Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:S:Small Ruminant Research:Vol38.Issue2.Oct2000:
Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
The nutritive value of Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus
as supplements to low-quality straw for goats
B.W. Norton*, M.H. Waterfall
School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
Received 1 October 1999; accepted 23 March 2000
Abstract
Twenty-four Australian cashmere goats (32±40 kg live-weight (LW)), held in separate metabolism cages, were used in an
experiment with a 24 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of supplements of the dried leaves (browse)
from two species of fodder tree (Tipuana tipu, and Calliandra calothyrsus ) at four different levels (0, 0.83, 1.66% LW and ad
libitum) on voluntary intake and utilisation of a basal diet of barley straw (BS). A supplement of urea±molasses (UM) (30 g
urea, 70 g molasses) was given to control goats (0% browse), and both these goats and those given browse supplements
consumed BS ad libitum. The basal diet of barley straw plus UM was consumed in limited amounts (41 g/kg0.75 day) and was
of low DM digestibility (47±53%). At the lowest level of Tipuana supplementation (0.83% LW, 27% DM intake), voluntary
consumption of BS was signi®cantly increased above basal, resulting in a 50% increase in total intake, and 73% in digestible
DM intake. When Tipuana supplements were increased to 1.66% LW (56% DM intake), BS intakes decreased to the same
extent that the supplement increased , resulting in no further improvement in either total intake or ef®ciency of diet use. When
Tipuana was offered as the sole feed, total voluntary intake and digestible DM intake reached a maximum (66.4 and 42.0 g/
kg0.75 per day, respectively), and from a consideration of all aspects of this evaluation, Tipuana tipu compared very favourably
with other high-quality browse species. However, Calliandra calothyrus proved to be of less value. The lowest level of
supplementation resulted in a small increase in total (18%) and digestible DM (19%) intakes, but a decreased digestibility and
availability of N for absorption and use. Further increases in supplement increased digestible intake, but N availability
remained low and limiting. When Calliandra was offered as the sole diet ad libitum, total and digestible DM intakes (45.6 and
21.6 g/kg0.75 per day) were no better than the control (barley straw plus UM) diet (41.5 and 22.0 g/kg0.75 per day) and may be
characterised as low in nutritive value and, in comparison with other browse species, of limited value as either a supplement or
sole feed for ruminants in the tropics. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Goats; Barley straw; Calliandra calothyrsus; Tipuana tipu; Supplementary feeding
1. Introduction
In many tropical countries, the low quality of native
grasses and straws limits the productive potential of
ruminant animals. Protein supplements from both
plant and animal sources, and non-protein nitrogen
*
Corresponding author.
sources, are commonly used to improve animal performance on these low-quality roughages (Leibholz,
1982). There is an increasing interest in the use of both
local and introduced leguminous trees and shrubs as
inexpensive sources of protein for livestock feeding
(Gutteridge and Shelton, 1994). The foliage of leguminous trees is usually high in protein and minerals
(Norton, 1994a), and has been used as either a supplement of low-quality hay and straw or as a sole source
0921-4488/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 2 1 - 4 4 8 8 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 4 7 - 4
176
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
of feed (Robertson, 1988; Norton et al., 1992; Norton,
1994b).
Calliandra calothyrsus (calliandra) is a native of
Central America, but has been most commonly used
for fuel and fodder in Indonesia (Palmer et al., 1994).
The palatability of calliandra leaves for livestock
appears variable (Arias and Macqueen, 1996; Shelton
et al., 1996), and drying or wilting has been varyingly
reported to either depress (Palmer and Schlink, 1992)
or improve its nutritive value (Norton and Ahn, 1997).
Tipuana tipu (tipuana) is another leguminous tree
originating from South America, and is suited to
growing in warm temperate climates. Although
widely planted for its attractive appearance, it has a
long growing season, tolerates frequent cutting and
grazing and is palatable to grazing stock. However, its
potential as a fodder tree has not been explored.
The studies reported below investigate the comparative value of calliandra and tipuana (browse) as supplements to a low quality straw, and as a sole feed.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental design and statistical analysis
The experimental design was a 24 factorial treatment arrangement with three replicates per treatment.
Two browse species, tipuana (Tipuana tipu) and calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) were offered at four
levels (0, 0.83 and 1.66% of initial live weight (LW) as
supplements to chaffed barley straw offered ad libitum
and as the sole diet (ad libitum). The control diet of
barley straw (0% browse) was supplemented with
100 g of a 30%:70% urea:molasses mixture to provide
N for ruminal fermentation. Data were analysed using
the analysis of variance procedures described by Steel
and Torrie (1960). The model contained the treatment
effects of browse (B) type (1 df), supplement (S) level
(3 df), B±S interaction (3 df) and error (15 df) to
account for one missing value in the data.
2.2. Animal management and feeding procedures
Twenty-four male Australian cashmere goats (15
months old, 32±40 kg LW) were held in separate
metabolism cages in a naturally lit and ventilated
animal house for a trial period of 4 weeks (Janu-
ary±February) at the University of Queensland farm at
Mt. Cotton in south-east Queensland. Prior to entry to
the animal house, all animals had been maintained on
Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) pastures, and
during the ®rst 7 days in the animal house were offered
Pangola grass hay, which was progressively substituted with barley straw. In the second week, after
randomly assigning animals to treatment groups,
browse leaves were substituted for barley straw until
the required level of supplementation was reached,
after which barley straw was provided ad libitum to all
except those offered the browse leaves as the sole diet.
After this week of adaptation, the feeding trial lasted a
further 20 days for the tipuana treatments and 16 days
for the calliandra treatments. During the last 7 days of
each treatment feeding period, a digestibility and N
balance study was undertaken and ruminal ¯uid samples collected on the last day.
Browse, which included edible leaves, shoots,
twigs, stems and pods, was harvested by hand-stripping. Tipuana tipu browse was harvested just before
¯owering (November) from mature trees at the University of Queensland campus at St. Lucia. Calliandra
calothyrus browse was harvested from young trees (3
years old) growing at Mt. Cotton research farm.
Harvested browse was placed on weld-mesh ¯oors
in fan-forced air drier until dry (4±5 days), then dried
browse was stored in wool bales until used. Fresh
samples of both species were taken at harvest and
stored frozen for later analysis.
Goats offered the control (barley straw only) diet
were provided with a supplement of urea-molasses
(100 g/day, 30% urea, molasses 71.3% DM, 18.5%
ash in DM) to provide an amount of additional dietary
N equivalent to that provided by the lowest level
(0.83% LW) of browse supplementation. All experimental diets were offered daily at 08.00, and water
was freely available from automatic watering bowls.
The browse supplement intakes (0.83 and 1.66%
initial LW) remained constant, but the basal diet of
barley straw and 100% browse treatments were
offered free choice and consumed ad libitum throughout the trial.
2.3. Measurements and analytical methods
Animals were weighed at the beginning and end of
the trial. The DM content of feeds offered and refusals
177
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
were measured weekly, and samples of each were
retained for later analysis. During the last week of the
trial, daily feed intakes and refusals, and faecal and
urinary excretion were measured. Daily faecal outputs
for each animal were weighed, sub-sampled (10%)
then bulked with samples taken on previous days and
stored frozen. Daily urinary excretion for each animal
was collected into 50-ml glacial acetic acid, and after
measuring volume, sub-sampled, bulked and stored
frozen until analysed. At the end of the trial, representative samples of feed, refusal and faeces were
ground (1-mm sieve), sampled and stored until analysis. On the ®nal day of the digestibility trial, rumen
¯uid samples were collected from each goat by stomach tube immediately before, and 3 h after, feeding.
Each sample was strained through nylon stocking and
one portion (10 ml) mixed with an equal volume of
0.2 M HCl (for ammonia determination) and another
portion (4 ml) mixed with 1 ml protein precipitant
(4:1, 25% metaphosphoric acid: 2 mg/ml iso-caproic
acid) for determination of volatile fatty acid (VFA)
concentrations.
The DM content of barley straw, tipuana, calliandra,
refusals and faeces was determined by drying in a
forced-draught oven at 608C for 48 h, and the residual
DM, estimated immediately prior to chemical analysis, was determined by drying at 1208C for 12 h in an
analytical oven. Ash was determined by incineration
in a muf¯e furnace at 5008C for 4 h, neutral detergent
®bre (NDF) by the method of Van Soest and Wine
(1967), acid detergent ®bre (ADF) and lignin as
described by Van Soest (1963), cellulose and hemicellulose (Minson, 1971) and total nitrogen (N) by
Kjeldahl digestion and an autoanalyser technique
(Henzell et al., 1968). Ammonia in rumen ¯uid was
determined by distillation and titration (Buchi System) and the concentrations and proportions of VFA
were analysed by gas±liquid chromatography (Hewlett±Packard 5830A). The free, protein-bound and
®bre-bound tannin content of the tipuana and calliandra were determined by modi®ed colorimetric assay
(Bate-Smith, 1954) using puri®ed condensed tannin
standards from Desmodium intortum (Perez-Maldonado and Norton, 1996).
3. Results
3.1. Chemical composition of feeds and effects of
drying
Table 1 shows means values for the composition of
both fresh and dried tipuana and calliandra, and for the
barley straw used as the basal diet. Drying resulted in
Table 1
Mean values for the chemical composition (g/kg DM) of fresh and dried Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus and barley straw fed to
Australian cashmere goats
Component
Dry matter (g/kg as fed)
Organic matter
Nitrogen
Neutral detergent fibre
Acid detergent fibre
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
Condensed tannin
Free
Protein-bound
Fibre-bound
Total
a
None detected.
Tipuana tipu
Calliandra calothyrsus
Barley straw (as fed)
Fresh
Dried
Fresh
Dried
903
934
28.8
337
312
24
202
88
906
913
27.0
389
322
60
201
100
901
964
25.2
305
245
60
157
70
907
960
26.5
293
237
51
151
71
914
905
5.5
779
466
286
371
60
62.7
5.5
0.4
68.6
19.9
14.2
2.8
36.8
65.2
7.9
3.5
76.6
51.2
10.2
3.4
64.8
nda
nd
nd
nd
178
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
Table 2
Effects of varying intakes of browse tree leaves (Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus) on the voluntary consumption of low-quality straw
by goats
Browse species
Browse intake (% live-weight (LW))
Planned
Actual
Tipuana
0
0.83
1.66
Ad libitum
0
0.66
1.38
2.77
Calliandra
0
0.8
1.66
Ad libitum
0
0.72
1.27
1.90
Dry matter intakea (g/kg0.75 day)
Mean LW (kg)
Straw
Browse
Total
35.0
39.0
32.7
33.0
35.1 a
45.2 b
26.2 c
±
0
16.6 a
33.1 b
66.4 c
40.7
61.8
59.3
66.4
ab
b
b
b
32.5
32.5
33.2
33.0
35.4 a
31.5 ac
21.9 c
±
0
17.1 a
30.5 b
45.6 d
41.0
48.6
52.4
45.6
ab
ac
bc
ac
0.8
2.6
Pooled SE
a
b
2.4
Values in columns with different letters differ signi®cantly (p
The nutritive value of Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus
as supplements to low-quality straw for goats
B.W. Norton*, M.H. Waterfall
School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
Received 1 October 1999; accepted 23 March 2000
Abstract
Twenty-four Australian cashmere goats (32±40 kg live-weight (LW)), held in separate metabolism cages, were used in an
experiment with a 24 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of supplements of the dried leaves (browse)
from two species of fodder tree (Tipuana tipu, and Calliandra calothyrsus ) at four different levels (0, 0.83, 1.66% LW and ad
libitum) on voluntary intake and utilisation of a basal diet of barley straw (BS). A supplement of urea±molasses (UM) (30 g
urea, 70 g molasses) was given to control goats (0% browse), and both these goats and those given browse supplements
consumed BS ad libitum. The basal diet of barley straw plus UM was consumed in limited amounts (41 g/kg0.75 day) and was
of low DM digestibility (47±53%). At the lowest level of Tipuana supplementation (0.83% LW, 27% DM intake), voluntary
consumption of BS was signi®cantly increased above basal, resulting in a 50% increase in total intake, and 73% in digestible
DM intake. When Tipuana supplements were increased to 1.66% LW (56% DM intake), BS intakes decreased to the same
extent that the supplement increased , resulting in no further improvement in either total intake or ef®ciency of diet use. When
Tipuana was offered as the sole feed, total voluntary intake and digestible DM intake reached a maximum (66.4 and 42.0 g/
kg0.75 per day, respectively), and from a consideration of all aspects of this evaluation, Tipuana tipu compared very favourably
with other high-quality browse species. However, Calliandra calothyrus proved to be of less value. The lowest level of
supplementation resulted in a small increase in total (18%) and digestible DM (19%) intakes, but a decreased digestibility and
availability of N for absorption and use. Further increases in supplement increased digestible intake, but N availability
remained low and limiting. When Calliandra was offered as the sole diet ad libitum, total and digestible DM intakes (45.6 and
21.6 g/kg0.75 per day) were no better than the control (barley straw plus UM) diet (41.5 and 22.0 g/kg0.75 per day) and may be
characterised as low in nutritive value and, in comparison with other browse species, of limited value as either a supplement or
sole feed for ruminants in the tropics. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Goats; Barley straw; Calliandra calothyrsus; Tipuana tipu; Supplementary feeding
1. Introduction
In many tropical countries, the low quality of native
grasses and straws limits the productive potential of
ruminant animals. Protein supplements from both
plant and animal sources, and non-protein nitrogen
*
Corresponding author.
sources, are commonly used to improve animal performance on these low-quality roughages (Leibholz,
1982). There is an increasing interest in the use of both
local and introduced leguminous trees and shrubs as
inexpensive sources of protein for livestock feeding
(Gutteridge and Shelton, 1994). The foliage of leguminous trees is usually high in protein and minerals
(Norton, 1994a), and has been used as either a supplement of low-quality hay and straw or as a sole source
0921-4488/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 2 1 - 4 4 8 8 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 4 7 - 4
176
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
of feed (Robertson, 1988; Norton et al., 1992; Norton,
1994b).
Calliandra calothyrsus (calliandra) is a native of
Central America, but has been most commonly used
for fuel and fodder in Indonesia (Palmer et al., 1994).
The palatability of calliandra leaves for livestock
appears variable (Arias and Macqueen, 1996; Shelton
et al., 1996), and drying or wilting has been varyingly
reported to either depress (Palmer and Schlink, 1992)
or improve its nutritive value (Norton and Ahn, 1997).
Tipuana tipu (tipuana) is another leguminous tree
originating from South America, and is suited to
growing in warm temperate climates. Although
widely planted for its attractive appearance, it has a
long growing season, tolerates frequent cutting and
grazing and is palatable to grazing stock. However, its
potential as a fodder tree has not been explored.
The studies reported below investigate the comparative value of calliandra and tipuana (browse) as supplements to a low quality straw, and as a sole feed.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental design and statistical analysis
The experimental design was a 24 factorial treatment arrangement with three replicates per treatment.
Two browse species, tipuana (Tipuana tipu) and calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) were offered at four
levels (0, 0.83 and 1.66% of initial live weight (LW) as
supplements to chaffed barley straw offered ad libitum
and as the sole diet (ad libitum). The control diet of
barley straw (0% browse) was supplemented with
100 g of a 30%:70% urea:molasses mixture to provide
N for ruminal fermentation. Data were analysed using
the analysis of variance procedures described by Steel
and Torrie (1960). The model contained the treatment
effects of browse (B) type (1 df), supplement (S) level
(3 df), B±S interaction (3 df) and error (15 df) to
account for one missing value in the data.
2.2. Animal management and feeding procedures
Twenty-four male Australian cashmere goats (15
months old, 32±40 kg LW) were held in separate
metabolism cages in a naturally lit and ventilated
animal house for a trial period of 4 weeks (Janu-
ary±February) at the University of Queensland farm at
Mt. Cotton in south-east Queensland. Prior to entry to
the animal house, all animals had been maintained on
Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) pastures, and
during the ®rst 7 days in the animal house were offered
Pangola grass hay, which was progressively substituted with barley straw. In the second week, after
randomly assigning animals to treatment groups,
browse leaves were substituted for barley straw until
the required level of supplementation was reached,
after which barley straw was provided ad libitum to all
except those offered the browse leaves as the sole diet.
After this week of adaptation, the feeding trial lasted a
further 20 days for the tipuana treatments and 16 days
for the calliandra treatments. During the last 7 days of
each treatment feeding period, a digestibility and N
balance study was undertaken and ruminal ¯uid samples collected on the last day.
Browse, which included edible leaves, shoots,
twigs, stems and pods, was harvested by hand-stripping. Tipuana tipu browse was harvested just before
¯owering (November) from mature trees at the University of Queensland campus at St. Lucia. Calliandra
calothyrus browse was harvested from young trees (3
years old) growing at Mt. Cotton research farm.
Harvested browse was placed on weld-mesh ¯oors
in fan-forced air drier until dry (4±5 days), then dried
browse was stored in wool bales until used. Fresh
samples of both species were taken at harvest and
stored frozen for later analysis.
Goats offered the control (barley straw only) diet
were provided with a supplement of urea-molasses
(100 g/day, 30% urea, molasses 71.3% DM, 18.5%
ash in DM) to provide an amount of additional dietary
N equivalent to that provided by the lowest level
(0.83% LW) of browse supplementation. All experimental diets were offered daily at 08.00, and water
was freely available from automatic watering bowls.
The browse supplement intakes (0.83 and 1.66%
initial LW) remained constant, but the basal diet of
barley straw and 100% browse treatments were
offered free choice and consumed ad libitum throughout the trial.
2.3. Measurements and analytical methods
Animals were weighed at the beginning and end of
the trial. The DM content of feeds offered and refusals
177
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
were measured weekly, and samples of each were
retained for later analysis. During the last week of the
trial, daily feed intakes and refusals, and faecal and
urinary excretion were measured. Daily faecal outputs
for each animal were weighed, sub-sampled (10%)
then bulked with samples taken on previous days and
stored frozen. Daily urinary excretion for each animal
was collected into 50-ml glacial acetic acid, and after
measuring volume, sub-sampled, bulked and stored
frozen until analysed. At the end of the trial, representative samples of feed, refusal and faeces were
ground (1-mm sieve), sampled and stored until analysis. On the ®nal day of the digestibility trial, rumen
¯uid samples were collected from each goat by stomach tube immediately before, and 3 h after, feeding.
Each sample was strained through nylon stocking and
one portion (10 ml) mixed with an equal volume of
0.2 M HCl (for ammonia determination) and another
portion (4 ml) mixed with 1 ml protein precipitant
(4:1, 25% metaphosphoric acid: 2 mg/ml iso-caproic
acid) for determination of volatile fatty acid (VFA)
concentrations.
The DM content of barley straw, tipuana, calliandra,
refusals and faeces was determined by drying in a
forced-draught oven at 608C for 48 h, and the residual
DM, estimated immediately prior to chemical analysis, was determined by drying at 1208C for 12 h in an
analytical oven. Ash was determined by incineration
in a muf¯e furnace at 5008C for 4 h, neutral detergent
®bre (NDF) by the method of Van Soest and Wine
(1967), acid detergent ®bre (ADF) and lignin as
described by Van Soest (1963), cellulose and hemicellulose (Minson, 1971) and total nitrogen (N) by
Kjeldahl digestion and an autoanalyser technique
(Henzell et al., 1968). Ammonia in rumen ¯uid was
determined by distillation and titration (Buchi System) and the concentrations and proportions of VFA
were analysed by gas±liquid chromatography (Hewlett±Packard 5830A). The free, protein-bound and
®bre-bound tannin content of the tipuana and calliandra were determined by modi®ed colorimetric assay
(Bate-Smith, 1954) using puri®ed condensed tannin
standards from Desmodium intortum (Perez-Maldonado and Norton, 1996).
3. Results
3.1. Chemical composition of feeds and effects of
drying
Table 1 shows means values for the composition of
both fresh and dried tipuana and calliandra, and for the
barley straw used as the basal diet. Drying resulted in
Table 1
Mean values for the chemical composition (g/kg DM) of fresh and dried Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus and barley straw fed to
Australian cashmere goats
Component
Dry matter (g/kg as fed)
Organic matter
Nitrogen
Neutral detergent fibre
Acid detergent fibre
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
Condensed tannin
Free
Protein-bound
Fibre-bound
Total
a
None detected.
Tipuana tipu
Calliandra calothyrsus
Barley straw (as fed)
Fresh
Dried
Fresh
Dried
903
934
28.8
337
312
24
202
88
906
913
27.0
389
322
60
201
100
901
964
25.2
305
245
60
157
70
907
960
26.5
293
237
51
151
71
914
905
5.5
779
466
286
371
60
62.7
5.5
0.4
68.6
19.9
14.2
2.8
36.8
65.2
7.9
3.5
76.6
51.2
10.2
3.4
64.8
nda
nd
nd
nd
178
B.W. Norton, M.H. Waterfall / Small Ruminant Research 38 (2000) 175±182
Table 2
Effects of varying intakes of browse tree leaves (Tipuana tipu and Calliandra calothyrsus) on the voluntary consumption of low-quality straw
by goats
Browse species
Browse intake (% live-weight (LW))
Planned
Actual
Tipuana
0
0.83
1.66
Ad libitum
0
0.66
1.38
2.77
Calliandra
0
0.8
1.66
Ad libitum
0
0.72
1.27
1.90
Dry matter intakea (g/kg0.75 day)
Mean LW (kg)
Straw
Browse
Total
35.0
39.0
32.7
33.0
35.1 a
45.2 b
26.2 c
±
0
16.6 a
33.1 b
66.4 c
40.7
61.8
59.3
66.4
ab
b
b
b
32.5
32.5
33.2
33.0
35.4 a
31.5 ac
21.9 c
±
0
17.1 a
30.5 b
45.6 d
41.0
48.6
52.4
45.6
ab
ac
bc
ac
0.8
2.6
Pooled SE
a
b
2.4
Values in columns with different letters differ signi®cantly (p