TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN AD688G SMARFREN’S USER MANUAL.

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TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN

AD688G SMARTFREN’S USER MANUAL

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora By:

MASFERU ZULFIKAR

Registration Number: 8136111042

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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i ABSTRACT

MASFERU ZULFIKAR.Translation Shifts and Techniques Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual.English Applied Linguistics Study Program,Postgradate School, State University of Medan. 2015.

The aims of this study were to describe the shifts and the techniques occur in translating AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, and to find out the dominant shifts and techniques are used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual. The research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The data of this study was clause, phrase, word, and sentence in AD688G Smartfern’s User Manual book as the source of data. The data was analyzed by using Cartford’s Theory (1965) to find the translation shifts and the translation techniques based on Molina and Albir (2002). The results of this study were (1) There were four kinds of category shifts used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual into Indonesia namely structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intrasystem shift, (2)There were 11 techniques used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, and (3) The dominant shift used in AD886G Smarfren’s User Manual was structure shift. Whereas, dominant techniques used in AD886G Smar tfren’s User Manual in the translation was borrowing technique.

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ii ABSTRAK

MASFERU ZULFIKAR. Penggunaan Pergeseran dan Teknik Terjemahan dalam Penggunaan Buku Panduan Smarfren’s AD688G. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris.Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.2015. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pergeseran dan teknik yang digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, dan untuk menemukan pergeseran dan teknik yang dominan yang di gunakan dalam AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual.Penelitaian ini di lakukan dengan menggunakan design penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah klausa,frasa,kata,dan kalimat di dalam buku AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual sebagai sumber data.Data di analisis dengan menggunakan teori Catford(1965) untuk menemukan pergeseran dalam terjemahan dan teknik terjemahan berdasarkan teori dari Molina dan Albir(2002).Hasil dari penelitian ini (1) Ada empat jenis pergeseran katagori yang digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual kedalam bahasa Indonesia yaitu structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift, (2) Ada 11 teknik yang digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, dan (3) Pergeseran yang dominan digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual adalah structure shift. Sedangkan, teknik yang dominan digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual adalah teknik terjemahan peminjaman (Borrowing).

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iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His Blessing in the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today.

In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to his by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr. Syahron lubis M.A as his first advisor and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum. as his second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.

Then, his appreciation also goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of hih studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thanks also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.T.Silvana Sinar M.A, PhD., Prof.Amrin Saragih M.A.,P.hD and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers teaching his during the academic years of LTBI.

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Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Bambang Irawan and Ngatinah S.pd who have given their pray, motivation, support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for his sister, brother, and the whole families who always support him and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he loves them.

Then, last but not least, his gratitude goes to his friends of LTBI A2 XXII who have supported him to conduct this thesis, especially for Suhartini, Sudariyani, Misla, Habib, Dodi and Friscilla, for their friendship and cooperation.

Medan, August 2015

The writer,

Masferu Zulfikar Reg. No. 8136111042

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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ... i

ABSTRAK ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 9

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 9

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 9

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 12

2.1 Translation... 12

2.2 Types of translation ... 15

2.3 Complexity Translation ... 16

2.4 Equivalence in Translation... 18

2.5 Translation Shifts ... 19

2.5.1 Level Shifts ... 20

2.5.2. Category Shifts ... 20

2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts ... 21

2.5.2.2 Class Shifts ... 21

2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts... 22

2.5.2.4 Intra-System Shifts ... 23

2.6 Shifts in Meaning ... 24

2.6.1Shifts in Form... 24

2.7 Translation Techniques... 28

2.8 Definition Text... 34

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2.8.2 Smartfren AD688G... 36

2.9 Relevant Study... 36

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 40

3.1 Research Design ... 40

3.2 The Data and the Source of Data ... 40

3.3 Data Collection... 41

3.4 Techniques of Data Collection ... 41

3.4.1 Editing ... 42

3.4.2 Identification ... 42

3.4.3 Tabulation ... 42

3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis ... 43

3.6 Trustworthiness ... 43

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 45

4.1 Data Analysis ... 45

4.1.1 Kinds of Translation Shifts Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual... 45

4.1.2 Translation Techniques Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual... 50

4.1.3 The Dominant Shifts and Techniques Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual... 75

4.2 Research Findings ... 76

4.3 Discussions ... 77

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 79

5.1 Conclusions ... 79

5.2 Suggestions ... 80

REFERENCES ... 81

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 4.1 The Translation Shifts Used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual . 45 Table 4.2 The Translation Techniques Used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual ... 50

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vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page Appendix 1 Kinds of Translation Shifts Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User

Manual... 84 Appendix 2 Kinds of Translation Techniques Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual... 95

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

SL : SOURCE LANGUAGE TL : TARGET LANGUAGE

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The advances in technology field of communication in this globalization era is growing rapidly. Communication becomes an essential requirement for humans, because by communication, everyone can interact with other human beings all over the worl. Language becomes a mean of communication for human being (Chaer, 2004: 11) because language has several characteristics that can mark these symptoms, one of them is which the language is human, it means that the language as a means of verbal communication only possessed by humans.

Although the language can be used as the primary communication tool for people in the outside world, in fact almost every place on earth has its own language with its difference rules from one another. This is in line with the characteristics of another language that the language is diverse, it means that although the language has certain rules or the same pattern, but the language is used by heterogeneous speakers in different social background and different habits (Chaer, 2004: 14). These facts raises new difficulties for individuals who do not master these languages. Because the role of language in the development of human civilization so important, then to find the solving efforts to overcome communication problems that arise due to different languages. Here is needed translation field to bridge between one communicator and others so that it creats communication process by using different languages, so that the exchange of messages is meant to run well.

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The advancing of a country cannot be separated from the development of science and technology. In developing countries, including Indonesia, the developing of science and technology is indispensable. Indonesia's efforts to broaden and deepen their knowledge of technology cannot be separated from the role of foreign countries. The development of science and technology in developing countries has been very rapidy, technological advances even in some developing countries can be said to have a global, it means that the results of technological advances are being enjoyed in other countries. As such this condition certainly cannot be separated from the support of good cooperation between countries. One effort to develop a good cooperative relationship can be created through effective communication by using language, although every countries has different languages. Therefor translation becomes very important to master for humans to convey messages from one language (source language) into another language (the target language) well.

One of the global communication technology product is mobile. The existence of mobile phones, internets and so forth. It is kinds of an opening eyes that there is no distance between one man to others in the world. The existence of these communication tools greatly simplify perceived humans in performing its duties and work. Such technological advances are not only felt by developing countries in producing these technologies, but also can be felt by other countries, who become consumers for goods or tools such technology.

In marketing the product, needs to include the manuals of these products in order to assist users in operating the product in question. Ideally, the products are marketed to different countries must be equipped with the manuals translated

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into different languages the user state (in this case English - Indonesian), so that the manual can be used as a guidance to guide the user in assembling or operating the technology products, even people who buy or use a product which person does not have a particular skill in that field (technicians). Thus the existence of the manual is very important.

To translate the manuals book must be carefully and accurately so in deli vering a message from the source language into the target language, it will not be one missed or deviated from the actual intent. Inaccuracy in translating the manual can lead to fatal errors, such as a tool does not function properly, or even not be operated appropriately.

Text or phrase in the manual book by accompanying a product, it usually has a different form or type of sentences or existing text in the other books, the literary, the scientific creation or others. The sentences are contained in manual book usually simple form, straightforward and command sentences form.

In translating the manual text, it is used the certain way of translation. It is useful to creat the right and accurate translation form that is needed by a user. Commonly when we will translate manual book, it uses kinds of pragmatic translation, eventhough there will always be possible by using another kinds of translation. For instance, free translation, word for word, and so forth. It is cetaintly line with the concept of pragmatic translation that refers to rendering a meaning by concerning the message occuracy to inform from source language to target language precisely (Nababan, 2003: 34). In translating the manual text, it is used the certain way of translation. It is useful to creat the right and accurate

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translation form that is needed by a user. Commonly when we will translate manual book, it uses kinds of pragmatic translation, eventhough there will always be possible by using another kinds of translation. For instance, free translation, word for word, and so forth. It is cetaintly line with the concept of pragmatic translation that refers to rendering a meaning by concerning the message occuracy to inform from source language to target language precisely (Nababan, 2003: 34). Furthermore, to translate manual book, a translator must considers the shifts and techniques occur in translation. It is choosen so that the translation product can have a certain quality and readable for readers (technology users) translate manual book, there are many words, phrase, clause and sentences occur shifted in structural shifts. It is based on Catford‟s theory in his entitled book “ A linguistic

Theory of Translation”. Catford (1965: 73) states that by shift we mean the

departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language to the target language. Further, he states that basically, in shift of translation, or transposit ion he says, it is only the form that is changed. In addition, he urges the translation shift is done to get the natural equivalent of the source text message into the target text (1978: 76). Translation shifts also occur when there is no formal correspondence to the syntactic item to be translated (Machali, 1998: 3). According to Bell (1991: 33), to shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the forms.

Based on the definition above, it is clear that in translating a text means that to transfer source language to target language. Translation is the constitute of material text changing from source language to the target language. Likewise also contained in AD6888G Smartfren‟s User Manual book. It is not only shifted in

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meaning but also the shift in the level of morpheme. Bacause it more talks about the technology that mostly the word terms come from western country, so that it is used frequently maintained, for instance :

1. Sl : Volume Key TL : Tombol Volume

2. SL : To adjust the volume level

TL : Untuk menyesuaikan tingkat volume suara

Based on the example above, it is clear that the sample number 1 shows that “volume key” is translated into “tombol volume”. In this sample occurs a shift in grammatical which is called structure shift. It occurs from word structure of Modifier Head in SL becomes Head Modifier in TL.

SL : Volume Key TL : Tombol Suara

While the sample number 2, the clause “To adjust the volume level” is translated into “Untuk menyesuaikan tingkat volume suara”. In this sample there is a shift in intra system. It occurs when SL and TL in posses approximately corresponding system, but the translation product does not show the correlation of term “The” to the TL system .

Based on the data above, it shows that when a translator will translate a text, such as user manual smartfren‟s book that is occuring shifts. Aside from shifts, there are also techniques used in translate the text book of smartfren‟s. Translation techniques are procedure in collecting text as local eventhough individuality. It operates in small scale than a text.It is useful to achieve the results

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of real linguistic. Molina and Albir ( 2002:509) defines translation techniques as a translation process that is carried out in relation to the purpose of translation.

Molina and Albir classified 18 techniques that can be used for translator in analyzing and classifying how equivalence translation is applied in different part of linguistic. In this case, smartfren‟s user manual as the sample. There are many technology terms can not be translated and understandable less for laymen. Sometimes technology language terms is only understood by a part of person that involve field particularly. As the sample from translation techniques include to smartfren‟s user manual as follow :

1. SL : The Bluetooth messenger TL : Bluetooth messenger 2. SL : Download

TL : Download

In the sample number 1 above, it is clear that the SL “the Bluetooth

messenger” is translated into Bluetooth messenger. In this sample used borrowing

technique. It is just deleting „the’ in the target language but it does not change the real meaning of SL. The clause „The Bluetooth messenger’ is left-untranslated because Indonesian has already known kinds of this term. Actually the form of

The Bluetooth messenger can be translated into PesanBluetooth, but the translator

does not change the form into Indonesian form. Bluetooth is a wireless protocol that connects electronic devices while they are close to each another. The

Bluetooth messenger is searching for active devices on which this service is

running or needed it will allow users to transfer text messages via bluetooth connections in short distances. Bluetooth is one of the applications in mobile

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phones. The name "Bluetooth" is derived from the name of a king in the late 10th century. "Harald Blatand" or also called Harald Bluetooth, likely because it's dark teeth. While the Bluetooth logo come from the union of two German letters with the letter 'H' and 'B' (abbreviation; Harald Bluetooth), namely (Hagall) and (Berkanan) then both are combined. That is why the translator does not change the source language into target language. And the second preliminary data above the word, there is a source language that is translated into a target language by using borrowing technique. The word „download’ is translated into download. The word

„download’ is not translated, and it does not change the real meaning of the source

language. It is because Indonesian has already known this term. Download is kind of process in computer. Actually the form of download can be translated into

unduh, but the translator does not change the form into Indonesian form.

From explanation and data sample above, translation is not a simple thing that we are thinking about. But translation is a complex way and needed wide knowledge and accurate source to transfer that translation product can be understood and accepted. Especially technology language which its existance is too close with us. Almost the whole the technology product has been imported from western country. The user manual uses English as source language and indonesian language as target language.

The views and phenomena described above is the background of the researcher's interest to make the problem of translation as a research topic of a product issued by a Telecommunications Company.

This research is entitled: "Translation Shifts and Techniques Used in AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual" in this thesis. It examines a translation

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product from the source language to the target language in terms of the applicable techniques as well as the shift in the process of translation in text books that correlate to each other.

The initial observations related to the title of this study is the identification of these text books related to the translation process, which in general is the approach to word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, idio matic translation, and communicative translation in the target language will be helpful to 'bridge' understanding between the two languages (source and target languages). To facilitate its work, the achievement of desired outcomes technical translation the translator uses some of the translation shifts and techniques as a reference in the translation process which then produce good translations contained suitability of meaning between the source language and the target language. Thus the translation will be a product that is readable and acceptable for public users.

The application of appropriate shifts and techniques on text translation of technology is a necessity. The necessary expertise in the application of specific techniques in the process of translation. Through paraphrasing for example, by modifying, adding, removing, and other relevant translation techniques that exist among some translation techniques are commonly used, as well as the shift is an option that can assist in the stuck to achieve the equivalent of translation product, legible, and acceptable.

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1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the description of the background of the study state above, the problems of the study are formulated as in the following.

1. What kind of shifts occur in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual ? 2. How are the techniques used in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual? 3. Why are the dominant shifts and techniques used in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are formulated as in the following:

1. To describe the shifts occur in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual. 2. To describe the techniques are used in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual.

3. To find out the dominant shifts and techniques are used in translating AD688G Smartfren‟s User Manual.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

This scope of the study deals with translation shifs and techniques in user Manual Smartfren AD688G which are translated from english into bahasa indonesia. This study wants to find out what kinds of shifts and techniques on Manual Smartfern AD6889G dominantly, to find out how shifts and techniques of User Manual Smartfren AD688G. The scope of the study that is reflected from the title above, it is relatively wide because it includes many different kinds of translation shifts and techniques, as well as various aspects related to both these variables as stated in the title of the study.

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There is a book of User Manual from Smartfren‟s from English by PT Smartfren Telcom that is used as the data indonesia Therefore, to avoid the scope of this study. And this research takes some important shifts and techniques in translation.

Therefore, to avoid the scope of this study is too wide and that more focused research, the researcher make a limitation that is :

1. In analyzing shifts in translation that consists two parts, firstly level shifts and secondly category shifts. But researcher makes a limitation just in category shifts. It consist structural shifts, unit shifts, class shifts and intra system shifts

2. In analyzing techniques in translation that focuses based on phrase,and clause. But limitation of this research just analysis singular techniques.It means that just concerns with element techniques in each of phrase and clause.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The finding of the study are expected to be relevant and significant theoritically.The findings can give conribution to all readers for those who are concerned with this field. In the following significances of the study are stated theoritically and pratically:

1. Theoritically

Theoretically, the use of the finding is described as follow :

1) The study can enrich the knowledge about translating from SL to the TL particularly Smartfren book.

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2) The study improves the implication of shifts and techniques in translating from SL to the TL.

2. Practically

Practically, the usefulness of findings is described as the following :

1) By knowing the shifts and techniques, it is expected that the translator will find the right way in translating the technology book into Indonesian.

2) It would like to contribute information to practitioners, prospective, translator and student of translation courses and any others readers who are interested in studying translation especially in shifts and techniques.

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79 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

From the overall anlysis of the shit category and translation techniques in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual, it was concluded that:

1. There were four kinds of category shifts used in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual into Indonesia namely structure shift,class shift,unit shift and intra-system shift.

2. From eighteen techniques based on theory of Molina and Hortado Albir, there were eleven techniques used in the translation of AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual namely: borrowing technique 36,07%, calque 24,68%, litaral translation 13,29%, transposition 8,86%, reduction 8,22%, discursive creation 3,79%, estabili sh equivalent 1,89%,adaptation 1,26% and amplification and description 0,63%. 3. The dominant shift used in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual was structure shift. Structures, where one element is typically obligatory while other elements are optional and an agreement between the head its modifier are usually to observe in some languages. However, language varies so widely the restriction. Whereas, dominant techniques used in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual in the translation was borrowing technique. Because the translator took a word or expression straight from SL and then it could be pure and naturalized that found in the AD886G Smartfren’s user manual even though as spelling rule, word and pronunciation.

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5.2 Suggestions

Based on the result of the study, some suggestions were proposed as follows:

1. To translate technology terms, a translator should take the original technology category into consideratino, because the original category reflect not only types of value in the SL but also the characteristics of the source term in the source text.

2. It is better to hire a translator who has competence in two languages and has experiences in translation of technology terms.:

3. To translator of user manual book of Smartfren’s AD886G expect to more accurately to translate in selecting words in the equivalent meaning. So that the translation product is always consitent to the same words in TL.

4. To another researcher who interests to develop and conduct this research, suggested in order to more focus with another aspects, such as unit shift and class shift, equivalent meaning, and so forth. Because in this book was found some problems that coverd about words, phrases and clauses. Next another researcher will be deeper in relating about translation that is developed from the process side, and then it is found something wider else from this translation field.

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Matters,Ltd.

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2) The study improves the implication of shifts and techniques in translating from SL to the TL.

2. Practically

Practically, the usefulness of findings is described as the following :

1) By knowing the shifts and techniques, it is expected that the translator will find the right way in translating the technology book into Indonesian.

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79 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

From the overall anlysis of the shit category and translation techniques in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual, it was concluded that:

1. There were four kinds of category shifts used in AD886G Smartfren’s User Manual into Indonesia namely structure shift,class shift,unit shift and intra-system shift.

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5.2 Suggestions

Based on the result of the study, some suggestions were proposed as follows:

2. It is better to hire a translator who has competence in two languages and has experiences in translation of technology terms.:

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81 REFERENCES

Akbari, Monireh. 2012. Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.

Albir, A.H and Molina, L.2002. Translation Technique Revisted: A Dynamic and

Funtionalist Approach. Meta, Vol. XLVII, No.4

Amstrong, N . 2005. Translation, Linguistic, Culture. Toronto: Multilingual Matters,Ltd.

Anditya, D.S.D. 2014. Translation Techniques and Equivalence In The Indonesian

Translation of ASEAN Charter. Solo: Universitas Diponegoro.

Baker, JH. 1990. An Introduction to English Legal History (3rd ed ).

London: Butterworths.

Baker, M.1992. In Other Words; a coursebook on Translation. London:

Routledge.

Bassnett, S . 2002. Translation Studies. London: Routledge.

www.icosilure.com/2008/10/susan bassnett/translation studies.

Bell, T. R. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London:

Longman.

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