DEVELOPMENT OF TUNA FISHERIES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE SOUTHERN COAST OF JAVA: AN APPLICATION OF INTERPRETATIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING
Development of Tuna Fisheries ….. of Interpretative Structural Modeling (Nurani, T.W., et al.)
DEVELOPMENT OF TUNA FISHERIES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
FOR THE SOUTHERN COAST OF JAVA: AN APPLICATION OF
INTERPRETATIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING
Tri Wiji Nurani1), John Haluan1), Ernani Lubis1), Sudirman Saad2), and Ririn Irnawati3)
1)
Lecturer in Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Secretary of the Directorate General of Coastal and Small Island, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
3)
Graduate Student on System and Modeling of the Marine Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Received November 30-2009; Received in revised form August 12-2010; Accepted December 2-2010
2)
ABSTRACT
Territorial waters of South Java is part of fisheries management zone of Indian Ocean Fisheries,
has a potential tuna fish resources. The purpose of this research was to formulate strategy for the
efficacy of model implementation of tuna fisheries development in South Coast of Java. Interpretative
structural modeling technique was used the study. The method was considered a technique of
strategic planning of which describes comprehensively condition of the system. Result showed that
there were seven element of system require for succeeding implementation of model. The seven
element of system and their key element are affected society sector, tuna entrepreneur, required
factor, the availability of tuna resources and the availability of data and information, the main constraint
of program development, high gasoline price, limited of financial capital and low priority of development
fund, the main purpose of program: exploiting optimization of tuna resources; the indicator of the
efficacy program: increasing the earn of tuna fishery and improvement of labor absorption; the activity
needed to execute the program: making plan work activity; and institution in concerned for the efficacy
program: Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
KEYWORDS:
fisheries management, interpretative structural modeling, tuna, South Coast
of Java
INTRODUCTION
South Java territorial waters is part of fisheries
management zone of Indian Ocean with potential tuna
resources potency, especially bigeye tuna (Thunnus
obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The
potency of tuna resources in this territorial is not yet
determined. The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
Working Party on Tropical Tuna (2009) described that
catch rate big eye tuna in Indian Ocean continuously
decreased from around 9,0 in 1960 to 3,2 in 2002
when it has increased to about 4,4; about the same
level as that in the late 1990s, decreased to 2,3 in
2003 and increased to 3,0 in 2004. Meanwhile catch
per unit of effort yellowfin tuna continuously decreased
from around 28,7 in 1960 to 10,5 in 1972, and was
kept at approximately the same level until 1988,
thereafter it declined to about 4,5 in 1994 and has
remained at his low level with fluctuations between
3,3 and 4,6 until 2006, was much lower 3,0 in 2007
(http://www. Iotc.org/files/proceedings/2009/wptt/IOTC). It
seems that tuna fisheries in Indian Ocean is on fully
exploited. Because of that, development of tuna
fisheries in South Coast of Java should be more
emphasize to management of tuna fisheries according
to sustainability.
Nurani et al. (2008) developed a SIMPENA model
of tuna fisheries in South Coast of Java, which
focused on development of tuna fisheries in small
scale with gross tonnage of fishing vessel less than
150 GT. Development of tuna fisheries in south coast
of Java will be succeeded, if the existing subsystem
which business, port, and instituton subsystem could
be function well (Figure 1). The model was resulted
through research by system approach method. The
model recommended several thing, that are
development conducted by means of build industrial
scale of tuna fisheries business; support by fishing
port with international standard; applying good
handling practices and standard sanitation operational
procedure on fishing vessel and fishing port;
recommended as the basis of tuna fisheries are
Cilacap and Pelabuhan Ratu fishing port, with 170
units of long line fishing vessel; and integrated
management institution should be formed to integrate
manage tuna resources, which accommodate the
need between province and sub province, and also
between stakeholder.
__________________
Corresponding author:
Jl. Agatis, Kampus Institut Pertanian Bogor Darmaga, Bogor-16680
101
Strategic policy: strength, weakness, opportunities, threats
Model implementation: interpretative structural modeling
Management
PORT Submodel
Location of f ishing port:
connection with fishing ground
technical aspect
connection with market
Management
BUSINESS Submodel
Tuna fisheries business
Unit: long line
Scale of business: industry
Fishing port to support tuna f isheries
business:
International standard
Supported to f acility and service
Availability of tuna landing center
Availability of input production
Potency of tuna resources
JTB: 80% x potency
Business technique aspect
Availability of input production
Optimality of production
Handling: % export quality
Market: export
Financial aspect
Profit business: NPV, B/C, IRR
Regulation:
institution:
international
national
local
System dynamic model
input: technical aspect business
financial aspect
output: profit
retribution
require of labor
require input production
To require
INSTITUTION Submodel
Policy:
Legal structure
Legal mandate
Legal enforcement
To support
To require
To support
Contribute according to
Increase profit business
Increase income and fisherman prosperity
Increase opportunity for labor
Increase foreign earning
Development economic region
Figure 1.
Tuna fisheries development model in South Coast of Java (Nurani et al., 2008).
Institution:
Performance of
policy, social,
economic,
egal and,
technology
Effectiveness
planning
organization
controlling
evaluation
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.17 No. 2 December 2011 : 101-110
102
Management: Central Government
Development of Tuna Fisheries ….. of Interpretative Structural Modeling (Nurani, T.W., et al.)
As previously mentioned, Simpena model was
designed for development of tuna fisheries in South
Java territorial water. The benefit of model will be
realized in the real system. Many factors including
system will affect to the efficacy of applying model.
Suitable strategy is required to formulate by studying
comprehensive factor that will effect to the efficacy of
applying model. One of the techniques to describe
the complex things of system is interpretative
structural modeling technique.
Data Collection
Interpretative structural modeling is a descriptive
effective modeling for strategic long range planning.
Strategic planning includes system totality which can’t
be analyzed partly, but should comprehensively.
Interpretative structural modeling technique analyzed
the element of system, and describe in graph form
direct relation between element and hierarchy. Data
and information which available in strategic planning,
usually predominated by data and information which
qualitative and normative characters (Eriyatno, 2003;
Marimin, 2004).
Data Analysis
Interpretative structural modeling technique was a
group learning process where the structural models
are result for describing the complex things of system.
Model is designed through pattern which is carefully
designed use graph and sentence. The method gives
perfect environment to enrich and enlarge description
on complex system construction. (Eriyatno, 2003;
Marimin, 2004; Gorvett & Liu, 2007).
Interpretative structural modeling technique has
used in many study. Some studied are the study of
crumb rubber repaired agro industry (Utomo et al.,
2008), the decision making study of forest ecosystem
management (Liu et al., 2009), the study of vendor
selection (Mandal & Deshmukh, 1994), group decision
making (Balanos et al., 2005), and study of food
standard accomplishment condition (Sagheer et al.,
2009).
The objective of the research is to formulate suitable
strategy in applying development model of tuna
fisheries in South Coast of Java using interpretative
structural modeling technique.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This paper was a part of research result for
development of fisheries in South Java territorial
waters. The research of fisheries activity was
conducted during July 2005 until July 2007 in
Sukabumi, Garut, Cilacap, Kebumen, Gunung Kidul,
Pacitan, Trenggalek, and Malang sub province.
Implementation strategy of applying this model was
conducted using the focus group discussion, with
various type of stakeholders. The stakeholders include
tuna entrepreneur, fishermen, fishing port organizer,
processing industry entrepreneur, exporter,
consumers, fisheries agency, local government, village
cooperation organizer, elite figure, self supporting
society institute, and expert in fisheries field.
Interpretative structural modeling technique was
divided into two part composing of hierarchy and sub
element classification. First phase was generating
tool, passing gathering information from stakeholders.
Second phase was choosing relevant relationship, so
the elements can be formulation (Eriyatno, 2003).
Analysis step with interpretative structural modeling
technique were:
1. System element identification.
2. Develop contextual relation among element which
adapted with the model purpose.
3. Making structural self interaction matrix. Matrix
made base to responder perception through focus
group discussion. Four symbols for representing
existing relation type among two element of the
considered system are:
V : relation from Ei to Ej, not on the contrary.
A : relation from Ej to Ei, not on the contrary.
X : relation among Ei and Ej (on the contrary).
O : indicating that Ei and Ej is not interconnected.
4. Making reach ability matrix: a reach ability matrix
which is prepared later changed structural self
interaction matrix symbols to a binary matrix.
Converting rule applying:
a. If relation Ei to Ej=V in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=1 and Eji=0 in reach
ability matrix.
b. If relation Ei to Ej=A in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=0 and Eji=1 in reach
ability matrix.
c. If relation Ei to Ej=O in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=0 and Eji=0 in reach
ability matrix.
Early reach ability matrix modified to show all
direct and indirect reach ability, that is if Eij=1 and
Ejk=1, so Eik=1.
5. Participation level conducted to classify element
in different level of interpretative structural modeling
technique. For this purpose, two tools associated
with every element Ei of the system reach ability
set (Ri), is a set from all element which is reached
from Ei element, and antecedent set (Ai), is a set
103
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.17 No. 2 December 2011 : 101-110
from all element where Ei element can be reached.
At first iteration of all element, where Ri=Ri∩Ai,
are first level elements. At the next iteration,
elements identified like level elements in eliminated
previous iteration, and new elements is selected
for next levels by the same rule. Then, all system
elements grouped to different levels.
6. Making canonical matrix: elements grouping to the
same level develop this matrix. Resultant matrix
has most of higher triangular elements is 0 and
lowest 1. This matrix then used to prepare digraph.
7. Making digraph: a concept coming from directional
graph, a graph from elements which direct relation,
and hierarchy level. Early digraph is prepared in
canonical matrix basis. That early digraph then is
cutting by removing all transitive components for
making final graph.
8. The evocation of interpretative structural modeling:
interpretative structural modeling awakened by
removing all elements by describing actual
element. For that, interpretative structural modeling
gives clearly depicting the system elements and
relation path.
The outputs of interpretative structural modeling
technique are each sub element ranking and sub
element plot in four sectors with their quadrants. The
sectors are:
1. Sector I: weak driver weak dependent variables.
Sub element which enter this sector commonly is
not relation with the system or few relation. Sub
element in sector I, if driver power value 0,5X.
4. Sector IV: strong driver weak dependent variables
(independent). Sub element which enter this sector
was a remains part of system and called
independent variable. Sub element in sector IV, if
driver power value >0,5X and dependence value
DEVELOPMENT OF TUNA FISHERIES MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
FOR THE SOUTHERN COAST OF JAVA: AN APPLICATION OF
INTERPRETATIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING
Tri Wiji Nurani1), John Haluan1), Ernani Lubis1), Sudirman Saad2), and Ririn Irnawati3)
1)
Lecturer in Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Secretary of the Directorate General of Coastal and Small Island, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
3)
Graduate Student on System and Modeling of the Marine Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Received November 30-2009; Received in revised form August 12-2010; Accepted December 2-2010
2)
ABSTRACT
Territorial waters of South Java is part of fisheries management zone of Indian Ocean Fisheries,
has a potential tuna fish resources. The purpose of this research was to formulate strategy for the
efficacy of model implementation of tuna fisheries development in South Coast of Java. Interpretative
structural modeling technique was used the study. The method was considered a technique of
strategic planning of which describes comprehensively condition of the system. Result showed that
there were seven element of system require for succeeding implementation of model. The seven
element of system and their key element are affected society sector, tuna entrepreneur, required
factor, the availability of tuna resources and the availability of data and information, the main constraint
of program development, high gasoline price, limited of financial capital and low priority of development
fund, the main purpose of program: exploiting optimization of tuna resources; the indicator of the
efficacy program: increasing the earn of tuna fishery and improvement of labor absorption; the activity
needed to execute the program: making plan work activity; and institution in concerned for the efficacy
program: Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
KEYWORDS:
fisheries management, interpretative structural modeling, tuna, South Coast
of Java
INTRODUCTION
South Java territorial waters is part of fisheries
management zone of Indian Ocean with potential tuna
resources potency, especially bigeye tuna (Thunnus
obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The
potency of tuna resources in this territorial is not yet
determined. The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
Working Party on Tropical Tuna (2009) described that
catch rate big eye tuna in Indian Ocean continuously
decreased from around 9,0 in 1960 to 3,2 in 2002
when it has increased to about 4,4; about the same
level as that in the late 1990s, decreased to 2,3 in
2003 and increased to 3,0 in 2004. Meanwhile catch
per unit of effort yellowfin tuna continuously decreased
from around 28,7 in 1960 to 10,5 in 1972, and was
kept at approximately the same level until 1988,
thereafter it declined to about 4,5 in 1994 and has
remained at his low level with fluctuations between
3,3 and 4,6 until 2006, was much lower 3,0 in 2007
(http://www. Iotc.org/files/proceedings/2009/wptt/IOTC). It
seems that tuna fisheries in Indian Ocean is on fully
exploited. Because of that, development of tuna
fisheries in South Coast of Java should be more
emphasize to management of tuna fisheries according
to sustainability.
Nurani et al. (2008) developed a SIMPENA model
of tuna fisheries in South Coast of Java, which
focused on development of tuna fisheries in small
scale with gross tonnage of fishing vessel less than
150 GT. Development of tuna fisheries in south coast
of Java will be succeeded, if the existing subsystem
which business, port, and instituton subsystem could
be function well (Figure 1). The model was resulted
through research by system approach method. The
model recommended several thing, that are
development conducted by means of build industrial
scale of tuna fisheries business; support by fishing
port with international standard; applying good
handling practices and standard sanitation operational
procedure on fishing vessel and fishing port;
recommended as the basis of tuna fisheries are
Cilacap and Pelabuhan Ratu fishing port, with 170
units of long line fishing vessel; and integrated
management institution should be formed to integrate
manage tuna resources, which accommodate the
need between province and sub province, and also
between stakeholder.
__________________
Corresponding author:
Jl. Agatis, Kampus Institut Pertanian Bogor Darmaga, Bogor-16680
101
Strategic policy: strength, weakness, opportunities, threats
Model implementation: interpretative structural modeling
Management
PORT Submodel
Location of f ishing port:
connection with fishing ground
technical aspect
connection with market
Management
BUSINESS Submodel
Tuna fisheries business
Unit: long line
Scale of business: industry
Fishing port to support tuna f isheries
business:
International standard
Supported to f acility and service
Availability of tuna landing center
Availability of input production
Potency of tuna resources
JTB: 80% x potency
Business technique aspect
Availability of input production
Optimality of production
Handling: % export quality
Market: export
Financial aspect
Profit business: NPV, B/C, IRR
Regulation:
institution:
international
national
local
System dynamic model
input: technical aspect business
financial aspect
output: profit
retribution
require of labor
require input production
To require
INSTITUTION Submodel
Policy:
Legal structure
Legal mandate
Legal enforcement
To support
To require
To support
Contribute according to
Increase profit business
Increase income and fisherman prosperity
Increase opportunity for labor
Increase foreign earning
Development economic region
Figure 1.
Tuna fisheries development model in South Coast of Java (Nurani et al., 2008).
Institution:
Performance of
policy, social,
economic,
egal and,
technology
Effectiveness
planning
organization
controlling
evaluation
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.17 No. 2 December 2011 : 101-110
102
Management: Central Government
Development of Tuna Fisheries ….. of Interpretative Structural Modeling (Nurani, T.W., et al.)
As previously mentioned, Simpena model was
designed for development of tuna fisheries in South
Java territorial water. The benefit of model will be
realized in the real system. Many factors including
system will affect to the efficacy of applying model.
Suitable strategy is required to formulate by studying
comprehensive factor that will effect to the efficacy of
applying model. One of the techniques to describe
the complex things of system is interpretative
structural modeling technique.
Data Collection
Interpretative structural modeling is a descriptive
effective modeling for strategic long range planning.
Strategic planning includes system totality which can’t
be analyzed partly, but should comprehensively.
Interpretative structural modeling technique analyzed
the element of system, and describe in graph form
direct relation between element and hierarchy. Data
and information which available in strategic planning,
usually predominated by data and information which
qualitative and normative characters (Eriyatno, 2003;
Marimin, 2004).
Data Analysis
Interpretative structural modeling technique was a
group learning process where the structural models
are result for describing the complex things of system.
Model is designed through pattern which is carefully
designed use graph and sentence. The method gives
perfect environment to enrich and enlarge description
on complex system construction. (Eriyatno, 2003;
Marimin, 2004; Gorvett & Liu, 2007).
Interpretative structural modeling technique has
used in many study. Some studied are the study of
crumb rubber repaired agro industry (Utomo et al.,
2008), the decision making study of forest ecosystem
management (Liu et al., 2009), the study of vendor
selection (Mandal & Deshmukh, 1994), group decision
making (Balanos et al., 2005), and study of food
standard accomplishment condition (Sagheer et al.,
2009).
The objective of the research is to formulate suitable
strategy in applying development model of tuna
fisheries in South Coast of Java using interpretative
structural modeling technique.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This paper was a part of research result for
development of fisheries in South Java territorial
waters. The research of fisheries activity was
conducted during July 2005 until July 2007 in
Sukabumi, Garut, Cilacap, Kebumen, Gunung Kidul,
Pacitan, Trenggalek, and Malang sub province.
Implementation strategy of applying this model was
conducted using the focus group discussion, with
various type of stakeholders. The stakeholders include
tuna entrepreneur, fishermen, fishing port organizer,
processing industry entrepreneur, exporter,
consumers, fisheries agency, local government, village
cooperation organizer, elite figure, self supporting
society institute, and expert in fisheries field.
Interpretative structural modeling technique was
divided into two part composing of hierarchy and sub
element classification. First phase was generating
tool, passing gathering information from stakeholders.
Second phase was choosing relevant relationship, so
the elements can be formulation (Eriyatno, 2003).
Analysis step with interpretative structural modeling
technique were:
1. System element identification.
2. Develop contextual relation among element which
adapted with the model purpose.
3. Making structural self interaction matrix. Matrix
made base to responder perception through focus
group discussion. Four symbols for representing
existing relation type among two element of the
considered system are:
V : relation from Ei to Ej, not on the contrary.
A : relation from Ej to Ei, not on the contrary.
X : relation among Ei and Ej (on the contrary).
O : indicating that Ei and Ej is not interconnected.
4. Making reach ability matrix: a reach ability matrix
which is prepared later changed structural self
interaction matrix symbols to a binary matrix.
Converting rule applying:
a. If relation Ei to Ej=V in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=1 and Eji=0 in reach
ability matrix.
b. If relation Ei to Ej=A in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=0 and Eji=1 in reach
ability matrix.
c. If relation Ei to Ej=O in structural self interaction
matrix, so element Eij=0 and Eji=0 in reach
ability matrix.
Early reach ability matrix modified to show all
direct and indirect reach ability, that is if Eij=1 and
Ejk=1, so Eik=1.
5. Participation level conducted to classify element
in different level of interpretative structural modeling
technique. For this purpose, two tools associated
with every element Ei of the system reach ability
set (Ri), is a set from all element which is reached
from Ei element, and antecedent set (Ai), is a set
103
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.17 No. 2 December 2011 : 101-110
from all element where Ei element can be reached.
At first iteration of all element, where Ri=Ri∩Ai,
are first level elements. At the next iteration,
elements identified like level elements in eliminated
previous iteration, and new elements is selected
for next levels by the same rule. Then, all system
elements grouped to different levels.
6. Making canonical matrix: elements grouping to the
same level develop this matrix. Resultant matrix
has most of higher triangular elements is 0 and
lowest 1. This matrix then used to prepare digraph.
7. Making digraph: a concept coming from directional
graph, a graph from elements which direct relation,
and hierarchy level. Early digraph is prepared in
canonical matrix basis. That early digraph then is
cutting by removing all transitive components for
making final graph.
8. The evocation of interpretative structural modeling:
interpretative structural modeling awakened by
removing all elements by describing actual
element. For that, interpretative structural modeling
gives clearly depicting the system elements and
relation path.
The outputs of interpretative structural modeling
technique are each sub element ranking and sub
element plot in four sectors with their quadrants. The
sectors are:
1. Sector I: weak driver weak dependent variables.
Sub element which enter this sector commonly is
not relation with the system or few relation. Sub
element in sector I, if driver power value 0,5X.
4. Sector IV: strong driver weak dependent variables
(independent). Sub element which enter this sector
was a remains part of system and called
independent variable. Sub element in sector IV, if
driver power value >0,5X and dependence value