Studi Kelayakan Investasi the Himana Residence & Condotel BAB 0
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STUDI KELAYAKAN INVESTASI
THE HIMANA RESIDENCE & CONDOTEL
SKRIPSI
Disusunoleh :
RHEO RAMADHAN
I 0109084
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2016
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ABSTRAK
RheoRamadhan, 2016, STUDI KELAYAKAN INVESTASI THE HIMANA
CONDOTEL
&
RESIDENCE.
Skripsi,
JurusanTeknikSipilFakultasTeknikUniversitasSebelasMaret Surakarta.
Sebelummembangunsebuahcondoteldilakukanstudikelayakaninvestasi.
Perhitunganinisangatpentingmengingat
modal
dikeluarkancukupbesaruntukmembangunsebuahcondotel
agarjangansampainantinyacondoteltersebutbangkrutsetelahberoperasisekiantahun.
yang
Analisiskelayakaninvestasidilakukandenganmetode Net Present Value (NPV), Revenue
Cost Ratio (RCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), PerhitunganAnalisistitikimpas (Break
Event Point), Return On Investment (ROI) sebelumdansesudahpajak, dan Tingkat
PengembalianModal Sendiri (Return on Equity).
The HimanaCondotel& Residencememiliki7lantai yang terdiridari2 lantaibasemantdan 5
lantai di ataspermukaantanahdanmemilikikamarsejumlah 190kamardenganluas total yang
disewakan6776,6
m2.
Sedangkanuntukbungakredit
yang
berlaku
adalahsebesar 14% per tahunberdasarkaninformasi data dari Bank Mega padatahun
2012denganjangkawaktupengembalian
15
tahun.
Studiinimemberikanhasilbahwabiayainvestasi total adalahsenilaiRp 311.364.523.668,00.
Penilaiankelayakanusulanproyekdilakukandengandelapancarateknikanalisisyaitu
NPV
dihasilkan NPV positifsesuai yang diinginkan, RCR diperoleh 1,39lebihbesardari 1, IRR
diperoleh17,84 % lebihbesardarisukubungakomersil 14 %, BEP diperoleh11tahun 7 bulan
17hariyaitulebihcepatdarisyaratumurekonomis 40 tahun, BEP Okupansidiperoleh31,66
%,
ROI
sebelumpajakdiperoleh
1,0095lebihbesardari
1,
ROI
setelahpajakdiperoleh2,1576lebihbesardari 1, RE diperoleh 1,0233lebihbesardari 1
sehinggadapatdikatakanproyekpembangunancondoteltersebutlayakuntukdikerjakandenga
nhargasewa minimum kamarRp 89.000,00/m² dantingkatokupansisebesar31,66 % dari
total seluruhkamar.
Kata Kunci :Condotel, Investasi, KelayakanInvestasi, Okupansi, Studi Kelayakan
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ABSTRACT
Rheo Ramadhan, 2016, A Study on the Feasibility of Investment in The
Himana Condotel & Residence. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department of
Engineering Faculty of Surakarta Sebelas Maret University.
Before constructing a condotel, a study of feasibility is conducted on such the
investment. This estimation is very important reckon in that the capital spent is
substantial to construct a condotel to prevent it from bankruptcy after operating
for many years.
The analysis on feasibility on investment is conducted with Net Present Value
(NPV), Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Calculation
of Break Event Point, Return on Investment (ROI) before and after tax, and
Return on Equity.
The Himana Condotel & Residence has 7 floors consisting of 2 basements and 5
floor on earth surface with 190 rooms with total width rented of 6776.6 m2.
Meanwhile, the loan interest rate enacted was 14% per year based on data
information from Bank Mega in 2012 in the repayment period of 15 years. The
result of study showed that the total investment cost of IDR 311,364,523,668.00.
The assessment of proposed project feasibility was conducted using eight analysis
techniques: NPV, in which NPV was positive as expected, RCR of 1.39 higher
than 1, IRR of 17.84% higher than commercial interest rate of 14%, BEP of 11
years 7 months and 17 days quicker than the economic age requirement of 40
years, Occupancy BEP of 31.66%, ROI before tax of 1.0095 larger than 1, ROI
after tax of 2.1576 higher than 1, RE of 1.0233 higher than 1 so that it can be
stated that condotel construction project was feasible to conduct with minimum
room renting costs IDR 89.000,00/m², and occupancy rate of 31.66% out of total
room.
Keywords: Condotel, Investment, Investment Feasibility, Occupancy, Feasibility
Study
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KATA PENGANTAR
PujisyukurkepadaAllah SWT atassegalanyadanNabi Muhammad SAW atasilmu yang dibagikan,
sehinggapenulisdapatmenyelesaikanskripsi yang berjudul “StudiKelayakanInvestasi
TheHimanaCondotel& Residence.”
SkripsiinidisusunsebagaisalahsatupersyaratanuntukmencapaiderajatSarjanaTeknik.Dalampeneliti
andanpenyusunanskripsiini, penulisbanyakdibantu, dibimbing,
dandidukungolehberbagaipihak.Olehkarenaitu,
padakesempataninipenulissangatinginmengucapkanterimakasih yang sebesar-besarnyakepada:
1. DosenPembimbing I, Bapak Ir. Sugiyarto, MT.
Terimakasihkarenasudahmembimbingsayadariawalpengerjaanskripsihingga
akhirnyadapatselesai.
2. DosenPembimbing II, IbuFajar Sri Handayani, ST., MT.
Terimakasihkarenasudahmembimbingsayadariawalpengerjaanskripsihingga
akhirnyadapatselesai.
3. IbuLenydanBapakEmon yang sudahdengansabarmengasah, mengasuh,
danmengasihisayadarilahirsampaisaatini.
4.Mbak Mote, Mas Agra, dan Derek yang sudahmenemanikutumbuhdanberkembangdarikecil.
5.Ristycalonku yang sudahsabarmenunggulimatahunini.
6. Yudhit, Gepeng, danBungasahabatku yang selalumemberikandukungan.
7. Teman-temantekniksipil yang sudahbanyakmembantudalammenyelesaikanskripsiini.
Penulismenyadaribahwadalampenyusunanskripsiinimasihjauhdarikesempurnaan.
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Harapanpenulis, informasidariskripsiinimampumemberikanmanfaatuntukpenulisdanpembaca.
Akhir kata penulisucapkanterimakasih.
Surakarta, Juli 2016
Penulis
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Daftar Isi
HalamanJudul ........................................................................................................................
i
HalamanPersetujuan ..............................................................................................................
ii
HalamanPengesahan ..............................................................................................................
iii
Halaman Motto ......................................................................................................................
iv
HalamanPersembahan ............................................................................................................
v
Abstrak ...................................................................................................................................
vi
Kata Pengantar .......................................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................................
ix
DaftarGambar ........................................................................................................................
xii
DaftarTabel ............................................................................................................................
xiii
DaftarGrafik ...........................................................................................................................
xiv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................................
1
1.1. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH ...............................................................................
1
1.2. RUMUSAN MASALAH………………………………………………………………
3
1.3. BATASAN MASALAH .................................................................................................
3
1.4. TUJUAN PENELITIAN .................................................................................................
4
1.5. MANFAAT PENELITIAN ............................................................................................
4
1.6. SISTIMATIKA LAPORAN ...........................................................................................
5
BAB 2 DASAR TEORI ........................................................................................................
6
1.1.TinjauanPustaka ...............................................................................................................
6
1.2. DasarTeori.......................................................................................................................
8
1.2.1. GambaranUmumCondotel ...........................................................................................
8
1.2.2. Besaran-besaranFisikdanTeknoEkonomiGedung .....................................................
8
1.2.3. AnalisisEkonomiTeknik ...........................................................................................
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1.2.3.1. PengertianDasar .....................................................................................................
16
1.2.3.2. RumusdalamAnalisisEkonomiTeknik .................................................................
16
1.2.3.3. PerhitunganSewa Minimum Dan TitikImpas (Break Even Point) ......................
18
1.2.4. AnalisisPenilaianInvestasi ........................................................................................
19
1.2.4.1.MetodeNilaiSekarangNetto (Net Present Value) ..................................................
19
1.2.4.2. Metode Revenue Cost Ratio ................................................................................
20
1.2.4.3. MetodeArusPengembalian Internal (Internal Rate of Return) .............................
20
1.2.4.4. Tingkat PengembalianInvestasi ...........................................................................
21
1.2.4.5. Tingkat Pengembalian Modal Sendiri .................................................................
23
BAB 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .............................................................................
24
3.1. LokasiPenelitian..............................................................................................................
24
3.2. MetodePenelitian ............................................................................................................
25
3.3. Sumber Data....................................................................................................................
25
3.4. TahapdanProsedurPenelitian...........................................................................................
25
BAB 4 ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN .........................................................................
30
4.1. Analisis ...........................................................................................................................
30
4.1.1. Data PerencanaanInvestasi........................................................................................
30
4.1.2. PerhitunganInvestasiProyek......................................................................................
36
4.1.2.1. BiayaLangsung ....................................................................................................
36
4.1.2.2. BiayaTidakLangsung ...........................................................................................
37
4.1.2.3. JumlahBiayaInvestasi Total .................................................................................
38
4.1.3. PerhitunganPendapatandanPengeluaranTahunan .....................................................
38
4.1.3.1. Data pembiayaanproyek.......................................................................................
38
4.1.3.2. Pendapatanproyek per Tahun ...............................................................................
39
4.1.3.3. PengeluaranBangunan per Tahun ........................................................................
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4.1.3.4. PerhitunganNilaiSewa Minimum.........................................................................
42
4.1.3.5. AnalisisPenilaianKelayakanInvestasi ..................................................................
43
4.1.3.5.1. AnalisisNilaiSekarangBersih (Net Present Value) .........................................
43
4.1.3.5.2. AnalisisPerbandinganPendapatandanPengeluaran( Revenue Cost
Ratio ).....................................................................................................................................
44
4.1.3.5.3. Analisis Tingkat Kembali Internal (Internal Rate of Return) .........................
45
4.1.3.5.4. AnalisisTitikImpas (Break Even Point) ..........................................................
46
4.1.3.5.5.AnalisisTitikImpas (Break Even Point) Okupansi ...........................................
50
4.1.3.5.6. Tingkat PengembalianInvestasi ......................................................................
51
4.1.3.5.7. Tingkat Pengembalian Modal Sendiri ............................................................
54
4.2. Pembahasan.....................................................................................................................
56
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................................
58
5.1. Kesimpulan .....................................................................................................................
58
5.2. Saran ...............................................................................................................................
59
DaftarPustaka .........................................................................................................................
xv
LAMPIRAN 1
LAMPIRAN 2
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DaftarGambar
Gambar 3.1 DenahLokasidanTampakTheHimanaCondotel& Residence .............................
24
Gambar 3.2 Diagram AlirPenelitian ......................................................................................
28
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DaftarTabel
Tabel 4.1.Luastiapruanglantai Ground Floor .........................................................................
31
Tabel 4.2.Luastiapruanglantai 1.............................................................................................
32
Tabel 4.3.Luastiapruanglantai 2.............................................................................................
33
Tabel 4.4.Luastiapruanglantai 3.............................................................................................
34
Tabel 4.5.Luastiapruanglantai 4.............................................................................................
35
Tabel 4.6.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarantahunan ...................................................
42
Tabel 4.7PerhitunganTitikImpasBerdasarkanSistemBungaTetap .........................................
48
Tabel 4.8.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitung ROI sebelumpajak 51
Tabel 4.9.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitung ROI setelahpajak ..53
Tabel 4.10.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitungtingkat
pengembalian modal sendiri ..................................................................................................
54
Tabel 4.11.Rekapitulasihasilanalisisstudikelayakaninvestasi The Coral Hotel Surakarta.56
Tabel 4.12NilaiSewa Minimum Kamar .................................................................................
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DaftarGrafik
Grafik 4.1 PerhitunganTitikImpasBerdasarkanSistemBungaTetap .......................................
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STUDI KELAYAKAN INVESTASI
THE HIMANA RESIDENCE & CONDOTEL
SKRIPSI
Disusunoleh :
RHEO RAMADHAN
I 0109084
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2016
commit to user
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ABSTRAK
RheoRamadhan, 2016, STUDI KELAYAKAN INVESTASI THE HIMANA
CONDOTEL
&
RESIDENCE.
Skripsi,
JurusanTeknikSipilFakultasTeknikUniversitasSebelasMaret Surakarta.
Sebelummembangunsebuahcondoteldilakukanstudikelayakaninvestasi.
Perhitunganinisangatpentingmengingat
modal
dikeluarkancukupbesaruntukmembangunsebuahcondotel
agarjangansampainantinyacondoteltersebutbangkrutsetelahberoperasisekiantahun.
yang
Analisiskelayakaninvestasidilakukandenganmetode Net Present Value (NPV), Revenue
Cost Ratio (RCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), PerhitunganAnalisistitikimpas (Break
Event Point), Return On Investment (ROI) sebelumdansesudahpajak, dan Tingkat
PengembalianModal Sendiri (Return on Equity).
The HimanaCondotel& Residencememiliki7lantai yang terdiridari2 lantaibasemantdan 5
lantai di ataspermukaantanahdanmemilikikamarsejumlah 190kamardenganluas total yang
disewakan6776,6
m2.
Sedangkanuntukbungakredit
yang
berlaku
adalahsebesar 14% per tahunberdasarkaninformasi data dari Bank Mega padatahun
2012denganjangkawaktupengembalian
15
tahun.
Studiinimemberikanhasilbahwabiayainvestasi total adalahsenilaiRp 311.364.523.668,00.
Penilaiankelayakanusulanproyekdilakukandengandelapancarateknikanalisisyaitu
NPV
dihasilkan NPV positifsesuai yang diinginkan, RCR diperoleh 1,39lebihbesardari 1, IRR
diperoleh17,84 % lebihbesardarisukubungakomersil 14 %, BEP diperoleh11tahun 7 bulan
17hariyaitulebihcepatdarisyaratumurekonomis 40 tahun, BEP Okupansidiperoleh31,66
%,
ROI
sebelumpajakdiperoleh
1,0095lebihbesardari
1,
ROI
setelahpajakdiperoleh2,1576lebihbesardari 1, RE diperoleh 1,0233lebihbesardari 1
sehinggadapatdikatakanproyekpembangunancondoteltersebutlayakuntukdikerjakandenga
nhargasewa minimum kamarRp 89.000,00/m² dantingkatokupansisebesar31,66 % dari
total seluruhkamar.
Kata Kunci :Condotel, Investasi, KelayakanInvestasi, Okupansi, Studi Kelayakan
commit to user
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perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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ABSTRACT
Rheo Ramadhan, 2016, A Study on the Feasibility of Investment in The
Himana Condotel & Residence. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department of
Engineering Faculty of Surakarta Sebelas Maret University.
Before constructing a condotel, a study of feasibility is conducted on such the
investment. This estimation is very important reckon in that the capital spent is
substantial to construct a condotel to prevent it from bankruptcy after operating
for many years.
The analysis on feasibility on investment is conducted with Net Present Value
(NPV), Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Calculation
of Break Event Point, Return on Investment (ROI) before and after tax, and
Return on Equity.
The Himana Condotel & Residence has 7 floors consisting of 2 basements and 5
floor on earth surface with 190 rooms with total width rented of 6776.6 m2.
Meanwhile, the loan interest rate enacted was 14% per year based on data
information from Bank Mega in 2012 in the repayment period of 15 years. The
result of study showed that the total investment cost of IDR 311,364,523,668.00.
The assessment of proposed project feasibility was conducted using eight analysis
techniques: NPV, in which NPV was positive as expected, RCR of 1.39 higher
than 1, IRR of 17.84% higher than commercial interest rate of 14%, BEP of 11
years 7 months and 17 days quicker than the economic age requirement of 40
years, Occupancy BEP of 31.66%, ROI before tax of 1.0095 larger than 1, ROI
after tax of 2.1576 higher than 1, RE of 1.0233 higher than 1 so that it can be
stated that condotel construction project was feasible to conduct with minimum
room renting costs IDR 89.000,00/m², and occupancy rate of 31.66% out of total
room.
Keywords: Condotel, Investment, Investment Feasibility, Occupancy, Feasibility
Study
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KATA PENGANTAR
PujisyukurkepadaAllah SWT atassegalanyadanNabi Muhammad SAW atasilmu yang dibagikan,
sehinggapenulisdapatmenyelesaikanskripsi yang berjudul “StudiKelayakanInvestasi
TheHimanaCondotel& Residence.”
SkripsiinidisusunsebagaisalahsatupersyaratanuntukmencapaiderajatSarjanaTeknik.Dalampeneliti
andanpenyusunanskripsiini, penulisbanyakdibantu, dibimbing,
dandidukungolehberbagaipihak.Olehkarenaitu,
padakesempataninipenulissangatinginmengucapkanterimakasih yang sebesar-besarnyakepada:
1. DosenPembimbing I, Bapak Ir. Sugiyarto, MT.
Terimakasihkarenasudahmembimbingsayadariawalpengerjaanskripsihingga
akhirnyadapatselesai.
2. DosenPembimbing II, IbuFajar Sri Handayani, ST., MT.
Terimakasihkarenasudahmembimbingsayadariawalpengerjaanskripsihingga
akhirnyadapatselesai.
3. IbuLenydanBapakEmon yang sudahdengansabarmengasah, mengasuh,
danmengasihisayadarilahirsampaisaatini.
4.Mbak Mote, Mas Agra, dan Derek yang sudahmenemanikutumbuhdanberkembangdarikecil.
5.Ristycalonku yang sudahsabarmenunggulimatahunini.
6. Yudhit, Gepeng, danBungasahabatku yang selalumemberikandukungan.
7. Teman-temantekniksipil yang sudahbanyakmembantudalammenyelesaikanskripsiini.
Penulismenyadaribahwadalampenyusunanskripsiinimasihjauhdarikesempurnaan.
commit to user
vii
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Harapanpenulis, informasidariskripsiinimampumemberikanmanfaatuntukpenulisdanpembaca.
Akhir kata penulisucapkanterimakasih.
Surakarta, Juli 2016
Penulis
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viii
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Daftar Isi
HalamanJudul ........................................................................................................................
i
HalamanPersetujuan ..............................................................................................................
ii
HalamanPengesahan ..............................................................................................................
iii
Halaman Motto ......................................................................................................................
iv
HalamanPersembahan ............................................................................................................
v
Abstrak ...................................................................................................................................
vi
Kata Pengantar .......................................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................................
ix
DaftarGambar ........................................................................................................................
xii
DaftarTabel ............................................................................................................................
xiii
DaftarGrafik ...........................................................................................................................
xiv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................................
1
1.1. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH ...............................................................................
1
1.2. RUMUSAN MASALAH………………………………………………………………
3
1.3. BATASAN MASALAH .................................................................................................
3
1.4. TUJUAN PENELITIAN .................................................................................................
4
1.5. MANFAAT PENELITIAN ............................................................................................
4
1.6. SISTIMATIKA LAPORAN ...........................................................................................
5
BAB 2 DASAR TEORI ........................................................................................................
6
1.1.TinjauanPustaka ...............................................................................................................
6
1.2. DasarTeori.......................................................................................................................
8
1.2.1. GambaranUmumCondotel ...........................................................................................
8
1.2.2. Besaran-besaranFisikdanTeknoEkonomiGedung .....................................................
8
1.2.3. AnalisisEkonomiTeknik ...........................................................................................
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1.2.3.1. PengertianDasar .....................................................................................................
16
1.2.3.2. RumusdalamAnalisisEkonomiTeknik .................................................................
16
1.2.3.3. PerhitunganSewa Minimum Dan TitikImpas (Break Even Point) ......................
18
1.2.4. AnalisisPenilaianInvestasi ........................................................................................
19
1.2.4.1.MetodeNilaiSekarangNetto (Net Present Value) ..................................................
19
1.2.4.2. Metode Revenue Cost Ratio ................................................................................
20
1.2.4.3. MetodeArusPengembalian Internal (Internal Rate of Return) .............................
20
1.2.4.4. Tingkat PengembalianInvestasi ...........................................................................
21
1.2.4.5. Tingkat Pengembalian Modal Sendiri .................................................................
23
BAB 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .............................................................................
24
3.1. LokasiPenelitian..............................................................................................................
24
3.2. MetodePenelitian ............................................................................................................
25
3.3. Sumber Data....................................................................................................................
25
3.4. TahapdanProsedurPenelitian...........................................................................................
25
BAB 4 ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN .........................................................................
30
4.1. Analisis ...........................................................................................................................
30
4.1.1. Data PerencanaanInvestasi........................................................................................
30
4.1.2. PerhitunganInvestasiProyek......................................................................................
36
4.1.2.1. BiayaLangsung ....................................................................................................
36
4.1.2.2. BiayaTidakLangsung ...........................................................................................
37
4.1.2.3. JumlahBiayaInvestasi Total .................................................................................
38
4.1.3. PerhitunganPendapatandanPengeluaranTahunan .....................................................
38
4.1.3.1. Data pembiayaanproyek.......................................................................................
38
4.1.3.2. Pendapatanproyek per Tahun ...............................................................................
39
4.1.3.3. PengeluaranBangunan per Tahun ........................................................................
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4.1.3.4. PerhitunganNilaiSewa Minimum.........................................................................
42
4.1.3.5. AnalisisPenilaianKelayakanInvestasi ..................................................................
43
4.1.3.5.1. AnalisisNilaiSekarangBersih (Net Present Value) .........................................
43
4.1.3.5.2. AnalisisPerbandinganPendapatandanPengeluaran( Revenue Cost
Ratio ).....................................................................................................................................
44
4.1.3.5.3. Analisis Tingkat Kembali Internal (Internal Rate of Return) .........................
45
4.1.3.5.4. AnalisisTitikImpas (Break Even Point) ..........................................................
46
4.1.3.5.5.AnalisisTitikImpas (Break Even Point) Okupansi ...........................................
50
4.1.3.5.6. Tingkat PengembalianInvestasi ......................................................................
51
4.1.3.5.7. Tingkat Pengembalian Modal Sendiri ............................................................
54
4.2. Pembahasan.....................................................................................................................
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BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................................
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5.1. Kesimpulan .....................................................................................................................
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5.2. Saran ...............................................................................................................................
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DaftarPustaka .........................................................................................................................
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LAMPIRAN 1
LAMPIRAN 2
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Gambar 3.1 DenahLokasidanTampakTheHimanaCondotel& Residence .............................
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Gambar 3.2 Diagram AlirPenelitian ......................................................................................
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Tabel 4.1.Luastiapruanglantai Ground Floor .........................................................................
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Tabel 4.2.Luastiapruanglantai 1.............................................................................................
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Tabel 4.3.Luastiapruanglantai 2.............................................................................................
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Tabel 4.4.Luastiapruanglantai 3.............................................................................................
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Tabel 4.5.Luastiapruanglantai 4.............................................................................................
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Tabel 4.6.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarantahunan ...................................................
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Tabel 4.7PerhitunganTitikImpasBerdasarkanSistemBungaTetap .........................................
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Tabel 4.8.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitung ROI sebelumpajak 51
Tabel 4.9.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitung ROI setelahpajak ..53
Tabel 4.10.Rekapitulasipendapatandanpengeluarandalammenghitungtingkat
pengembalian modal sendiri ..................................................................................................
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Tabel 4.11.Rekapitulasihasilanalisisstudikelayakaninvestasi The Coral Hotel Surakarta.56
Tabel 4.12NilaiSewa Minimum Kamar .................................................................................
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Grafik 4.1 PerhitunganTitikImpasBerdasarkanSistemBungaTetap .......................................
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