Translation Procedures Applied in Subtiling English Idioms in "the Hobbit : an Unexpected Journer” Movie into Indonesian

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Translation

  Some experts had given many brief definitions of translation, as follows: Catford (1965, in Nababan, 2003:19) defines translation, as “Penerjemahan

  

sebagai proses penggantian suatu teks bahasa sumber dengan teks bahasa

sasaran .”He also defines it, as “Penerjemahan sebagai penggantian materi teks

bahasa sumber dengan materi teks bahasa sasaran .”

  Catford (1965, in Nababan, 2003:19) defines translation, as ”Translation is replacement process of certain source text language with the target text language.” He also defines it, as “Translation is the replacement of the source text language material with the target text language material.

  Brislin (1976, in Nababan, 2003:19) said that “Penerjemahan adalah istilah

  

umum yang mengacu pada pengalihan pikiran atau gagasan dari suatu bahasa

sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran.”

  Brislin (1976, in Nababan, 2003:19) said that “Translation is a term that refers to transferring ideas and thought from source language into target language.” Kridalaksana (1985, in Nababan, 2003:19) defines translation, as

  “Penerjemahan sebagai pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam

  

bahasa sasaran dengan pertama-tama mengungkapakan maknanya dan kemudian

gaya bahasanya .”

  Kridalaksana (1985, in Nababan, 2003:19) defines translation, as “Translation as the transferring of ideas from source language into target language by first uttering the meaning and then the language style.”

  In Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary (2000), translation defines as the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.

  Larson (1984:3) said that “Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of the language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In translation the form of source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language.”

  Simatupang (1999: 2) states “Menerjemahkan adalah mengalihkan makna

  

yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya

kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sewajar mungkin

menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran.”

  Simatupang (1999:2) states “Translating is to transfer meanings in source language into target language and utter it as natural as possible in target language according to the rules of target language.”

2.1.1. The Concept of Translation

  The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subjectfield, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producingthe translation, otherwise known as translating).The process of translation betweentwo different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (thesource text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into awritten text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language orTL).

  According to JiříLevý (Venutti: 2000, 148), translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. He also states, “From the point of view of the working situation of the translator at any moment of his work (that is from the pragmatic point of view), translating is a DECISION PROCESS: a series of a certain number of consecutive situations – moves, as in a game – situations imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing among certain (and very often exactly definable) number of alternatives.”

2.2. Process of Translation

  Process is a several activities that is purposely done. Translation process can be defined as a several activities which is done by a translator when he transfers the meaning of ideas or informations from source language into target language. Translation process can also be defined as a certain system in tranlation activity. Therefore, the translator need to be careful in doing the translation process, because a mistake in one stage can bring another mistake in the next stages. And if that happen, the translation product will contain of tranlation error.

  There are 3 stages in translation process , they are (1) analyze the source language text, (2) Transeferring ideas or information, (3) restructuring (Suryawininata in Nababan, 2000:25). As it described in this diagram below:

  Diagram 1. Translation Process (Suryawininata in Nababan, 2000:25) 1. Analyzing Source Text

  Every single translation activity always started with analyzing the source text (ST). Analyzing ST is done by reading the ST in order to gain and comprehend the ideas from the text.The ideas comprehension incoherence with the linguistics and extra-linguistics elements which exist in the text.Linguistics elements refer to the elements which deal with language and the extra-linguistics elements refer to the elements that exist beyond the language, such as the sociocultural context of the ST.

  In analyzing the linguistics elements, the text was analyzed at all level such as in the level of sentence, clause, phrase and word. By doing the translator can fully comprehend the ideas from the ST.

  2. Transferring Ideas After the translator can comprehend the ideas and the structure of the ST, then he can gain the meaning from the ST. The next thing to do is to transfer the meaning from the ST into TT. In this step the translator has to find the equivalent of the ST in TT. This process happens in the translator mind (Nababan called it as

  proses batin ).

  3. Restructuring The last step is restructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, the translator reconstruct it in the form of target language (TL) becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best to the text and the readers.

2.3. Types of Translation

  Generally, translation is divided into two types: literal translation and non- literal translation or free translation. Larson (1984:15) states that translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based and meaning based translation. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the Source Language and is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of receptor language. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language.

  Nida and Taber (1969) classify translation into literal translation and dynamic translation. Dynamic translation in Nida and Taber is similar with meaning-based translation from Larson. Dynamic translationpurpose is to produce a dynamic equivalence in the TL.Dynamic equivalence refersto the target text having the same effect on the target text reader as the source text has on the sourcetext reader.

  According to Larson (1984:17), translation also has gradation which can be described in the diagram below: Diagram 2: Translation Gradation by Larson The translation is often a mixture of literal and idiomatic forms of language.

  Translation then falls on a continuum from very literal to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, to idiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly free.

  Unduly free translation is considered unacceptable translations for most purposes. Translation is called unduly free according to the following characteristics: a.

  If they add extraneous information not in the source text b. If they change the meaning of Source Language c.

  If they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of the Source Language text.

  Larson (1984:17) says that sometimes unduly free translation is made for the purposes of humor for bring about a special response from the receptor language speaker. However, they are unacceptable as normal translation. For example:

  Table 1: Example of Unduly Free Translation

  English text Unduly free Unduly translation Explanation translation into into Indonesian English

  “It sure is good to “GuagembiradehsiSte

• The name of “I was glad

  see Steve, Lucky ve,

  “Stepahnus,

  when Stepahnus, Fo and ´Big Bam´ . siUntungdansiAkaikus

  Fortunatus and

  rtunatus They sorta make datangsebagaipengga

  Achaicus” from

  and Achaicus up for your not ntikangenguapadalu.

  the original text

  arrived, because being here. Merekatelahmemberse had been changed they supplied what They´re a big mangatameguadan

  become “Steve,

  was lacking from boost to both me kalian

  Lucky and Big

  you. For they and you all. Let´s semua.Merekapantesd

  bam” in English

  refreshed my spirit give them a big apattepuktangan yang

  and “Steve,

  and yours also. Such hand. ” (Larson meriah .” Untung and men deserve

  1984:17) Akaikus” in

  recognition. ” Indonesian.

  (Larson 1984:17)

• The translation

gives extraneous information that doesn´t exist in the source text.

  According to Newmark (1995:45), there are eight types of translation, those are:

  1. Word For Word translation The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. For example:

  Batak language Word for word translation into Indonesia

  Dang di rohakumangan Tidak di hatikumakan

  Here, the accurate translation is “Akutidakberseleramakan”. By using this method we can know the mechanics of batak language, as the SL, in telling “has no appetite”.

  2. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. For example:

  English Indonesia I love you Akucintakamu Here, the appropriate translation should be “Akumencintaimu”. By using literal translation, we can indicate the problem that in Indonesia we usually use article “me-” in front of a lexical verb to indicate doing something.

3. Faithful Translation

  It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. For example: English John John is too well aware that he is menyadariterlalubaikbahwaianaka naughty l Indonesian 4.

  Semantic translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful´ translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. For example:

  English He is a book-worm Indonesian

  Dia (laki-laki) adalah orang yang suka sekali membaca.

  Book-worm translated flexibelly appropriate with culture context and functional restriction that accepted in target language. But translated above appropriate less and have to translated become “Dia seorang kutu buku”.

  5. Communicative translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. For example:

  English Indonesian I would admit that I am wrong Sayamaumengakuibahwasayasala

  h

  I will admit that I am wrong Sayaakanmengakuibahwasayasala

  h

  For native English speaker two sentences above will have difference effect, the differences is the employing words “would and” will, the first sentence indicate that someone desire to do something and the word “will” in second sentences indicate that activities will be done by subject of the sentence. Remember in this case tenses is not influence the meaning of the sentence.

  6. Idiomatic translation It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. For example:

  English Indonesian What are you doing? Lagi ngapain? Idiomatic translation produces a translation that sound natural. Therefore, sometimes it even sounds like it is not even a translation.

7. Free translation

  It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. For example:

  English How they live on what he makes? Indonesian

  Bagaimanamerekadapathidupdenganpenghasilannya? 8.

  Adaptation This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes/ characters/ plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text is rewritten. For example:

  Indonesian English

  

Yang aku cari hanyalah cinta All I´m looking for is only love

Hanya cinta yang tak terganti There is only love that I need

Yang aku mau hanyalah cinta What I´m looking for is only love

Hanyalah cinta yang ku beri There is only love that I see

  Yang selalu ku tunggu hanyalah Nothing is worth fighting only cinta love Hanya cinta yang tak terganti There is only love that makes me

  bleed

  Yang aku nanti hanyalah cinta Nothing is worth living only love Hanyalah cinta yang abadi There is only love that makes me

  breath Here, we can see the translation of Anggun C. Sasmi song “hanyacinta” into “Only Love”, the English version. But the translation does not exactly transfer the same idea but still have equivalent aim.

2.4. Procedures of Translation

  According to Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000:84), at first different methods or procedures seem to be countless, but they can be condensed to just seven, each one corresponding to a higher degree of complexity. In practice, they may be used either on their own or combined with one or more of the others.

2.4.1. Direct and Oblique Translation

  Generally speaking, translator can choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and oblique translation. In some translation task it may be possible to transpose the source language message element by element into the target language. But translator may also notice gaps, or “lacunae”, in the target language (TL) which must be filled by corresponding elements, so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages.

  It may, however, also happen that, because of structural or metalinguistic differences, certain stylistic effect cannot be transposed into TL without upsetting the syntactic order, or even the lexis. In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used: these procedures are called oblique translation methods. In the listing follows, the first three procedures are direct and the others are oblique.

  Procedure 1: Borrowing To overcome a lacuna, borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods.

  For instance, in order to introduce the flavour of the source language (SL) culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used, e.g. such Russian words as “roubles”, “datchas”, and “apparatchik”, “dollars” and “party” from American English, Mexican Spanish food names “tequila” and “tortillas”, and so on.

  Some well-established, mainly older borrowings are widely used that they are no longer considered as such and have become a part of the respective TL lexicon.

  For example, in English such words as “menu”, “carburetor”, “hangar”, “chic” and expression like “déjà vu”, “enfant terrible” and “rendez-yous” are no longer considered to be borrowings.

  The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and consequently of the message.

  Procedure 2: Calque

  A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The result is either i. a lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expressions; or ii. a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a new construction into the language, e.g.:

  English Indonesian calque

  Governor general GubernurJendral Science-fiction Science-fiction As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of time, become an integral part of the language. These too like borrowings, may have undergone a semantic change, turning them into faux amis.

  Procedure 3: Literal translation

  Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators´ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. I go to school every day.

  Nak kemane? Wo ai ni.

  Sayapergikesekolahsetiaphari. Mau kemana? I love you. In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same family (e.g. between French and Italian), and even more so when they also share the same culture.

  If, after trying the first three procedures, translators regard a literal translation unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique translation. By unacceptable we mean that the message, when translated literally i. gives another meaning, or ii. has no meaning, or iii. is structurally impossible, or iv. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, or v. has a corresponding expression, but not within the same register.

  Procedure 4: Transposition

  The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can be divided into two types: (1) obligatory transposition, and (2) optional transposition.

  The following example has to be translated literally (procedure 3), but must also be transposed (procedure 4): Dès son lever… As soon as he gets/got up… As soon as he gets up Dès son lever…

  Dèsqu´il se lève… In this example, the English allows no choice between the forms, the base form being the only one possible. Inversely, however, when translating back into French, we have the choice between applying a calque or a transposition, because French permits either construction.

  Procedure 5: Modulation

  Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

  English It´s not even expensive… It´s not difficult actually… Indonesia

  Itumurahkok… Sebenarnyaitugampang… Procedure 6: Equivalence

  We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. In such cases we are dealing with method which produces equivalent texts. The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were Indonesian his cry in pain would be transcribed as

  “Aduh!”, but if he were English this would be interpreted as “Ouch!”. Another striking case of equivalences are the many onomatopoeia of animal sounds, e.g.: kukuruyuk cock-a-doodle-do meong miaow guk woof These simple examples illustrate a particular feature of equivalences: more often than not they are of a syntagmatic nature, and affect the whole of the message.

  As a result, most equivalences are fixed, and belong to a phraseological repertoire of idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, etc.

  Procedure 7: Adaptation

  Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence.

  For example: Indonesia TiapRamadhanakuselalumudik.

  English Once a year I go back to my home town. In England they do not know the culture of “mudik” in Ramadhan. Ramadhan is a month when the moslems in Indonesia are fasting and they usually go back to their home town to see their family and relatives, that tradition is called “mudik”.

2.5. Subtitling

  According to Baker and Saldanha, subtitling is counted as the audiovisual translation. They divide translation into four types; literary translation, audiovisual translation, scientific translation and technical translation.

  http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Translation_St.ht th mlid=eXsDckV5GuMC&redir_esc=y / (Accessed on January 10 2014) Literary translation is the translation of the literary works. th http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ literary_translation / (Accessed on January 10 2014).

  Scientific translation is the translation of the terms in the field of scients and technology of all kinds (Ghazzala, 1995:75). Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the

  etc.)http:// en. wikipedia.org/wiki/ th

  Technical_translation/ (Accessed on January 10 2014). Audiovisual is the

  translation of any material in audio, visual or audiovisual format. The four major aspects that are included in this section are subtitling, dubbing, software localization and multimedia, and audio description (Luyken, 1991:153–165).

  Subtitle as branch of audiovisual translation is textual versions of the dialog or commentary in films, television programs, video games, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen.They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to follow the dialog, or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue or who have accent recognition problems. http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/subtitle/ (Accessed on January, 19th 2014; 04:39 PM).

  2.5.1. Types of Subtitling

  Henrik Gottlieb (Mona Baker, 2001:247) distinguishes subtitling into two types; intralingual subtitling and interlingual subtitling.

  Intralingual subtitling is vertical, in the sense that involves taking speech down in writing, changing mode but not language. This includes

• Subtitling of domestic programmes for Deaf and hard of hearing • Subtitling of foreign-language programmes for language learners.

  Interlingual subtitling is diagonal, in the sense that the subtitler crosses over from speech in one language to writing in another, thus changing mode and language.

  2.5.2. Subtitle Rules

  William (2009:7-10), Senior Content Producer BBC listed rules in making standard subtitle for movie screen:

1. Subtitles must be on screen for long enough to be read by a deaf or hard-of- hearing viewer who will also be trying to take in other visual information at the same time.

  1. A short and familiar word or phrase - 1.12 to 2 seconds. e.g.: Hello . or: Excuse me.

  2. Up to half a line - 2 to 2.12 seconds. e.g.: Where do you live? or: See you tomorrow.

  3. One line - 2.12 to 3 seconds. e.g.: How long will it take us to go home? or: He´s got a real headache.

  4. One line and a little bit - 3.12 seconds. e.g.: How long will it take Johanna to go home?

  5. Up to one and a half lines - 4 to 4.12 seconds. e.g.: It is important to tell her about the decision we made.

  6. Two lines - 5 to 6 seconds. e.g.: I think it would be a very good idea to keep dangerous dogs on a leash.

  7. Two lines and a little bit - 6.12 seconds. e.g.: How long will it take the whole cast to come home by taxi to Duals, North

  Dyfed?

  8. Two and a half lines - 7 seconds. e.g.: The best thing about going abroad is that you don´t have to put up with the British weather .

  9. Three lines - 7.12 to 8 seconds. e.g.: What will the City do about the Tory

  Government´s humiliating defeat in the House of Commons last night?

  2. In both live and pre-recorded subtitling, timings are intended to be flexible. The standard timings shown in the Appendix are intended to provide general guidelines.

  3. It is crucial that subtitles are displayed for a sufficient length of time for viewers to read them. The subtitle presentation rate for pre-recorded programmes should not normally exceed 140 words per minute. In exceptional circumstances, for example in the case of add-ons, the higher rate of 180 words per minute is permitted.

  4. To ensure both legibility and readability, the maximum for subtitle text should be roughly 32 or 34 characters per line.

  

5. Lines should be broken at logical points. The ideal line-break will be at a piece of

  punctuation like a full stop, comma or dash. If the break has to be elsewhere in the sentence, avoid splitting the following parts of speech

  6. Good line-breaks are extremely important because they make the process of reading and understanding far easier. However, it is not always possible to produce good line-breaks as well as well-edited text and good timing. Where these constraints are mutually exclusive, then well edited text and timing are more important than line- breaks.

7. If the text will fit on one line, do not rearrange it on to two lines. One line takes less time to read than two short lines and it causes less disruption to the picture.

  Similarly, do not rearrange two lines of text on to three lines, unless there is a very bad line-break between lines 1 and 2.

2.6. Idiom

  An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is difficult or sometimes impossible to guess by looking at the meaning of the individual words it contains (Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary, 2000: B12). Another Linguist such Seidl and McMordie define, idiom as a number of words which, when taken together have different meaning from the original meaning of each word (1988: 13). According to Wren and Martin (1990:312), “Idioms may be defined as expression peculiar to a language”. They also states, “Many verbs, when followed by various prepositions, or adverbs, acquire and idiomatic sense”. Some examples: a. his friend´s claim.

  He backed up “back up” here means supported.

  b. in the middle of his speech.

  He broke down “broke down” here means failed.

  c.

  Call in a doctor a doctor immediately.

  “call in” means summon or send for. Since idiom has different meaning from the original meaning of each word that contain in the idiom, we can say that idiom has figurative meaning or metaphoric feelings. Wren and Martin in their book, High School English Grammar & Composition, states “The student who studies the following selection of English idioms will notice that metaphor enters largely into idiomatic phraseology”. Then we can say some idioms are imaginative expressions such as proverbs and sayings. For example: a. I found the job difficult at first. But we were all in the same boat; we were all learning.

  Here, be in the same boat means ´to be in the same difficult or unfortunate situation´.

  b. Hang in there! ´Hang in there´ here, does not mean to command someone to hang on something, it is used to encourage somebody in a difficult situation.

  c. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

  This is a proverb that means ´if too many people are involved in something, it will not be well done´.