Studi Efek Etanol dan Gliserin terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci dari Basis Gel Alginat secara In Vitro
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aiache, J.M., Devissaguet, J., and Guyot-herman, A.M. (1993). Farmasetika
Biofarmasi . Penerjemah : Widji Soerartri, Dr. Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press. Halaman 178-179 dan 247-248.
Akhtar, N., Rehman, M.U., Khan, H.M.S., Rasool, F., Saeed, T., dan Murtaza, G.
(2011). Penetration Enhancing Effect of Polysorbate 20 and 80 on the In
Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of L-Ascorbic Acid. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 10(3): 281-288.
Amelia, R. (2014). Studi Efek Tween 80, Minyak Inti Sawit dan Produk
Konversinya terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci secara
In Vitro dari Basis Salep Hidrokarbon. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara. Halaman 45-47.
Ammar, H.O., M.Ghorabb, S.A., El-Nahhasa., dan Kamela, R. (2007). Evaluation
of Chemical Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery of aspirin.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(3): 96-105.
Anderson, T. (2012). Alginate as Biomaterials in Tissue Engencering.
Charbohydr. Chem. 37(1): 227-228.
Anggraeni, Y. (2012). Pengaruh Etanol dan Asam Oleat Terhadap Penetrasi
Transdermal Nanoemulsi Glukosamin Secara In Vitro Menggunakan Sel
Difusi Franz. Skripsi. Depok: Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 53-54.
Aniroh, S. (2015). Studi Efek Minyak Wijen, Minyak Almond, dan Minyak
Zaitun Terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin Melalui Kulit Kelinci Secara In
Vitro dari Basis Gel Alginat. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Halaman 49-51.
Ansel,
H.C. (1989). Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,
diterjemahkan oleh Farida Ibrahim, Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Universitas
Indonesia Press. Halaman 313.
Bangun, H. (2001). Alginat Sebagai Dasar Salep – Pelepasan Obat, Penyerapan
Air, Aliran Reologi, dan Uji Iritasi Kulit. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 130:
37-41.
Barry, B.W. (1983). Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption.
New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 8-13, 160-161.
Barry, B.W. (1991). Lipid-Protein-Partitioning Theory of Skin Penetration
Enhancement. J. Cont. Rel. 15: 237-248.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bhowmik, D., Dasari, V., Duraivel, S., dan Kumar, K.P.S. (2013). Recent Trends
In Penetration Enhancer Used In Transdermal Drug Delivery System. The
Pharma Innovation – Journal. 2(2): 127-134.
Bjorklund, S., Johan, E., Krister, T. dan Emma, S. (2013). Glycerol and Urea Can
Be Used to Increased Skin Permeability in Reduced Hydration Conditions.
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 50(5): 638-645.
Chien, Y.W. (Ed). (1987). Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications. New
York and Basel: Marcel Dekker. Halaman 557-560.
Choi, M.Q., Man, F.S., Wang, X.J., Zhang, B.E., Brown, K.R. dan Feingold, P.M.
(2005). Is endogenous glycerol a determinant of stratum corneum
hydration in humans?. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125 (2005): 288–293.
Dermawan, A., Arianto, A., dan Bangun, H. (2013). Study Of The Effects of
Tween 80 and Palm Kernel Oil on in vitro Ascorbic Acid Penetration
Through Rabbit Skin. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research.
5(3): 965-972.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 310-311.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 1124-1210.
Faroza, R. (2008). Pengaruh Etanol Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia Sediaan
dan Peningkat Penetrasi Piroksikam dalam Basis Gel Carbomer ETD
2020. Skripsi. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. Halaman 43-47.
Foye, W.O. (1996). Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger. Halaman 886.
Hadgraft, J. (2004). Skin Deep. Europen Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics. 58(2): 291-299.
Harding, C.R., Watkinson, A., Rawlings, A.V. dan Scott, I.R. (2000). Dry Skin,
Moisturization and Corneodesmolysis. International Journal Cosmetology
and Sciences. 22(2000): 21-52.
Insel, P.A. (1990). Dalam: The Pharmacological Basic of Therapeutics. Gilman,
A.G., Rall, T.W., Nies, A.S., Taylor, P. Edisi VIII. New York: Pergamon
Press. Halaman 639-681.
Kristanto, E. (2009). Pengaruh Gliserin Sebagai Kosolven Terhadap Kelarutan
Indometasin. Skripsi. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. Halaman 34-36.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kumar, K.P.S., Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, B., dan Chandira, M. (2010).
Transdermal Drug Delivery System-A Novel Drug Delivery System and
Its Market Scope and Oppurtunities. International Journal of Pharma and
Bio Sciences. 1(2): 1-21.
Kurniawan, A. (2014).Pengaruh Konsentrasi Gliserin Terhadap Laju Penetrasi
Ibuprofen dalam Sediaan Gel Dispersi Padat Ibuprofen-PEG 6000 (1:1,5).
Skripsi. Jember: Universitas Jember. Halaman 44-45.
Lademann, J., Otberg, N., Richter, H., Jacobi, U., Schaefer, H., Blume, P.U., dan
Sterry, W. (2003). Follicular Penetration: An Important Pathway for
Topically Applied Subtances. Hautarzt. 54: 321-323.
Langley, Leroy, L. (1980). Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. United State of
America: McGraw-Hill. Halaman 66-70.
Lombry, C., Dujardin, N., dan Preat, V. (2000). Transdermal Delivery of
Macromolecules Using Electroporation. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 17(1): 32-37.
Luciano, Dorothy, S. (1978). Human Function and Structure. United State of
America: McGraw-Hill. Halaman 84-87.
Marbun, S. (2015). Studi Penetrasi Indometasin secara In Vitro melalui Kulit
Kelinci dengan menggunakan Minyak Esensial sebagai Enhancer. Skripsi.
Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman 48-50.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Cammarata, A. (1993). Farmasi Fisik. Edisi Ketiga.
Jakarta : UI-Press. Halaman 827-832.
Mishra, A.N. (1998). Transdermal Drug Delivery. In: Jain NK. Editor: Controlled
and Novel Drug Delivery. New Delhi: Varghese Publication: Halaman
100-129.
Moffat, A.C. , Osselton, M.D., dan Widdop, B. (2005). Clarke’s Analysis of
Drugs and Poisons. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Halaman 366-369.
Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., dan Guy, R.H. (2001). Passive Skin
Penetration Enhancement and Its Quantification In Vitro. Eur. J. Pharm.
Biopharm. 52(2): 103-112.
Mycek, M. J., Harvey, R.A., dan Champe, C.C. (2001). Farmakologi Ulasan
Bergambar. Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Widya Medika. Halaman 259.
Niazi, S. (1979). Textbook of Biopharmaceuticsand Clinical Pharmacokineticks.
New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts. Halaman 30.
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pathan, I.B., dan Setty, C.M. (2009). Chemical Penetration Enhancers for
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Tropical journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 8(2): 173-179.
Prakash, U.R.T., dan Thiagarajan, P. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic Application.
International journal of Pharmacy. 2(2): 366-374.
Ramarao, P., dan Diwan, P.V. (1998). Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of
Polymeric Films of Diltiazem Hydrochloride and Indomethacin for
Transdermal Administration. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
24(4): 327-336.
Ramteke, K.H., Dhole, S.N., dan Patil, S.V. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery
System: A Review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 3(1): 22-35.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P., dan Owen, S.C. (Ed). (2006). Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients. 5th Edition. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Halaman 283-285.
Saurabh, V.N., Lalita, L., Nemade, Maya, T., Desai, Shailejkumar, D., Bonde, dan
Shweta, U.D. (2014). Chemical Penetration Enhancer: For Transdermal
Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharmacy Review dan
Research. 4(1):33-40.
SDA. (1990). Glycerine: An Overview. New York: The Soap and Detergent
Association. Halaman 6.
Setiadi, N., Arifin, M.F., Ade, R. (2011). Pengaruh Etanol 96% Terhadap Difusi
Salbutamol Sulfat dalam Sediaan Transdermal Sistem Matriks Kombinasi
Povidon-Etilselulosa Melalui Membran Millipore-Isoprofil Miristat.
Farmasains, vol 1, no. 4. Halaman 157, 163.
Sharma, G,N., Sanadya, J., Kaushik, A., Dwivedhi, A. (2012). Penetration
Enhancement of Medicinal Agent. International Research Journal of
Pharmacy. 3(5): 82-85.
Smolinske, S.C. (1992). Handbook of Food, Drug and Cosmetic Excipients. USA:
CRC Press. Halaman 199-203.
Sun, J., dan Huaping, T. (2013). Alginate-Based Biomaterial for Regenerative
Medicine Application. China: Journal Materials. 6: 1285-1309.
Swarbirck, J. dan Boylan, J.C.. (1995). Enyclopedia of Pharmaceutical
Technology. Vol IX. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Halaman 375-399.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Taketoshi, I., Toshihiro, S., Miyuki, M., Yutaka, O., dan Toshio, T. (2001). Skin
Penetration by Indomethacin /Smectite Complex. Journal of
Supramolecular Chemistry. I: 217-219.
Tjay, T.H., dan Rahardja, K. (2008). Obat-Obat Penting. Edisi Keenam. Jakarta:
PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Halaman 330-334.
Tortora, G., dan Grabowski, S. (2006). The Integumentary System. In: Principles
of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Halaman 150-151.
Trenggono, Retno, I., Latifah dan Fatma. (2007). Buku Pegangan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Kosmetik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Halaman
12-13.
Trommer, H., dan Neubert, R.H.H. (2006). Overcoming The Stratum Corneum:
The Modulation of Skin Penetration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.
19: 106-121.
Walters, Kenneth, A., dan Keith, R. (2002). The Structure and Function of Skin.
In Kenneth A. Walters (Ed). Dermatological and Transdermal
Formulations. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 453-461.
Walter, K.A., dan Hadgraf, J. (1993). Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration
Enhancement. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 365-369.
Wasitaatmadja, S.M. (1997). Penuntun Ilmu Kosmetik Medik. Penerbit Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3-5.
Wilkosz, M.F., dan Bogner, R.H. (2003). Transdermal Drug Delivery. US.
Pharmacist. 28(4): 603.
Williams, A.C., dan Barry, B.W. (2004). Penetration Enhancers. Advanced Drug
Delivery Reviews. 5(6): 603-618.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aiache, J.M., Devissaguet, J., and Guyot-herman, A.M. (1993). Farmasetika
Biofarmasi . Penerjemah : Widji Soerartri, Dr. Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press. Halaman 178-179 dan 247-248.
Akhtar, N., Rehman, M.U., Khan, H.M.S., Rasool, F., Saeed, T., dan Murtaza, G.
(2011). Penetration Enhancing Effect of Polysorbate 20 and 80 on the In
Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of L-Ascorbic Acid. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 10(3): 281-288.
Amelia, R. (2014). Studi Efek Tween 80, Minyak Inti Sawit dan Produk
Konversinya terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci secara
In Vitro dari Basis Salep Hidrokarbon. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara. Halaman 45-47.
Ammar, H.O., M.Ghorabb, S.A., El-Nahhasa., dan Kamela, R. (2007). Evaluation
of Chemical Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery of aspirin.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(3): 96-105.
Anderson, T. (2012). Alginate as Biomaterials in Tissue Engencering.
Charbohydr. Chem. 37(1): 227-228.
Anggraeni, Y. (2012). Pengaruh Etanol dan Asam Oleat Terhadap Penetrasi
Transdermal Nanoemulsi Glukosamin Secara In Vitro Menggunakan Sel
Difusi Franz. Skripsi. Depok: Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 53-54.
Aniroh, S. (2015). Studi Efek Minyak Wijen, Minyak Almond, dan Minyak
Zaitun Terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin Melalui Kulit Kelinci Secara In
Vitro dari Basis Gel Alginat. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Halaman 49-51.
Ansel,
H.C. (1989). Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,
diterjemahkan oleh Farida Ibrahim, Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Universitas
Indonesia Press. Halaman 313.
Bangun, H. (2001). Alginat Sebagai Dasar Salep – Pelepasan Obat, Penyerapan
Air, Aliran Reologi, dan Uji Iritasi Kulit. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 130:
37-41.
Barry, B.W. (1983). Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption.
New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 8-13, 160-161.
Barry, B.W. (1991). Lipid-Protein-Partitioning Theory of Skin Penetration
Enhancement. J. Cont. Rel. 15: 237-248.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bhowmik, D., Dasari, V., Duraivel, S., dan Kumar, K.P.S. (2013). Recent Trends
In Penetration Enhancer Used In Transdermal Drug Delivery System. The
Pharma Innovation – Journal. 2(2): 127-134.
Bjorklund, S., Johan, E., Krister, T. dan Emma, S. (2013). Glycerol and Urea Can
Be Used to Increased Skin Permeability in Reduced Hydration Conditions.
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 50(5): 638-645.
Chien, Y.W. (Ed). (1987). Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications. New
York and Basel: Marcel Dekker. Halaman 557-560.
Choi, M.Q., Man, F.S., Wang, X.J., Zhang, B.E., Brown, K.R. dan Feingold, P.M.
(2005). Is endogenous glycerol a determinant of stratum corneum
hydration in humans?. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125 (2005): 288–293.
Dermawan, A., Arianto, A., dan Bangun, H. (2013). Study Of The Effects of
Tween 80 and Palm Kernel Oil on in vitro Ascorbic Acid Penetration
Through Rabbit Skin. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research.
5(3): 965-972.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 310-311.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 1124-1210.
Faroza, R. (2008). Pengaruh Etanol Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia Sediaan
dan Peningkat Penetrasi Piroksikam dalam Basis Gel Carbomer ETD
2020. Skripsi. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. Halaman 43-47.
Foye, W.O. (1996). Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger. Halaman 886.
Hadgraft, J. (2004). Skin Deep. Europen Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics. 58(2): 291-299.
Harding, C.R., Watkinson, A., Rawlings, A.V. dan Scott, I.R. (2000). Dry Skin,
Moisturization and Corneodesmolysis. International Journal Cosmetology
and Sciences. 22(2000): 21-52.
Insel, P.A. (1990). Dalam: The Pharmacological Basic of Therapeutics. Gilman,
A.G., Rall, T.W., Nies, A.S., Taylor, P. Edisi VIII. New York: Pergamon
Press. Halaman 639-681.
Kristanto, E. (2009). Pengaruh Gliserin Sebagai Kosolven Terhadap Kelarutan
Indometasin. Skripsi. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. Halaman 34-36.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kumar, K.P.S., Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, B., dan Chandira, M. (2010).
Transdermal Drug Delivery System-A Novel Drug Delivery System and
Its Market Scope and Oppurtunities. International Journal of Pharma and
Bio Sciences. 1(2): 1-21.
Kurniawan, A. (2014).Pengaruh Konsentrasi Gliserin Terhadap Laju Penetrasi
Ibuprofen dalam Sediaan Gel Dispersi Padat Ibuprofen-PEG 6000 (1:1,5).
Skripsi. Jember: Universitas Jember. Halaman 44-45.
Lademann, J., Otberg, N., Richter, H., Jacobi, U., Schaefer, H., Blume, P.U., dan
Sterry, W. (2003). Follicular Penetration: An Important Pathway for
Topically Applied Subtances. Hautarzt. 54: 321-323.
Langley, Leroy, L. (1980). Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. United State of
America: McGraw-Hill. Halaman 66-70.
Lombry, C., Dujardin, N., dan Preat, V. (2000). Transdermal Delivery of
Macromolecules Using Electroporation. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 17(1): 32-37.
Luciano, Dorothy, S. (1978). Human Function and Structure. United State of
America: McGraw-Hill. Halaman 84-87.
Marbun, S. (2015). Studi Penetrasi Indometasin secara In Vitro melalui Kulit
Kelinci dengan menggunakan Minyak Esensial sebagai Enhancer. Skripsi.
Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman 48-50.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Cammarata, A. (1993). Farmasi Fisik. Edisi Ketiga.
Jakarta : UI-Press. Halaman 827-832.
Mishra, A.N. (1998). Transdermal Drug Delivery. In: Jain NK. Editor: Controlled
and Novel Drug Delivery. New Delhi: Varghese Publication: Halaman
100-129.
Moffat, A.C. , Osselton, M.D., dan Widdop, B. (2005). Clarke’s Analysis of
Drugs and Poisons. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Halaman 366-369.
Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., dan Guy, R.H. (2001). Passive Skin
Penetration Enhancement and Its Quantification In Vitro. Eur. J. Pharm.
Biopharm. 52(2): 103-112.
Mycek, M. J., Harvey, R.A., dan Champe, C.C. (2001). Farmakologi Ulasan
Bergambar. Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Widya Medika. Halaman 259.
Niazi, S. (1979). Textbook of Biopharmaceuticsand Clinical Pharmacokineticks.
New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts. Halaman 30.
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pathan, I.B., dan Setty, C.M. (2009). Chemical Penetration Enhancers for
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Tropical journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 8(2): 173-179.
Prakash, U.R.T., dan Thiagarajan, P. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic Application.
International journal of Pharmacy. 2(2): 366-374.
Ramarao, P., dan Diwan, P.V. (1998). Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of
Polymeric Films of Diltiazem Hydrochloride and Indomethacin for
Transdermal Administration. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
24(4): 327-336.
Ramteke, K.H., Dhole, S.N., dan Patil, S.V. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery
System: A Review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 3(1): 22-35.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P., dan Owen, S.C. (Ed). (2006). Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients. 5th Edition. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Halaman 283-285.
Saurabh, V.N., Lalita, L., Nemade, Maya, T., Desai, Shailejkumar, D., Bonde, dan
Shweta, U.D. (2014). Chemical Penetration Enhancer: For Transdermal
Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharmacy Review dan
Research. 4(1):33-40.
SDA. (1990). Glycerine: An Overview. New York: The Soap and Detergent
Association. Halaman 6.
Setiadi, N., Arifin, M.F., Ade, R. (2011). Pengaruh Etanol 96% Terhadap Difusi
Salbutamol Sulfat dalam Sediaan Transdermal Sistem Matriks Kombinasi
Povidon-Etilselulosa Melalui Membran Millipore-Isoprofil Miristat.
Farmasains, vol 1, no. 4. Halaman 157, 163.
Sharma, G,N., Sanadya, J., Kaushik, A., Dwivedhi, A. (2012). Penetration
Enhancement of Medicinal Agent. International Research Journal of
Pharmacy. 3(5): 82-85.
Smolinske, S.C. (1992). Handbook of Food, Drug and Cosmetic Excipients. USA:
CRC Press. Halaman 199-203.
Sun, J., dan Huaping, T. (2013). Alginate-Based Biomaterial for Regenerative
Medicine Application. China: Journal Materials. 6: 1285-1309.
Swarbirck, J. dan Boylan, J.C.. (1995). Enyclopedia of Pharmaceutical
Technology. Vol IX. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Halaman 375-399.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Taketoshi, I., Toshihiro, S., Miyuki, M., Yutaka, O., dan Toshio, T. (2001). Skin
Penetration by Indomethacin /Smectite Complex. Journal of
Supramolecular Chemistry. I: 217-219.
Tjay, T.H., dan Rahardja, K. (2008). Obat-Obat Penting. Edisi Keenam. Jakarta:
PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Halaman 330-334.
Tortora, G., dan Grabowski, S. (2006). The Integumentary System. In: Principles
of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Halaman 150-151.
Trenggono, Retno, I., Latifah dan Fatma. (2007). Buku Pegangan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Kosmetik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Halaman
12-13.
Trommer, H., dan Neubert, R.H.H. (2006). Overcoming The Stratum Corneum:
The Modulation of Skin Penetration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.
19: 106-121.
Walters, Kenneth, A., dan Keith, R. (2002). The Structure and Function of Skin.
In Kenneth A. Walters (Ed). Dermatological and Transdermal
Formulations. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 453-461.
Walter, K.A., dan Hadgraf, J. (1993). Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration
Enhancement. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman 365-369.
Wasitaatmadja, S.M. (1997). Penuntun Ilmu Kosmetik Medik. Penerbit Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3-5.
Wilkosz, M.F., dan Bogner, R.H. (2003). Transdermal Drug Delivery. US.
Pharmacist. 28(4): 603.
Williams, A.C., dan Barry, B.W. (2004). Penetration Enhancers. Advanced Drug
Delivery Reviews. 5(6): 603-618.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara