis
in this movie. For example in line 117 “ you don’t” explicitly skips the word
“play” in line 116.

(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don’t play on bikes.Any of you ever carve an R4 on a
snowboard while an avalance is on your booty?

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4.1.1.8 Clausal Ellipsis
There is a set of data of clausal ellipsis in this movie.
(183). Xander:Can you keep this behind the bar for me?
(184).Bartender:What can I get you?
(185).Xander:A cranberry and club soda.Make that two.Thank you.
(186).Bartender:You‟re welcome.
The question in line 184 “What can I get you?” is answered by word “A
cranberry and club soda”. Line 185 omits clause “I get you” to simplify the
answer. The omission of word “What can I get you” indicates there is clausal
ellipsis here. The relation between line 184 and 185 shows the omission of a
clause. So, it is verifying that this data is clausal ellipsis.

4.1.1.9 Additive Conjunction
Additive conjunction is used to coordinate the sentences in order to be able
to be classified into the same position or condition and also give clue that there is
an additional statement which supports the preceding sentence. The most frequent
additive conjunction use are “and” and “or”.
An example additive conjunction is in line 176.

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(175).Xander:Okay, hang on.What do you think?You talked me into
it!18%!
(176). Lazaruz:You think this is a flea market?You think we‟re the hood
selling TVs and fake watches,or something like that?What‟s wrong
with you, man?
4.1.1.10 Adversative Conjunction
Adversative conjunction acts to indicate “contrary to expectation” and is signaled
by “yet, though, only, but, in fact, rather”, etc. The amount of this type is twenty.
An example of this type is in line 203.
(199). Nicky:Is this a party or a funeral?
(200). All people:It‟s a party!
(201). Nicky:Either way, somebody‟s gettin