Cohesiveness of gramatical devices in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII

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COHESIVENESS OF GRAMMATICAL DEVICES IN THE OPENING

STATEMENT TEXT BY SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO AT BALI DEMOCRACY FORUM VII

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

DIAN AGUSTINA 1110026000097

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA


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i

Dian Agustina, Cohesiveness of Grammatical Devices in the Opening Statement Text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.

The purpose of this research is to find out the forms of grammatical cohesion and its types in the speech text and analyze how the grammatical cohesion device utilized in the text. In this research the writer only analyzed forms of grammatical cohesion in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the former President of Indonesia along with the types of grammatical cohesion itself in the form of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

The method that used in this research is descriptive qualitative. It means the writer tries to answer the questions by describing the problem in this research. From the data collected, the writer found four elements of grammatical cohesion that are appeared in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII. They are (1) Reference, types of reference found; personal, and demonstrative. (2) Substitution, types of substitution found; nominal, and clausal. (3) Ellipsis, type of ellipsis found is nominal. Then (4) Conjunction, types of conjunction found; additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. After analyzing the data, the writer concludes grammatical cohesion is indispensable to form a whole text, in this case the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Bali Democracy Forum VII.


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DEVICES IN THE OPENING STATEMENT TEXT BY

SUSIO

BAMBANG YUDIIOYONO

AT BALI DEMOCRACY FORUM

VII

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata One

DIAN AGUSTTNA

n10026000097

Approved by:

Advisor

I

Advisor

Il

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF

HIDAYATIILLAII

JAKARTA


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Name

:

Dian Agustina

NiM :

1110026000097

Title

:

Cohesiveness of Grammatical Devices in the Opening Statement Text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on July tr't, 2015. It has already been accepted as a

partial fulfillment of the recluirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, July 1", 20X5

Examination Commiffee

Sjgngture

Date

(chair@

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le

1. Drs. Saefudin. M.Pd.

NIP.19640710 199303 1 006

Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. NIP. 1 9781 003 200112 2 002

(Secretary)

3.

Dr. Frans Sa),oeie, S.H. M.H..

M.Pd

(Advisor I)

NtP. 19700310 200003 1 002

4.

Abdr-rrrosyid. S.S." M.EIL (Advisor II)

5.

Dr. M. Farkhan. M.Pd

NrP. 19650919 200003 1 002

(Examiner I)

(Examiner iI)

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I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the next.

Jakarta, July 2015


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v

First and foremost, praise belongs to Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, the Most Merciful of the world. The writer likes to thank Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, the lord of the world for giving her the best guidance, brightest lights and deepest mercy. The pour of blessing lead her to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam

always devoted to our Prophet Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam, peace be upon him, who has guided us from the darkness to enlightenment in the world.

In this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude for her advisors, Mr. Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H, M.H., M.Pd and Mr. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL who always give inspirations, encouragements, critiques, and sincere guidance for her to finish the thesis. Herein, she also would like to thankful to her examiner Mr. Dr. M. Farkhan, M.Pd and Mrs. Rima Muryantina, S.Hum., M.Ling who examine this thesis comprehensively and give the writer good suggestions that make this thesis better. The writer also would like to take this opportunity for expressing her deep and sincere gratitude and thankfulness to: 1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of Faculty of Letters and

Humanities.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department. 4. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for their valuable

knowledge.


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vi pray and endless love.

7. Her friends especially Happy C Family for their support and suggestion in writing her thesis.

8. Her close companions, Fadillah Mahmudah, Adea Fitriana, Aida Soraya, Siti Aisyah, Yusron Amalia, Ega Dwi Rakhmawati, Lala Nufaela, Deri Indrya Santhi, Winda Ainur Happy, and Audia Eriana, for their motivation strength, supports, cares, entertaining and long friendship.

Finally, she realizes that this thesis is not perfect, that is why she welcomes to receive the criticism and suggestion for this thesis to be better. She hopes this thesis will be useful, particularly for her and for those who interested in this field.

Jakarta, July 2015


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vii

APPROVEMENT……….ii

LEGALIZATION………....iii

DECLARATION……….iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT………...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………...vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study………...1

B. Focus of the Study………...2

C. Research Question………...3

D. Objectives of the Study...………...3

E. Significance of the Study……….3

F. Research Methodology………...…..4

1. Research Method……….…….……….……..…..4

2. Data Analysis Technique……...………..……...…4

3. Unit of analysis………..…….……...5

4. Instrument of the Research………..………….….5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. Previous Research………...6


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RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description………...27

B. Data Analysis……….28

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion………...67

B. Suggestion………...………...……...68

BIBLIOGRAPHY………...………69

APPENDIX…...71


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Cohesiveness in a text or discourse is the most crucial thing. The harmony and the links between one sentence and another sentence are the main key of determining legibility factor. A state element that refers to each other and has semantically relation, it is called cohesion. With cohesion, a discourse to be coherent: each part forming discourse.1

Discourse is a unit of the largest or highest language above the sentence or clause with the high coherence and cohesion that have sustained in the beginning and ending that delivered orally or writing.2 The discourse often discovered in human life, whether written or oral. Written discourse should be interconnected between one and another series to find an idea or concepts that presented in the discourse.3

A good discourse is inseparable from the cohesion and coherence elements. Cohesion has connection between sentences in a discourse, include grammatical and lexical stratum in particular.4 Coherence has a connection of cohesion meaning between parts of discourse.5 Cohesion discerns the relationship or bond discourse, while the coherence discerns a whole of meaning that conveyed by a discourse. If a discourse cohesive, it will be created coherency. Its means the

1

Kushartanti dkk, Pesona Bahasa (Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.96 2

H.G. Tarigan, Pengajaran Wacana (Bandung: Angkasa, 1987), p.27 3

Ibid 4

Ibid,.p.96 5

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion In English. (London: Longman, 1976), p.148


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Content of discourse is correct.6 Without cohesion, it will not be created coherency, for instance, attention this following sentences:

In this research, the writer will only examine cohesion markers especially in grammatical cohesion. According to M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory, grammatical cohesion embraces four devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction7. In other words, cohesion learns to identify the structure that described in a text, through the elements which refers to each other and have grammatically related. Therefore, the writer choose grammatical cohesive device as object analysis because it is a base component to establish the text harmoniously.

The writer chooses an opening statement text as the source text for investigating the data because it has standard of textuality. The content of the text provides the relationship between words in a text. Therefore, the writer is interested in doing grammatical cohesion analysis in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a former President of Republic of Indonesia.

B. Focus of The Study

This research focuses of grammatical cohesion according to M.A.K. Halliday

and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory. There are four device of grammatical cohesion

markers consist of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Then, will be

observed in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII. The writer will analyze 32 paragraphs as the data.

6

Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007), p.267 7


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C. Research Questions

Based on the focus of study, the research questions are:

1. What kinds of grammatical devices are used in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?

2. Which grammatical cohesion device has the dominant frequency of appearance in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?

3. How are the grammatical devices utilized in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII?

D. Objectives of the Study

Relating to the research questions above, the objectives of study are:

1. To know what kind of the grammatical devices that used in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.

2. To describe the grammatical cohesion device that has the dominant frequency of appearance in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.

3. To identify how the grammatical devices are used the cohesiveness of grammatical in the opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII.

E. Significance of The Study

The significance of the study is to give a new contribution in linguistics research especially about grammatical devices. The writer hopes that this research


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will give the advantages for the readers and the writer herself to increase knowledge about linguistics and also to be another reference for other students who want to develop the similar study in the future.

F. Research Methodology 1. Research Method

Based on research questions and the objectives of the study, the method that is used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative method involves data collection procedures that result primarily in numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.8 It means the writer tries to answer the entire questions by describing the problem in this research.

2. Data Analysis Technique

To get the aim of the research, the writer conducts the following steps: 1. Determining source of data, the writer choose the text of opening

statement by President Republic of Indonesia 2. Collecting data

3. Looks for the theory cohesion from M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan

4. Reads the theory carefully

5. Looks for several previous researches to support this research 6. Analyzing data

7. Concluding the collecting data

8

Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistic (New York:Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 24.


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3. Unit of Analysis

As the unit of analysis, the writer used text of opening statement by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Bali Democracy Forum VII on October 10th 2014.

4. Instrument of the Research

The researcher using qualitative method will argue that another human being is the only instrument that is sufficiently complex to comprehend and learn about human existence.9 That is why, the main instrument of this research is the writer herself to get more data she needs reading and understanding the book of theory also the text. The writer also is supported by other instruments, such as: journal and internet in the way analyzing, and concluding the findings in this research.

9

Fink, Anne Sofie (2000). The Role of the Researcher in the Qualitative Research Process. A Potential Barrier to Archiving Qualitative Data [69 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(3), Art. 4, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs000344. downloaded on August 5th 2015.


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6 A. Previous Research

The idea on writing this thesis is based on some linguistics books that supply relevant information to the topic. The writer refers to some related analysis based on the grammatical cohesion in discourse, as follows:

Widhiya Ninsiana (2014) has analyzed „Grammatical cohesion devices on the

Indonesian translation of English bidding document’uses qualitative descriptive approach integrated with established case study and having the orientation on such a product using holistic critical method which examines objective, genetic, and affective aspects. Her research findings thereof are as follows: grammatical

cohesion devices in Bidding Documents translated into „Dokumen Tender

consisting of: First, cohesion marker of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. There are several grammatical cohesion devices in Bidding Document which experience to change and not to change in cohesion marker. It causes there are differences in grammatical structure, reference, and social culture context.1

On the research ‘Grammatical Cohesion in Students’ Argumentative Essay’, Alarcon and Morales have analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively method. 104 essays were collected and assessed by two interraters, but only 64 essays statistically qualified as the corpus of the study. From Halliday and Hasan (1976)

1

Widhiaya Ninsiana. Grammatical Cohesion Devices on the Indonesian Translation of English Bidding Document. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. Vol.2,No.6,2014, pp361-367 (Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret)


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concept of grammatical cohesion was used as framework for the analysis of the essays. Reference had the highest frequency which is 90.67% of the total cohesive devices with mean score 53.37. Conjunction occurred 326 times in the essays, which is 9.08%. While substitution was the least used type of cohesion device which is only 0.25%. The cohesive devices are not significantly at 05 level of significance.

Based on the qualitative analysis, it was found out that certain cohesive types assisted the students in the argumentation process. For instance, the use of adversative conjunction helped the students establish counterclaims. However,

„but‟ is the most frequently used adversative conjunction by the student which may signify that their knowledge on the use of this kind of cohesion device is

limited. There were instances where the students can use concessive like „yet or however‟ to establish stronger claims. Hence, qualitative analysis supports the

concept of form and function. In the students‟ argumentative essays, certain forms

were chosen over the others for a specific purpose that supports the overall objective of an argumentative text.2

Tahereh Rahmati Farmani, student of Islamic Azad University Iran, was

conduct „A Discoursal- Grammatical Analysis of the 4th Chapter of Golestan:

The Merits of Silence’. Her analysis is based on Halliday and Hasan‟s Method in

Discourse Analysis (DA), at the macro level, cohesion factors and frequency of them are identified and analyzed, and the micro-level, the types of sentences and

2

Josephine B.Alarcon* and Katrina Ninfa S. Morales. Grammatical Cohesion in Students’

Argumentative Essay. Journal of English and Literature Vol.2(5), June 2011 (Philippines: University of Santo Tomas, Manila), pp.114-127.


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frequency of them are analyzed. The total number of cohesion factors at the macro level is 688 cases, which indicate a high level of cohesion and coherence through the text.3

B. The Definition of Discourse

The study of discourse, or discourse analysis, is concerned with how speakers combine sentences into boarder speech units.4 Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions, interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, valuing, and using various symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable identity.5 Unlike the sentence whose boundaries appear intuitively clear, the discourse unit is not as clearly definable.6 In other word, discourse has unlimited boundaries that cover a lot of domain, especially social domain. It is like a statement that reveals by Teun A Van Dijk, discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the social domain.7

Generally, discourse refers to a text unity whether it is spoken language or written language, it does not need to refer the rational and logic contains. Such as, poem, tragedy, conversation, etc. a unity of discourse structure closer to lexical unity than syntaxes unity. A sentence series is called disourse if it has emotional

3

Tahereh Rahmati Farmani, A Discoursal –Grammatical Analysis of the 4th Chapter of Golestan: The Merits of Silence. Indian J.Sci.Res.Vol. 7(1), 2014 (Iran: Islamic Azad University), pp. 529-533.

4

Victoria Fromkin, et al., An Introduction to Language, 7th Edition.(Boston:Heinle, Thomson Corp, 2003), p.209.

5

James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and method. (New York and London: Routledge, 2005),p.21.

6

Roy O.Freedle, Discourse Production and Comprehension. (Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1982), p.94

7

Teun A.Van Dijk, Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4 (London: Academic Press Inc, 1985), p.27.


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connection from a part to another part, In other words, its topic sentences should be supported by the other sentences.

C. The Definition of Text Unity 1. Text

Halliday and Hasan expressly an idea of „text‟. This becomes apparent in their

book Cohesion in English:

A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like

a clause or sentence; and it is not defined by its size. […] A text is

not something that is like a sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit not a form but meaning.8

It is a glance about text definition according Halliday and Hasan. From their explanation above, text cannot be supposed by grammatical aspect but it is the semantic one. Text is a combination of the sentences that connect each other and make a unity.

Also, Halliday and Hasan through their book Cohesion in English propose

“the word text is used in linguistics to refers any passage, spoken, or written, or

whatever length, that does form a unified whole.”9

It is equal from Crystal assertion that text is a piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, signed discourse identified for purposes of analysis.10

The word text is exploited in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written of whatever length, that does construct a unified whole. According to

8

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan,Op.Cit.,pp.1-2 9

Ibid 10


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Widdowson (1979), “a text is a collection of formal objects held together by

patterns of equivalence or frequencies or by cohesive devices”. A text may be prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee. That is geographical length is not important for a text.11

For example: a. A single word: “DANGER” on a warming sign.

b. A stretch of language even though not a sentence: “NO

SMOKING” printed on a wall.12

A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a lexico-grammatical unit like a clause or a sentence, and it is not defined by size. A text does not consist of sentences. It is realized by or encoded in sentences. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentences not by size but by realization, the coding of one symbolic system in another.13

2. Texture

A text must have Texture, as what Halliday and Hasan proposed in their book the unity of text has strong connection with texture. The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of being text. A text has texture, and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It derivers that texture from the fact that is function as a unity with respect to it environment.14

11

Mizan Mahbub, Text, texture, and Cohesion www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015

12 Ibid 13

Ibid 14


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Texture is shown by relations of meaning which exist within a text. The study on relation of meaning which exist within a text is then called Cohesion.15

Example:

If we find the following instructions in the cooking book;

Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish.

It is clear that „them‟ in the second sentence refers back to the „six cooking

apples‟ of if first sentence. This anaphoric function ofthem gives cohesion to the two sentences, so that we interpret them as a whole; the two sentences together constitute a text. So it is the texture which makes these two sentences a text.16

3. Cohesion

The term of cohesion is familiar in the study of language. Cohesion is part of the system of language. It is introduced by Halliday and Hasan in 1976, through their book Cohesion in English. The simplest definition proposed by Halliday and

Hasan is that “it refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text, and the

define it as a text‖.17

Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. Cohesion is correlation between clauses within a text or discourse grammatically or lexically.

15

Ibid p. 4 16

Mizan Mahbub, Op,Cit

17


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Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspect such as grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.18

Halliday and Hasan, moreover, put forward that the function of cohesion is to relate one part of a text to another part of the same text. In other words, cohesion functions as a tie to link one sentence to another. The actualization of cohesion in any given instance, Halliday and Hasan examine, does not depend merely on the selection of the word apples we cannot see that it has cohesive power by itself, a cohesive relation is set up only if the same word or a word related to it such as fruit has arise previously. Halliday and Hasan point out that the cohesion lies in the relation that is set up between the sentences.19

For example:

International pop stars usually lead a very busy life. They need to give concerts, attend photo shootings, or have other important obligations. Very often they have to travel around the globe, jumping from one time zone to another without getting much sleep. There is no secret that many of them have a tendency to take drugs to be able to deal with the pressure. One of the most famous victims of drug abuse during recent years was Michael Jackson who died in 2009 only two months before his 51st birthday.20

Example above shows such a cohesive chain in which “international pop

stars” in the first sentence is connected to all the other sentences via “they” in the second and third sentence and “many of them” in the fourth sentence. One has to

18

Kushartanti et al, Pesona Bahasa (Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.96 19

Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, An Analisis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on The Journalistic Text of VoANEWS.com (UIN Jakarta: FAH, 2011), p.12

20

Glottopedia Discovering Linguistics, Cohesionhttp://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Cohesion downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015


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follow all the cohesive ties in the subsequent sentences in order to establish the

relation between the elements “pop stars” in the first sentence and “Michael Jackson” in the fifth sentence, i.e. Michael Jackson is an instance of an “international pop star”.21

3.1The Cohesion Device

However, cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of text which can form connections between parts of the text.22 Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan classify cohesion into two categories, grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion markers consist of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Whereas, the markers of lexical cohesion consist of reiteration and collocation. All of cohesion devices, being on the surface on the text, can be observed, counted, and analyzed.23

3.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion 1. Reference

Reference is the relation between an element of the text and something else by reference to which it is interpreted in the given instance.24 Reference item is one whose interpretation is determined in this way. The interpretation takes one of two forms. Either through Endophoric Reference or Exophoric Reference. Exophora signals that reference must be made to the context of situation, while Endhopra is textual reference: it is an internal cohesion within a text. Endhoporic divided into two types, Anaphoric and Cataphoric. For the Anaphoric reference, the elements

21 Ibid 22

Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen, Collaborating Towards Coherence: Lexical Cohesion in English Discourse (Amsterdam: Jhon Benjamins Publishing, 2006), p.13

23

M.A.K. Halliday and Hasan, Op, Cit, p. 308 24


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refer to the preceding text, and the Cataphoric reference, the elements refer to the following text. For example:25

See the following schemas:

Reference

(Situational) (Textual)

Exophora Endophora

[to preceding text] [to Following text]

Anaphora Cataphora

Scheme 1: Reference

The examples of anaphoric and cataphoric reference:

They were walking along the street, the old-man and his nine-year old grandson. It was just dust time for themto go home.”26

According to the example above, a word “they” refers to the old-man and his nine-year old grandsonin CATAPHORIC side. Whereas, a word themrefers to the old-man and his nine-year old grandson in ANAPHORIC side. People make

25

Mizan Mahbub, Text, texture, and Cohesion www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015

26


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reference to something for their interpretation. In English these items are personals, demonstrative, and comparative.27

1.1Personal Reference

Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category of personal reference includes three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiner (possessive adjectives) and possessive pronoun. It can be seen in the table below:

Table 1: Personal Reference

Person Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

Speaker I, Me My Mine

Addressee (s), with/without other

person (s)

You Your Yours

Speaker and other

person (s) We, Us Our Ours

Other person:

Male He, Him His His

Other person:

Female She, Her Her Hers

Other person:

Objects They, Them Their Theirs

Objects, passage

of the text It Its Its

This reference has the system known as person where it is used in the special sense of role: first person, second person, and third person where three of them can be singular or plural.28

27

M.A.K. Halliday and Hasan, Op, Cit. pp. 33-38 28


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This sentence below is one of example of personal pronoun “Tom and Smith got gold medal on the badminton tournament yesterday; they are the best

delegation from university”. Pronoun “they” refers to Tom and Smith, it‟s belong to personal pronoun.29

1.2Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative Reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing. The speaker identifies the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity. The system is follows30:

Semantic Category Selective Non-Selective

Grammatical

Function Modifier/ Head Adjunct Modifier

Class Determiner Adverb Determiner

Proximity: Near

Far Neutral

This, These That, Those

Here [now] There then

The Table 2: Demonstrative Reference

The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstrative here, there, now, and then refer to the location of process in space or time, and they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function as Adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group. They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there.

29 Ibid 30


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The remaining (nominal) demonstratives this, these, that, those, refer to the location of something, typically some entity-person or object- that is participating in the process; they therefore occur as elements within the nominal group. For instance, see these sentences below:31

There’s a new mall in the Gading Serpong called Summarecon Mall Serpong. Maybe we’ll go theretomorrow.‖32

1.3Comparative Reference

Comparative Reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. This reference is divided into two: general and particular comparison.33

The system as follows:

31

Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, Op,Cit, p.17 32

Ibid 33

Textual Cohesion, http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/ling_ing1_linfo/deposito/Textual_cohesion.doc, downloaded on 27 April 27, 2015


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Identity same equal identical, identically

General Similarity such similar, so similarly likewise

Difference other different else, differently otherwise

Comparison

Numerative more fewer less further additional; so- as- equally- +quantifier, eg: so many

Particular

Epithet comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: better; so- as- more- less- equally- +comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: equally good

Scheme 2: Comparative Reference

Comparative reference divided into two: general comparison and particular comparison. General comparison expresses likeness between things. The likeness


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particular comparison must be a standard of reference by which one thing is said to be superior equal, or inferior in quality or quantity.34

2. Substitution

Another kind of grammatical cohesion is substitution. Substitution is a relation between linguistic items or it is as replacement of one item by another. Substitution, on the other hand, is relation within the text. A substitute is a sort of counter which is used in place of the repetition of particular item, for example:

a. My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.

b. You think Joan already knows? I think everybody does.35

One and does are both substitutes: one substitutes for axe, and does for knows.

It follows that, as general rule, the substitute item has the same structural function as that for which it substitutes. In the above example one and axe are both Head in the nominal group; and does; knows are both Head in the verbal group.

Since substitution is grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than in meaning, the different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than semantically. The criterion is the grammatical function of substitute item. In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these corresponds the three types of substitution: Nominal, verbal, and clausal.36

34

Halliday and Hasan, p.76 35

Mizan Mahbub, Op,Cit www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015 36


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2.1Nominal Substitution

Nominal substitution is substitution of nominal with an item that is appropriate with the nominal genus. It is commonly expressed with the substitute

one/ones (singular and plural) and same. One is not only as a substitution but also it is as a personal person and one is also as cardinal number. The item same, occurs as cohesive element of the comparative type. In such instance, some is reference item. But there is another cohesive use of same, as nominal substitute, typically accompanied by the. Unlike one, the same presupposes an entire nominal group including any modifying elements. For examples:

a. I’ve read several books by this author. But this one is the best , I think.37

b. I lost my way in the museum- the same thing happened to me. The meaning „ Ilost my way in the museum‟.

Hence the same, although itself a form of nominal substitute, is used as a means of substituting a nominal or other element in the process as a whole, including the process itself.38

2.2Verbal Substitution

The verbal substitute in English is „do’. This operates as Head of a verbal group, in the place that is occupied by the lexical verb; and its position is always final in the group. Here are two examples from alice; in both, the substitute is the word that has the form do (not did or don’t)

37

Anastasia Tsareva, Grammatical Cohesion in argumentative Essays by Norwegian and Rusiian learners (Oslo: The University of Oslo, 2010) p. 18

38


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a. … the words did not come the same as they used to do.

b. I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I

don’t believe you do either!

The first do, in (a), substitutes from come; that in (b) substitutes from know the meaning of half those long words.39

2.3Clausal Substitution

Clausal substitution is one further type of substitution in which what is presupposed is not an element within the clause but in an entire clause the words used as substitutes are so and hot. There are three environments in which clausal substitution take place; report, condition, and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two form, positive and negative; the positive is expressed by so, the negative by not.40

a). Everyone seems to think he‟s guilty. If so, no doubt he‟ll offer to resign.41

b). Has everyone come late? I hope not.

Here, so in (a) presuppose the whole of clause everyone seems to think he’s guilty and not in (b) presupposes everyone come late.

3. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentences, it is exactly the same

as presupposition by substitution, except that in substitution an explicit „counter‟

is used, eg: one or do as a place – marker for what is presupposed, whereas is

39

Ibid,. p.112 40

Ibid,. pp. 130-131 41


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ellipsis nothing is inserted into the slot. That is why Halliday and Hasan say that ellipsis can be regarded as substitution by zero.42

Example: Joan brought some carnations and Catherine some sweet peas.

The structure of the second clause is Subject and Complement. There is no possible alternative here; the second clause can be interpreted only as Catherine

brought some sweet peas. This structure normally appears only in clause in which at least one element, the Predicator brought is presupposed to be supplied from the preceding clause. Actually, the normal sentence should be Joan brought some carnations, and Catherine brought soe sweet peas.

There are three types of ellipsis: Nominal ellipsis, Verbal ellipsis and Clausal ellipsis.

3.1Nominal Ellipsis

By nominal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the nominal group. An elliptical nominal group clearly requires that there should be available from some source or the other information necessary for feeling it out. Normally, the source of information is a preceding nominal group.43

For example: My kids play an awful lot of sport.44

42

Halliday and Hasan, Op,Cit, p.143 43

Ibid, pp. 147-148 44


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3.2Verbal Ellipsis

By verbal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the verbal group. An elliptical verbal group presupposes one or more words from a previous verbal group. Technically, it is defined as a verbal group whose structure does not fully express its systemic features-all the choices that are being made within the verbal group system.45

For example: What have you been doing?-- Swimming

In example above, what is omitted is I have been swimming. It is only the lexical verb swim that is found in the elliptical verbal group. The elliptical form

swimming has various systematic features that are not found in the verbal structure.46

3.3Clausal Ellipsis

Clausal ellipsis means ellipsis within the clause. The clause in English, considered as the expression of the various speech functions, such as statement, question, response and so on, has two part structure consisting of modal element plus propositional element, for example:

„The dancers were going to perform the popular dance in the stage‟ [Modal element] [Propositional element]

What was the dancer going to do? Perform the popular dance in the stage.

45

Paul A.Crane, Texture In Text: A Discourse Analysis of a News Article Using Halliday and

Hasan‟s Model of Cohesion

46


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In the answer, the modal element is omitted: the subject and, within the verbal group, the finite operator was. Hence there is operator ellipsis in the verbal group: (What were the dancers going to do? The dancers were going to perform the popular dance in the stage).

4. Conjunction

As the final type of cohesion relation that found in grammar, conjunction is the relationship which indicates how to subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the proceeding or the following (part of the sentence) this is usually achieved by the use of conjunctions also known as connective.

Conjunction is rather different in nature from the other cohesion relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and substitution and ellipsis on the other. It is not simply an anaphoric relation.47 Halliday and Hasan classified four types of conjunction there are: additive, adversative, causal and temporal.

4.1Additive Conjunction

Additive conjunction contributes to give additional information without changing information in the previously clause or phrase. Here are some items of the conjunction relations of additive type: and, and also, further (more), moreover, besides that, by the way, or, not, neither, etc. for example:

a. Besidesbeing mean, he is also hateful.

b. He no longer goes to campus andhe planning to look for a job.

47


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The conjunction relationship in (a) is hypotactic (which combine a main clause with subordinate clause or phrase) and in (b) is paratactic (which have two main clause)

4.2Adversative Conjunction

The basic meaning of adversative relation is „contrary to expectation‟. The

expectation may be derived from the content of what is being said, or from communication process.48 Here are the conjunctive relations of the adversative type: however, but, in fact, nevertheless, instead etc.

For example: They failed. However, they are tried them best.

In this sense, the meaning are „as against‟. This is normally a true adversative and it can be expressed in although clause. „They failed, although they are tried

them best’.

4.3Causal Conjunction

Causal conjunction expresses “result, reason and purpose”, and the simple

form of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and number of expressions like as a result (of that), in consequence (of that), because of that. All these regularly take place in the initial clause or sentence and they express causality.

For example: She was never really happy here. Soshe‟s leaving.49

48

Ibid,. p.250 49


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The causal conjunction so creates a causal relation between the state was never happy and the event is leaving. The meaning of so is to introduce the consequence of the cause stated in the first sentence – because she was not happy.50

4.4Temporal Conjunction

The relation between the theses of two successive sentences that may be simply one of sequence in time. This temporal relation is expressed in its simplest form by then.

He stayed there for three years. Then he went on to New Zealand.

From example above, the temporal conjunctive link is established by means of the simplest form of the temporal conjunction then. It serves to create a sequence in time showing that one event happens after another.51

50

Ibid 51


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27

PRESIDENT REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

A. Data Description

As in the previous chapter, the focus of thesis research is only grammatical cohesion as a part of discourse analysis. This chapter will explain analysis of opening statement text by President Republic of Indonesia at Bali Democracy Forum VII on 10 October 2014. Grammatical cohesion consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as the markers.

Before the analysis, the writer will explain about the object of research. In this research, the writer uses the text of speech. It is officially issued by State Secretary of Republic Indonesia website www.setneg.go.id under the title Opening Statement by President Republic of Indonesia at Bali Democracy Forum VII on 10 October 2014.

That speech is used by president SBY at the time to give in formal setting where the delegation from every state in ASEAN group attending in international forum. As an Indonesian, the President must welcome to them representative in international language that is English. Therefore, the writer purposes to analyze the text to find out the grammatical cohesion. In data analysis, the data will be analyzed in each paragraph of the text. On the text, there are 32 paragraphs will be analyzed.


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B. Data Analysis

From the data above, the writer analyzes the cohesiveness on opening statement text by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a Former President Republic of Indonesia. The writer uses the theory of cohesion introduced by Halliday and Hasan which consists of grammatical and lexical cohesion, but in this research the writer focused on grammatical cohesion. It will be analyzed through the perspective of Reference, Substitution, Ellipsis and Conjunction. These are the analyses:

Text 1:

Grammatical Devices Paragraph 1:

First of all, on behalf of the Government and the people of Indonesia, I am pleased to extend a warm welcome to all of you to the beautiful island of Bali.

Your continuous and active participation in this Forum reflects your enduring dedication to the cause of promoting democracy.

From the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices that

appeared. First, the word “and‖ is called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which have function to add information in the text that the President represented the government also the people of Indonesia to welcome

delegation of ASEAN. Utilizing “and” as the additive conjunction above is appropriate because the President adds information about his status. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of adding information and existential.


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Second, the word “I‖ and “you” are called by personal reference. The word

I‖ in the text refers to the President. In the context, the President is someone who

gives a speech in Forum. Then, the word „you‟ refers to all of the delegation who

attending the Forum. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.

Third, the word “your‖ is including personal reference. It is called possessive determiner. The word ―your‖ refers to all of the delegation who attending the forum. These personal references make the audience to understand the speech

well. If the President does not use „you‟ and „your‟ as the personal reference, the

listener cannot understand the speech well. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing possessive pronoun.

Fourth, the word “this” is called by demonstrative reference. “This” above

refers to the forum. The demonstrative reference is precise, because after the word

„this‟ there is the word „forum‟. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point

out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing forum.

Paragraph 2:

We convene this Bali Democracy Forum in the midst of a historic year for Indonesia. We had just finished a series of elections, for President, Parliament, Regional Representative Council or the Senate, and local

Parliament. Some 135 million people took part in one of the world’s largest

electoral process involving half a million ballot booths, and organized independently by the Elections Commission (KPU). In the process, we elected

more than a thousand leaders at all levels. Members of the new Parliament


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And on October 20, a new President—President-elect Joko Widodo—will be sworn in.

From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―we‖ is called as exophoric reference or anaphoric reference because it is reference outside the text but we can understand that the word “we” refers to president and Indonesia people. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.

Second, the word ―their‖ is called as personal reference. The word ―their‖ refers to Members of the new Parliament and the Senate. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing possessive pronoun.

Third, the word ―this‖ is called as demonstrative reference. ―This‖ refers something that has been mention before that is Bali Democracy Forum. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing Bali Democracy Forum.

Fourth, the word ―or‖ also ―and‖ are expressed additive conjunction, their function are adding information and as connection between sentences. It can be seen from the paragraph above that the speaker adding information around the

election. Then, in the last sentence the word „and‟ has function as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the


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addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of the series of elections.

Fifth, the word ―more‖ is particular numerative comparative. It‟s function to comparing something. On the text, the speaker, the president, try to compare members of leader who elected for the election. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of election commission (KPU).

Paragraph 3:

The elections were not easy. They were exhaustive, complicated, expensive, divisive, and even emotional –I suppose like any other elections in the world. No one said democracy was easy. But time and again, when the next President is sworn in days from now, Indonesia will have proved, to our

people and to the world, that we can achieve peaceful and constitutional transfer of power.

From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―they‖,‖I‖, ―our‖ and ―we‖ are called personal reference. The

word „they’ refers to the elections that happen in Indonesia. And the word „I’

refers to the speaker that is the President. Then, the word „we’ refers to the President and Indonesia people. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subjects.

Second, the word ―but‖ is called an adversative conjunction. The word “but” shows the contrasting idea. The speaker uses adversative conjunction to demonstrate the existence of contradictions when the speaker wants to show two


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things in some way opposite to each other, the differences when comparing two

things. It can be seen from paragraph above, the word „but‟ shows the contrasting

idea that expressed that no one said democracy was easy. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of time of election.

Third, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which have function to add information in the text. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of difficulty of election.

Fourth, the word “one‖ is called nominal substitution. It refers to people. The speaker uses nominal substitution to replace the same previous word in order to have no extravagant word. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of citizen.

Paragraph 4:

Indonesia of course is only part of many electoral events around the world. We congratulate the successful elections in Algeria, Brazil, Fiji, Iraq, Lebanon, India, Iran, Libya, Maldives, New Zealand, South Africa, Turkey,

and many others. We welcome the recent peaceful transfer of power in Afghanistan, and the successful resolution of their electoral disputes.

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the paragraph above. First, the word ―we‖ is called personal reference. The word ―we‖ refer to the president as a speaker. The word ―their‖ is called personal reference in possessive determiner. The word ―their” refers to the states that hold elections. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has


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to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.

Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It can be seen from paragraph above the information that the President congratulates the successful elections in many countries. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. These grammatical devices are appropriate to use because they are related to the context of peaceful of Afghanistan.

Paragraph 5:

This Forum also takes place during a challenging and turbulent time for the world. At the macro-level, there is a worrying trend of deteriorating relations among the major powers – involving the United States, Russia, Europe, China, Japan. In the case of Russia – US, and Russia – Europe relations, this has been sparked to a large extent by political events in Ukraine. There is no clear sign as yet when and how the conflict in Ukraine will be resolved.

From the paragraph above, the writer found grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―this‖ is called demonstrative reference. It refers something that has been mention before for near proximity. ―This‖ above refers to forum. In the second sentence, there are the word ―this‖ too, but it has different reference. The word ―this‖ on the second sentence refers to relation between Russia-US-Europe. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. If the speaker uses „that‟ as demonstrative pronoun, it will be confusing the listener because „that‟ refers something that has been mention


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before for far proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing forum.

Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the forum not only takes place a challenging but also turbulent time for the world. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of relation among the major power.

Paragraph 6:

On top of that, we are also seeing democratic transitions in distress, in particular in the Middle-East. The political transitions in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia, and Libya are still evolving, and some remain volatile. And there is no end in sight for the conflict in Syria.

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the paragraph above. First, the word ―we‖ is called personal reference. The word ―we‖ refers to the president as a speaker. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject.

Second, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the president congratulates the successful elections in many countries. The

word “and” on the third sentence is similar with conjunctive adverb. It is show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an


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existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of political transitions.

Third, the word ―there‖ is called demonstrative reference. Demonstrative ―there‖ refers to the location of a process in space or time, and it normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process. On paragraph above, ―there‖ refers to the Middle-East countries. The speaker uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of conflict in Syria.

Paragraph 7:

The international community is also facing the growing threat from ISIS,

or ISIL, or IS. With billions of dollars at its disposal, ISIS is perhaps the richest terrorist group in history, and they are promoting a dangerous, exclusive ideology that is not only anti-democratic but also un-Islamic.

From paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices that appeared. First, the word ―or‖is called additive conjunction. “And‖ also ―or‖ are expressed additive conjunction, they function are adding information and as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of ISIS.

Second, the word “but‖is called adversative conjunction. „but” have sense as „against‟. The speaker uses adversative conjunction to show the existence of contradictions when says two thing in some ways opposite to each other. This


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grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of exclusive ideology.

Third, the word „they’ is called personal reference as subject. It refers to ISIS. The word ―its‖ is called possessive determiner. ―Its‖ refers to billions of dollar. Possessive determiner is one of personal reference. Personal reference is used by the speaker to be emphasized to avoid a repetition of the subject which is a waste of words. It clearly refers to previously mentioned subject, but it has to put the exactly personal reference in order not to create an ambiguous sentence. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject and possessive determiner.

Paragraph 8:

In Indonesia, the Government, as well as the public, including Islamic groups, have openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology, which contradicts our values of unity, tolerance, pluralism and respect for all religions. We have strictly banned ISIS in Indonesia, both as an organization

and its ideology, and we prohibit any Indonesians to join ISIS activities abroad.

On the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices. First, the

clause “have openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology‖ is called nominal ellipsis. Ellipsis is a fusion of a word in a sentence that has been deemed unnecessary like nominal such as Indonesia. The speaker eliminates it because the next sentence is still in the same subject, so it does not make such a long sentence. If the sentence is completed by an elliptical nominal group, the sentence above will be Indonesia has openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology.


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Second, the word ―our‖, ―we‖, and ―its‖ are called personal reference. The words ―our‖ and ―its‖ are possessive determiner of president and Indonesian people. Whereas, the word ―we‖ is personal pronoun. The word ―we‖ refers to president and government of Indonesia. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal reference in order there is no ambiguity meaning. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of addressing subject and possessive determiner.

Third, the word ―and‖ is called additive conjunction. It adds information that the president explain that Indonesia have banned organization of ISIS but also banned its ideology. Additive conjunction is used to help the speaker to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. This grammatical device is appropriate to use because related to the context of value of unity.

Paragraph 9:

In my view, for the long-term, military measures alone will not be enough to deal with the ISIS threat. What will be equally needed after the use of force would be political and other measures that would address the root causes of the ongoing conflict. By doing so, hopefully, we will be able to break the cycle of violence and extremism on the ground.

On the paragraph above, there are grammatical cohesion devices. First, the word ―my‖ and ―we‖are called personal reference. The word “my‖ is possessive determiner. The word ―my‖ refers to the president that has a point a view. Then ―we‖ refers to president and the entire guest in the forum. The President uses personal reference to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has


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http://www.setneg.go.id//index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8265&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26 1/4 Opening Statement by Presiden The Republic Indonesia BDF VII, di Bali, tgl. 10 Okt 2014

Jumat, 10 Oktober 2014

OPENING STATEMENT BY

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BALI DEMOCRACY FORUM VII

EVOLVING REGIONAL DEMOCRATIC ARCHITECTURE: THE CHALLENGES OF POLITICAL

DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRESS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

BALI INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE (BICC) BALI, INDONESIA, 10 OCTOBER 2014

Bismillahrirrahmanirrahim,

Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, May peace be upon us all,

Om Swastiastu,

Your Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzadin Waddaulah, Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Your Excellency Benigno Aquino III, President of the Republic of the Philippines,

Your Excellency, Kay Rala Xanana Gusmao, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste,

Your Excellency, Douglas Moderict UN Residence Coordinator, on behalf of UN Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki-moon

Distinguished Heads of Delegation, Excellencies,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

First of all, on behalf of the Government and the people of Indonesia, I am pleased to extend a warm welcome to all of you to the beautiful island of Bali.Your continuous and active participation in this Forum reflects your enduring dedication to the cause of promoting democracy.

We convene this Bali Democracy Forum in the midst of a historic year for Indonesia. We had just finished a series of elections, for President, Parliament, Regional Representative Council or the Senate, and local Parliament. Some 135 million people took part in one of the world's largest electoral process involving half a million ballot booths, and organized independently by the Elections Commission. In the process, we elected more than a thousand leaders at all levels. Members of the new Parliament and the Senate have already assumed their responsibility from October 1st. And on October 20th, a new President, President-elect Joko Widodo, will be sworn in.

This, I should say, the elections were not easy. They were exhaustive, complicated, expensive, divisive, and even emotional. I suppose like any other elections in the world. No one said democracy was easy. But time and again, when the next President is sworn in days from now, Indonesia will have proved, to our people and to the world, that we can achieve peaceful and constitutional transfer of power.

Indonesia of course is only part of many electoral events around the world. We congratulate the successful elections in Algeria, Brazil, Fiji, Iraq, Lebanon, India, Iran, Lybia, I should say, India, Iran, Libya, Maldives, New Zealand, South Africa, Turkey, and many others. We welcome the recent peaceful transfer of power in Afghanistan, and the successful resolution on their electoral disputes.

This Forum also takes place during a challenging and turbulent time for the world. At the macro-level, there is a worrying trend of deteriorating relations among the major power, involving the United States, Russia, Europe, China, and Japan. In the case of Russia - US, and Russia - Europe relations, this has been sparked to a large extent by political events in Ukraine. There is no clear sign as yet when and how the conflict in Ukraine will be resolved.


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transitions in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia, and Libya are still evolving, and some remain volatile. And there is no end in sight for the conflict in Syria.

The international community is also facing the growing threat from ISIS, or ISIL, or IS. With billions of dollars at its disposal, ISIS is perhaps the richest terrorist group in history, and they are promoting a dangerous, exclusive ideology that is not only anti-democratic but also un-Islamic.

In Indonesia, the Government, as well as the public, including Islamic groups, have openly stated our rejection of the ISIS ideology, which contradicts our values of unity, tolerance, pluralism and respect for all religions. We have strictly banned ISIS in Indonesia, both as an organization and its ideology, and we prohibit any Indonesians to join ISIS activities abroad.

In my view, for the long-term, military measures alone will not be enough to deal with the ISIS threat. What will be equally needed after the use of force would be political and other measures that would address the root causes of the ongoing conflict. By doing so, hopefully, we will be able to break the cycle of violence and extremism on the ground.

Ultimately, no matter where we come from and what political system we uphold, all of us must work together to promote a 21st century world of unity in diversity, what we in Indonesia call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. A world where human dignity, peace, and progress can spread to all corners of the world in the fastest time possible.

It is in that context that we have chosen a theme that I believe is very relevant to many, if not all of us in this room: "Evolving Regional Democratic Architecture: The Challenges of Political Development, Public Participation, and Socio-Economic Progress in the 21st Century."

Let me begin with this point, political development, socioeconomic progress, and public participation are the three essential and complementary elements that support a working democracy. They must all be present and working together to make a democracy viable. The more countries succeed in achieving all three of them, the stronger the democratic architecture in our region.

Democracy without political development is a democracy at a standstill. It is like walking on a treadmill, you know you are moving but you are not getting anywhere. This means that institutions do not develop, that reforms do not take place, that political capacity does not grow. Eventually, you come to the realization that the world around you has fundamentally altered, but you are not politically able to adapt to it. Thus, in the absence of political development, we will end up with political decay.

Democracy without socio-economic progress is a democracy that is not living up to the people's expectations. It is the main business of a democracy to create opportunities for a better life for its people, and to satisfy their common sense of social justice. Indeed, there are those who argue that economic well-being is more important than politics. Thus, when the people perceive no socio-economic progress, they may exercise their right to choose new and more effective leaders. That is only natural in a democracy.

Democracy without public participation is hollow. And public participation is never constant. Even in mature democracies, voter turn-out can be quite low during elections. In Indonesia, we had very high voting turn-outs in the first 3 elections in the reformasi era, around 85 percent in the elections of 1999, 2004, and 2009. In this year's elections, it declined to around 70 percent for a variety of reasons. But public participation is not measured by voting turn-out alone. A healthy democracy is one where the public is constantly engaged on issues that affect them, and one where their leaders are responsive to their needs.

Furthermore, a democracy will succeed if it can gain public trust. No government can be fully effective unless it has the confidence of the citizenry. Once you lose it, it is very difficult to regain it, even if you do, it takes a long time.

With public trust, you can afford to take risky policies, because the public trusts that you are doing your honest best, to act in their best interests. In my case during my administration, I needed the public to give me their trust as I tried to secure a permanent political settlement to deal with separatists in Aceh, a very sensitive matter for Indonesia. Or when I had to reduce fuel subsidies four times, which at one point led to a rise of petrol price by 140 percent. Or when I had to resolve a row between the police and the anti-corruption commission. Or when I decided to pursue reconciliation with Timor Leste, working closely in partnership with my good friend Kay Rala Xanana Gusmao. Or when I have to fight radicalism, extremism, and terrorism, and to protect the nature of Indonesian Muslim that is moderate. In all these, I listened to the people, to measure the level of their confidence in me before making these hard decisions, which in the end worked well for the country's best interests.


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Public trust usually improves once they see tangible results that meet their expectation and improve their livelihood. But there will come a time when public trust has to be renewed and our will to reform is put to the test. And in my experience, when things become more difficult, the best response is to speed up reforms, not slow it down.

One area where political development, socio-economic progress, and public trust intersect, and where we need to push for faster reform, is the battle against corruption. This is an evil that threatens to paralyze democracy. It drives up the cost of doing business and distorts the economy. Its, It destroys political institutions. And it erodes confidence in Government and public officials.

There is no silver bullet to ending corruption. Combating corruption is a great challenge. That is why aggressive anti-corruption campaign is one of the top priority during the ten years of my presidency. No political party in Indonesia, including my own, is immune from it. To a certain extent, it has led to rising scepticism and cynicism on the part of the general public towards politics. I believe the answer to this is even, again, faster and bolder reforms. In recent years, we have made strong gains in our fight against corruption by establishing the Anti-Corruption Commission or "KPK" in 2002. The KPK has successfully uncovered a number of high-profile corruption cases, and according to surveys, the KPK has become one of the most trusted institutions in the country. I have always stood by them, and when the KPK Commission was under attack, I was always quick to defend them.

Another issue where we need to push for more, not less, reforms is in the way we elect our leaders. For so many decades after independence, the Indonesian Presidents were elected by the People's Consultative Assembly, and Governors, regents, and mayors were not directly elected by the people, but in fact by the authoritarian regime. And hence fall under its domination. Then after reformasi, we changed the law, allowed for direct, I should say, I should say, allowed for direct elections for President, and in 2004, I became the first directly elected President of Indonesia. But we did not just stop at the Presidential elections. Subsequently, under the new law, every governor, regent, and mayor have become directly elected by the people. By 2009, all of the Governors, regents and mayors in Indonesia over 500 of them were products of direct elections. This totally changed the political landscape, and ushered in a new political dynamics where the people felt full ownership of their democracy and felt in control of the political system and its representatives.

Here, in the spirit of being open about our national issues and problems, I would like to share with you a recent development on this issue. In recent weeks, the Indonesian Parliament passed a controversial legislation that would scrap direct elections and relegate the election of local government executives back to the Regional Houses of Representatives. I want to make it clear that I oppose this new legislation because it is a step backward for Indonesia's democracy, especially since we have struggled so hard to institute direct elections. I passionately believe in direct elections because it creates direct connection between the voters and their representatives. Once you give people the right to elect their representatives, you simply cannot take it back from them. I am fully aware that the majority of our people also oppose this legislation.

I agree with those who say that the practice of direct local elections has led to so many abuses, excess and manipulation. Indeed, as a matter of personal reflection, I have seen so many examples of unqualified and dubious candidates entering into the electoral process so easily, at the expense of the system.

But the answer to this problem is not by revoking direct elections itself, but by reforming the system. A system where informed voters can select better leaders, and stronger safeguards can help minimize electoral manipulation. Thus, taking into account the will of the people, I have issued a government regulation in lieu of law to repeal the new law. This government regulation would continue to guarantee the right of the people to directly elect their local leaders. But it comes with 10 additional measures to safeguard against abuse and excess, such as money politics, corruption, abuse of power by incumbents, and other measures. I have submitted this legislation for approval by Parliament, and I sincerely hope that in the end they will endorse it.

The sum of all this governance reform, is to make our democracy a servant to the needs of the people and not the narrow interests of the few elites. When any political system becomes elitist, then all chains between political development, socio-economic progress and public participation will be broken.

Since the era of reformasi began in 1998, Indonesia's democracy has grown from strength to strength. As someone who has always believed in democracy, I am proud to have taken part in that transformative experience, as a general, politician, and as Indonesia's sixth president. Our democracy is a work in progress, and despite all the things we have gained, enormous challenges await us in the future. If we can overcome these challenges, our democracy will become even stronger.

I, myself, believe in democracy. In the case of Indonesia, while we gain many achievements in the process to nurture our democracy, still, we face some challenges. At times, our democracy is noisy. Our freedom appears


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excessive. The political campaign during the election often marred with black campaign and other irregularities. Nevertheless, I am convinced that all these challenges can be rectified. My ideology is strong and mature democracy, strong and just economy, as well as strong commitment and action for environmental protection. Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen,

Already in its seventh year, the Forum has contributed to extensive regional dialogue on many strategic issues pertinent to the promotion of democracy. At the first BDF, we discussed about putting democracy on the strategic agenda for Asia. While on the second and third Forum, we focused our deliberation on the three pillars of democracy, rule of law, development and peace building. At the fourth Forum, we highlighted the importance to make democracy responsive to its people. At the fifth Forum, we refocused our discussion on the democratic principles and calibrated their implications at the global arena. While at the sixth Forum last year, we elaborated on challenges faced by countries in their efforts to consolidate democracy and we shared experiences in dealing with those challenges.

The Forum and the Institute for Peace and Democracy, an implementing agency for the BDF agenda, has consistently highlighted the importance of an inclusive format. The IPD has engaged ASEAN countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam, as well as other countries such as Tunisia and Fiji in programs and activities to support their home-grown democracies, as been said, I should say, as has been said by Foreign Minister Marti Natalegawa.

All in all, we have remained true to our basic approach, which is to be non-judgmental in our discussions. We are here to keep on learning from each other, and encourage one another to keep moving forward in a spirit of democracy and solidarity.

Looking forward, I believe there is a role for the IPD to pursue activities, such as in catering for the needs of sharing know-how and technology on reliable vote counting. In providing avenue for sharing experience on post-conflict resolution. And in bringing together a group of eminent persons to provide closed-door advise on civil-military relations during democratic transitions.

Finally, Execellecies, Ladies and Gentlemen, this would be my last time to attend the Bali Democracy Forum as President of Indonesia. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to all of you for your friendship, your good will and unwavering support for Indonesia. Our work together has resulted in the Bali Democracy Forum becoming the premier inter-Governmental Forum in Asia about democracy, and that is an achievement that we can all be proud of. Indeed, from our modest start, our Forum has significantly grown, in terms of participants and observers. This is an indication that we are on the right path forward. I hope that this Forum will continue to grow and become a useful meeting point for Governments in Asia and beyond to discuss democracy issues in the years to come.

And now, by saying bismillahirrahmanirrahim, it is my great honor to declare the seventh Bali Democracy Forum

officially open. I thank you.

Wassalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Om Shanti Shanti Shanti Om.

Asisten Deputi Naskah dan Penerjemahan, Deputi Bidang Dukungan Kebijakan, Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI