Makalah tentang reported speech (1)
ENGLISH PAPERS
Lecturer: Dien Mardiana Yulianti, S.S., M
“Reported Speech 1: Say, Tell, and Ask”
This paper was prepared by:
The Seventh Group
Uci Agustina (11140950000008)
Ria Suci Anisa (11140950000021)
Ratna Evania Fitriyani (11100950000022)
STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ISLAMIC STATE OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH UNIVERSIITY
JAKARTA
2015
PREFACE
The writer would like to acknowledge countless thanks to the Most Gracious and the Most
Merciful, Allah SWT who always give us all the best of this life and there is no doubt about it.
Shalawat and Salaam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family. The writer would like to
take the opportunity to express her deep and sincere gratitude to the following :
1.
Mrs. Dien Mardiana Yulianti S.S., M as first advisor who has guided the writer patiently
in writing the script. who has given her expertise and guidance in writing this scientific script
and invaluable teaching experience.
2.
Anyone that can not be mentioned directly or indirectly who has helped the writer in
completing this script. The writer does appreciate any opinion, and suggestion for the
improvement of this script.
For the perfection of this paper, we expect criticism and suggestions from readers. Hopefully
this paper for dear readers.
i
CONTENT
PREFACE...................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER I.................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1
A.
Background.......................................................................................................... 1
B.
Problem Formulation............................................................................................... 1
C.
Destination........................................................................................................... 1
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................ 2
A.
Looking at Language............................................................................................... 2
B.
Reported Speech Related by Verb and Related by Adverb.................................................3
C.
From Other Resources............................................................................................. 4
D.
Reporting Questions................................................................................................ 5
The Text........................................................................................................................ 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 9
ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
English language is international language. If we learn English well, so we can
get communication with other people in other country in this world. Beside that, we also
get more knowledge which is useful for our country’s advancement, because we can read
the literature of English, listen the other country’s streaming radio, and watch the movie.
With all of that, finally we have the ability in all of sector.
Reported speech is part of learning the English language and should know how to
use is in the language. in this paper the authors will provide knowledge about the
Reported Speech.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is Reported Speech ?
2. How to use say, tell and ask in Reported Speech ?
3. What is the function of Reported Speech ?
C. Destination
In the manufacture of this paper aims to find out more knowledge about reported speech :
say, tell and ask.
1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Looking at Language
Reported speech included about say, tell and ask.
Direct and reported speech
When we want to report someone exact word, we use direct speech:
She said, I’m afraid I don’t know him, I’ve never met him before.
When we want to report the general meaning of what someone said, we use reported speech:
She said she didn’t know him.
Time and tense
We often move the tense of a verb one step back in reported speech because the original words
happened before the reported speech.
Original words
I’m sorry. I can’t do that
Present tense
S+V1s,es+O
Here are some possible tense changes.
Reported speech
She said she couldn’t
Past tense
S+V2+O
Original words
Present simple / present continuous :
S+V1s,es+O / S+TO BE+VING+O
I’m going to the supermarket to buy food for the
party.
Past simple / past continuous :
S+V2+O / S+WAS,WERE+VING+O
He went in to work late yesterday.
Present perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAVE/HAS+V3+O / S+HAVE/HAS
BEEN+VING+O
I’ve had a terrible cold but I’m better now.
Past perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
I’d been having loads of trouble with my washing
machine so I finally got the plumber in yesterday.
Reported speech
Past simple / past continuous :
S+V2+O / S+WAS,WERE+VING+O
She said she was going to the supermarket to buy
food for the party.
Past perfect simple / past perfect continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She told me he’d gone into work late yesterday.
Past perfect simple /past perfect continuous :
S+HAD+ V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She said she had had a really bad cold.
Past perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She told me she’d been having trouble with her
washing machine but she’s had it fixed now.
2
Modal in present
Will :
My mother will look after her plants until she gets
back.
Be going to + verb :
They’re going to have a big celebration.
Modal in past
Would :
She told me her mother would look after her
plants until she gets back.
Was / were going to + verb :
She said they were going to have a big party.
Often we don’t need to change the tense because:
What we’re reporting is still true :
They said that it’s going to be very hot tomorrow.
The reporting verb is in the present :
She says she’s going to be late
The original words were in the past simple or past continuous :
I love him She said that she loved him
B. Reported Speech Related by Verb and Related by Adverb
1. Related by verb
a. Linking Verb
Linking verb are verb that connect the subject with an adjective or noun that
describe it. Linking verb do not show the action. They connect the subject of the
verb to
more
Is
Has
Do
Appear
Remain
Am
Have
Does
Become
Are
Had
Did
Get
Was/were Be
Been
information about the subject.
The example of it :
Seem
Look
The example in sentence :
She said they were going to have a big party.
She said she had bought a car.
b. Helping Verb
3
Just as the name implies, helping verb sometime called auxiliary verb, help out.
The main verb in a sentence.
Helping verbs help explain the sometimes complicated nuances of meaning. For
example, they can show expectation, probability, obligation, potential, and
direction. Though this may sound complicated, it’s really not. The example to
follow will make things more clear.
The example of it :
Can
Could
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Must
Might
May
Has
Have
Had
Was
Were
Ought to
Need
Used to
Dare
The example in sentence : She said she should call her mother.
2. It related by adverb
a. It refers to Verb :
Original words
I study English hardly.
Reported speech
She said she studied English hardly.
b. It refers to Adjective :
Original words
I bought a new book last week.
c.
Reported speech
He said he had bought a new book
last week.
It refers to Other adverb :
Original words
I will go to London next year.
He runs very quickly.
Reported speech
She said she would go to
London next year.
He said he run very quickly.
C. From Other Resources
The Definition
Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what
someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary;
4
often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where
possible.
Say and tell are the two verbs most commonly used to report statements in
English. We can use either say or tell to do this.
she told me… / she said…
The main difference is that when we use told, we normally say who is spoken
to, so we have to use it with a direct personal object. When we use say, we don’t
normally indicate who is spoken to, or, if we do, we must put to before the object.
Compare the following:
Example :
He told me that he was going into hospital for a major operation.
He said that he expected to be kept in for about six weeks.
Note that when we are quoting direct speech, say is the more commonly used
verb as say refers to any kind of speech. Tell is used only with the meaning of instruct or
inform. Compare the following:
Example :
“You don’t look too happy,” I said.
“I get really stressed at work,” she said.
“Eat properly, exercise regularly and get eight hours’ sleep each night,” I told
her
told + object + infinitive
5
We can also use the object + infinitive pattern with told and other verbs
suggesting commands or orders. We cannot use said in this way.
Example : I told her to get a taxi from the station and not to walk.
told + object + about
Note that if we are reporting the topic and not what was actually said, we use this
construction. Again, it is not possible with said.
Example :
They told me all about their holiday in Greece..
D. Reporting Questions
Note that we do not use say or tell to report questions. Instead we must use ask
with if or whether to report yes/no questions and with the question word for all other
types of questions. We normally, but not always, use ask with a direct personal object
when reporting questions in this way.
Example :
She asked me if I was going to Dee’s party.
I asked her whether Joan would be coming.
asked + object + to / about
Like told, we can use asked with to + infinitive or about + topic.
Example :
6
I asked them to turn down the volume on the CD player as I couldn’t
concentrate on what I was reading. They asked me to move to another room.
I asked them about the holidays they had enjoyed in Greece and Portugal.
7
The Text
"Say it again"
"I'm just popping out to put the car away in the garage. I've left it in the road." — I told my wife
that I just was popping out to put the car away in the garage as I had left it in the road. "You be
careful. Remember you've had a lot to drink and the police are having a particular purge at the
moment in drink driving." — She told me to be careful and reminded me that I had a lot to drink
and that the police have a particular purge at the time on drink driving. She is very law-abiding,
my wife.
I shut the front door and as I walked down the garden path, I noticed someone standing by the
car. It was a policeman. "Very pleasant weather for the time of year." — He pointed out the
pleasantness of the weather for the time of year. "Oh er - yes. Absolutely". I hesitated and agreed
wholeheartedly. "Is this your car, sir". — He asked me whether it was my car.
"Yes, indeed" I affirmed confidently. "Don't see many of this particular make often. I've
sometimes thought of buying one myself." — He reckoned that you did not often see many of
that particular make. He sometimes thought of buying one himself. "Oh, really". I expressed
interest in his comment.
"What is this man up to? Is he trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he can then
breathalyze me?" — I asked myself what that man was up to and wondered whether he was
trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he could then breathalyze me. "But then I doubt I
could afford it. Cost a fair amount, I expect?" — Then he doubted whether he could afford it and
conjectured that it it had to cost a fair amount. "I picked it up quite cheaply actually. It has done
a lot of miles, you see." — I explained that I had it picked up quite cheaply because it had done a
8
lot of miles. The man was beginning to get on my nerves. Why didn't he just arrest me for intent
to drive a motor car while under the influence of drink?
"I'm just popping out to put the car away in the garage. I've left it in the road." — I told my wife
that I just was popping out to put the car away in the garage as I had left it in the road. "You be
careful. Remember you've had a lot to drink and the police are having a particular purge at the
moment in drink driving." — She told me to be careful and reminded me that I had a lot to drink
9
and that the police have a particular purge at the time on drink driving. She is very law-abiding,
my wife.
I shut the front door and as I walked down the garden path, I noticed someone standing by the
car. It was a policeman. "Very pleasant weather for the time of year." — He pointed out the
pleasantness of the weather for the time of year. "Oh er - yes. Absolutely". I hesitated and agreed
wholeheartedly. "Is this your car, sir". — He asked me whether it was my car.
"Yes, indeed" I affirmed confidently. "Don't see many of this particular make often. I've
sometimes thought of buying one myself." — He reckoned that you did not often see many of
that particular make. He sometimes thought of buying one himself. "Oh, really". I expressed
interest in his comment.
"What is this man up to? Is he trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he can then
breathalyze me?" — I asked myself what that man was up to and wondered whether he was
trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he could then breathalyze me. "But then I doubt I
could afford it. Cost a fair amount, I expect?" — Then he doubted whether he could afford it and
conjectured that it it had to cost a fair amount. "I picked it up quite cheaply actually. It has done
a lot of miles, you see." — I explained that I had it picked up quite cheaply because it had done a
lot of miles. The man was beginning to get on my nerves. Why didn't he just arrest me for intent
to drive a motor car while under the influence of drink?
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mardiana, Dien. 2014. English II. Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Pamulang.
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/say-and-tell.html (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May
2015 at 12.00 P.M)
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/say-tell ((being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May 2015 at 14.00 P.M)
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/reported-speech (being
accessed
on
Saturday,
02th
of
May
2015
at
17.00
P.M)http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of
May 2015 at 17.30 P.M)
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/reported-speech (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May 2015 at
18.00 P.M)
11
12
Lecturer: Dien Mardiana Yulianti, S.S., M
“Reported Speech 1: Say, Tell, and Ask”
This paper was prepared by:
The Seventh Group
Uci Agustina (11140950000008)
Ria Suci Anisa (11140950000021)
Ratna Evania Fitriyani (11100950000022)
STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ISLAMIC STATE OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH UNIVERSIITY
JAKARTA
2015
PREFACE
The writer would like to acknowledge countless thanks to the Most Gracious and the Most
Merciful, Allah SWT who always give us all the best of this life and there is no doubt about it.
Shalawat and Salaam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family. The writer would like to
take the opportunity to express her deep and sincere gratitude to the following :
1.
Mrs. Dien Mardiana Yulianti S.S., M as first advisor who has guided the writer patiently
in writing the script. who has given her expertise and guidance in writing this scientific script
and invaluable teaching experience.
2.
Anyone that can not be mentioned directly or indirectly who has helped the writer in
completing this script. The writer does appreciate any opinion, and suggestion for the
improvement of this script.
For the perfection of this paper, we expect criticism and suggestions from readers. Hopefully
this paper for dear readers.
i
CONTENT
PREFACE...................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER I.................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1
A.
Background.......................................................................................................... 1
B.
Problem Formulation............................................................................................... 1
C.
Destination........................................................................................................... 1
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................ 2
A.
Looking at Language............................................................................................... 2
B.
Reported Speech Related by Verb and Related by Adverb.................................................3
C.
From Other Resources............................................................................................. 4
D.
Reporting Questions................................................................................................ 5
The Text........................................................................................................................ 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 9
ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
English language is international language. If we learn English well, so we can
get communication with other people in other country in this world. Beside that, we also
get more knowledge which is useful for our country’s advancement, because we can read
the literature of English, listen the other country’s streaming radio, and watch the movie.
With all of that, finally we have the ability in all of sector.
Reported speech is part of learning the English language and should know how to
use is in the language. in this paper the authors will provide knowledge about the
Reported Speech.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is Reported Speech ?
2. How to use say, tell and ask in Reported Speech ?
3. What is the function of Reported Speech ?
C. Destination
In the manufacture of this paper aims to find out more knowledge about reported speech :
say, tell and ask.
1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Looking at Language
Reported speech included about say, tell and ask.
Direct and reported speech
When we want to report someone exact word, we use direct speech:
She said, I’m afraid I don’t know him, I’ve never met him before.
When we want to report the general meaning of what someone said, we use reported speech:
She said she didn’t know him.
Time and tense
We often move the tense of a verb one step back in reported speech because the original words
happened before the reported speech.
Original words
I’m sorry. I can’t do that
Present tense
S+V1s,es+O
Here are some possible tense changes.
Reported speech
She said she couldn’t
Past tense
S+V2+O
Original words
Present simple / present continuous :
S+V1s,es+O / S+TO BE+VING+O
I’m going to the supermarket to buy food for the
party.
Past simple / past continuous :
S+V2+O / S+WAS,WERE+VING+O
He went in to work late yesterday.
Present perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAVE/HAS+V3+O / S+HAVE/HAS
BEEN+VING+O
I’ve had a terrible cold but I’m better now.
Past perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
I’d been having loads of trouble with my washing
machine so I finally got the plumber in yesterday.
Reported speech
Past simple / past continuous :
S+V2+O / S+WAS,WERE+VING+O
She said she was going to the supermarket to buy
food for the party.
Past perfect simple / past perfect continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She told me he’d gone into work late yesterday.
Past perfect simple /past perfect continuous :
S+HAD+ V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She said she had had a really bad cold.
Past perfect simple / continuous :
S+HAD V3+O / S+HAD+BEEN+VING+O
She told me she’d been having trouble with her
washing machine but she’s had it fixed now.
2
Modal in present
Will :
My mother will look after her plants until she gets
back.
Be going to + verb :
They’re going to have a big celebration.
Modal in past
Would :
She told me her mother would look after her
plants until she gets back.
Was / were going to + verb :
She said they were going to have a big party.
Often we don’t need to change the tense because:
What we’re reporting is still true :
They said that it’s going to be very hot tomorrow.
The reporting verb is in the present :
She says she’s going to be late
The original words were in the past simple or past continuous :
I love him She said that she loved him
B. Reported Speech Related by Verb and Related by Adverb
1. Related by verb
a. Linking Verb
Linking verb are verb that connect the subject with an adjective or noun that
describe it. Linking verb do not show the action. They connect the subject of the
verb to
more
Is
Has
Do
Appear
Remain
Am
Have
Does
Become
Are
Had
Did
Get
Was/were Be
Been
information about the subject.
The example of it :
Seem
Look
The example in sentence :
She said they were going to have a big party.
She said she had bought a car.
b. Helping Verb
3
Just as the name implies, helping verb sometime called auxiliary verb, help out.
The main verb in a sentence.
Helping verbs help explain the sometimes complicated nuances of meaning. For
example, they can show expectation, probability, obligation, potential, and
direction. Though this may sound complicated, it’s really not. The example to
follow will make things more clear.
The example of it :
Can
Could
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Must
Might
May
Has
Have
Had
Was
Were
Ought to
Need
Used to
Dare
The example in sentence : She said she should call her mother.
2. It related by adverb
a. It refers to Verb :
Original words
I study English hardly.
Reported speech
She said she studied English hardly.
b. It refers to Adjective :
Original words
I bought a new book last week.
c.
Reported speech
He said he had bought a new book
last week.
It refers to Other adverb :
Original words
I will go to London next year.
He runs very quickly.
Reported speech
She said she would go to
London next year.
He said he run very quickly.
C. From Other Resources
The Definition
Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what
someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary;
4
often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where
possible.
Say and tell are the two verbs most commonly used to report statements in
English. We can use either say or tell to do this.
she told me… / she said…
The main difference is that when we use told, we normally say who is spoken
to, so we have to use it with a direct personal object. When we use say, we don’t
normally indicate who is spoken to, or, if we do, we must put to before the object.
Compare the following:
Example :
He told me that he was going into hospital for a major operation.
He said that he expected to be kept in for about six weeks.
Note that when we are quoting direct speech, say is the more commonly used
verb as say refers to any kind of speech. Tell is used only with the meaning of instruct or
inform. Compare the following:
Example :
“You don’t look too happy,” I said.
“I get really stressed at work,” she said.
“Eat properly, exercise regularly and get eight hours’ sleep each night,” I told
her
told + object + infinitive
5
We can also use the object + infinitive pattern with told and other verbs
suggesting commands or orders. We cannot use said in this way.
Example : I told her to get a taxi from the station and not to walk.
told + object + about
Note that if we are reporting the topic and not what was actually said, we use this
construction. Again, it is not possible with said.
Example :
They told me all about their holiday in Greece..
D. Reporting Questions
Note that we do not use say or tell to report questions. Instead we must use ask
with if or whether to report yes/no questions and with the question word for all other
types of questions. We normally, but not always, use ask with a direct personal object
when reporting questions in this way.
Example :
She asked me if I was going to Dee’s party.
I asked her whether Joan would be coming.
asked + object + to / about
Like told, we can use asked with to + infinitive or about + topic.
Example :
6
I asked them to turn down the volume on the CD player as I couldn’t
concentrate on what I was reading. They asked me to move to another room.
I asked them about the holidays they had enjoyed in Greece and Portugal.
7
The Text
"Say it again"
"I'm just popping out to put the car away in the garage. I've left it in the road." — I told my wife
that I just was popping out to put the car away in the garage as I had left it in the road. "You be
careful. Remember you've had a lot to drink and the police are having a particular purge at the
moment in drink driving." — She told me to be careful and reminded me that I had a lot to drink
and that the police have a particular purge at the time on drink driving. She is very law-abiding,
my wife.
I shut the front door and as I walked down the garden path, I noticed someone standing by the
car. It was a policeman. "Very pleasant weather for the time of year." — He pointed out the
pleasantness of the weather for the time of year. "Oh er - yes. Absolutely". I hesitated and agreed
wholeheartedly. "Is this your car, sir". — He asked me whether it was my car.
"Yes, indeed" I affirmed confidently. "Don't see many of this particular make often. I've
sometimes thought of buying one myself." — He reckoned that you did not often see many of
that particular make. He sometimes thought of buying one himself. "Oh, really". I expressed
interest in his comment.
"What is this man up to? Is he trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he can then
breathalyze me?" — I asked myself what that man was up to and wondered whether he was
trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he could then breathalyze me. "But then I doubt I
could afford it. Cost a fair amount, I expect?" — Then he doubted whether he could afford it and
conjectured that it it had to cost a fair amount. "I picked it up quite cheaply actually. It has done
a lot of miles, you see." — I explained that I had it picked up quite cheaply because it had done a
8
lot of miles. The man was beginning to get on my nerves. Why didn't he just arrest me for intent
to drive a motor car while under the influence of drink?
"I'm just popping out to put the car away in the garage. I've left it in the road." — I told my wife
that I just was popping out to put the car away in the garage as I had left it in the road. "You be
careful. Remember you've had a lot to drink and the police are having a particular purge at the
moment in drink driving." — She told me to be careful and reminded me that I had a lot to drink
9
and that the police have a particular purge at the time on drink driving. She is very law-abiding,
my wife.
I shut the front door and as I walked down the garden path, I noticed someone standing by the
car. It was a policeman. "Very pleasant weather for the time of year." — He pointed out the
pleasantness of the weather for the time of year. "Oh er - yes. Absolutely". I hesitated and agreed
wholeheartedly. "Is this your car, sir". — He asked me whether it was my car.
"Yes, indeed" I affirmed confidently. "Don't see many of this particular make often. I've
sometimes thought of buying one myself." — He reckoned that you did not often see many of
that particular make. He sometimes thought of buying one himself. "Oh, really". I expressed
interest in his comment.
"What is this man up to? Is he trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he can then
breathalyze me?" — I asked myself what that man was up to and wondered whether he was
trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he could then breathalyze me. "But then I doubt I
could afford it. Cost a fair amount, I expect?" — Then he doubted whether he could afford it and
conjectured that it it had to cost a fair amount. "I picked it up quite cheaply actually. It has done
a lot of miles, you see." — I explained that I had it picked up quite cheaply because it had done a
lot of miles. The man was beginning to get on my nerves. Why didn't he just arrest me for intent
to drive a motor car while under the influence of drink?
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mardiana, Dien. 2014. English II. Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Pamulang.
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/say-and-tell.html (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May
2015 at 12.00 P.M)
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/say-tell ((being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May 2015 at 14.00 P.M)
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/reported-speech (being
accessed
on
Saturday,
02th
of
May
2015
at
17.00
P.M)http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of
May 2015 at 17.30 P.M)
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/reported-speech (being accessed on Saturday, 02th of May 2015 at
18.00 P.M)
11
12