A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Muko-Muko Language Question Words

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MUKO-MUKO LANGUAGE QUESTION WORDS

A THESIS BY

SITI MARIAM Reg. No. 100705006

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MUKO-MUKO LANGUAGE QUESTION WORDS

A THESIS BY

SITI MARIAM Reg. No. 100705006

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL

NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19610703 198601 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on May 23rd 2014.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners :

1. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ...

2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D ...

3. Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum ...

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SITI MARIAM DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SITI MARIAM

TITLE OF THESIS : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MUKO-MUKO LANGUAGE QUESTION

WORDS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT for all blessing and infinite love of Allah so I can accomplish this thesis.

Secondly, I want to express my big appreciation to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara and Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as the Head of English Department. I also like to express my thank to Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum as my Supervisor who has given me advice in accomplishing this thesis and spent countless time in correcting and improving this thesis. I would also like to thank my Co-Supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, Med.TESOL. I say thank for all of you in valuable assistance in your readiness to correct this thesis.

In particular, I dedicated this thesis to my beloved parents. Especially, My father Suroso who have helped me in moralties and materials. And thank my mother Syarifah, S.Pd.I who have advised and supported me with all the best in my study. My parents are real best supporters throughout my life. My thanks also go to my brothers and my sister (Wan Fauzi, Budi Yunanto, and Asia Mulsiani) who have given me their supports.

I would like to thank my foster brother Andi Hermansyah who have built my inspiration in writing this thesis. Thank for the vocabularies of Muko-Muko that he has given to me. And thanks to his wife Sulis who have helped in materials. And also thank their daughter Aulia Nindry who has always entertained me when I was tired.

My thank is also to the special someone Tengku Fikih Apandy who have supported me and he always had countless time to accompany me when I felt stress in writing this thesis. He always made me feel amused.

I thank my best friends Mori Satria Harahap, Firly Dara Syafitri, Nina Kartika and etc. I thank everyone who has participated in completing this thesis that I cannot mention one by one. I just hope that God will bless you all.

Finally, I realize this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I say thanks for your help in correcting by giving suggestion. I hope this thesis will be useful for the readers.

Medan, May 23rd 2014 The Writer

SITI MARIAM NIM. 100705006

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “A Contrastive Analysis Between English and Muko-Muko Language Question Words”. Bahasa yang dijadikan sebagai bahasa sumber adalah Bahasa Inggris dan sebagai bahasa sasaran adalah Bahasa Muko-Muko. Objek kajian yang dianalisis adalah Kata Tanya dalam Kalimat Tanya. Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris ada sembilan yaitu: What, Who, Whom, Whose, When, Where, Which, Why, and How. Dan Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Muko-Muko ada 14 yaitu: Apo, Ndak apo, Untuk apo, Siapo, Punyo siapo, Dimano, Kemano, Dari mano, Berapo, Seberapo, Mano, Macam mano, Mengapo, and Bilo. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah Metode Kepustakaan. Data dianalisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Cara yang digunakan untuk menganalisis kata tanya adalah dengan melihat posisi penggunaan kata tanya dan bagaimana fungsi kata tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Muko-Muko. Hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa dari segi letak atau posisi dan fungsi dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Muko-Muko dalam masalah kata tanya adalah sebagian sama atau disebut partly correspondence.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled "A Contrastive Analysis Between English and Muko-Muko Language Question Words". Language is used as the source language is English and the target language is Muko-Muko Language. Object of study that analyzed the Question Words in Interrogative Sentence. The Question Words in English are nine, they are: What, Who, Whom, Whose, When, Where, Which, Why, and How. And the Question Words in Muko-Muko are 14, they are: Apo, Ndak apo, Untuk apo, Siapo, Punyo siapo, Dimano, Kemano, Dari mano, Berapo, Seberapo, Mano, Macam mano, Mengapo , and Bilo . The method used in collecting the data is Library Research. Data were analyzed with Qualitative Methods. The method used for analyzing the question is to look at the position of question words and how to use the function of question words in English and Muko-Muko. The results of the analysis states that in terms of location or position and function in English and Muko-Muko in the Question Word problem is mostly same or called partly correspondence .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …... vii

ABSTRAK ... ix

ABSTRACT ... x

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Problem of the Study ... 3

1.3. Objective of the Study ... 3

1.4. Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5. Significance of the Study ... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5

2.1. A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis ... 5

2.2. A Brief Description of Question Words ... 6

2.3. A Brief Description of Muko-Muko Language ... 7

2.4. English Question Words ... 9

2.5. Muko-Muko Question Words ... 11

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 15

3.1. Research Method ... 15

3.2. Data Collecting Method ... 15

CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS ... 17

4.1. The Description of Data ... 17

4.2. Analysis ... 25

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 71

5.1. Conclusion ... 71

5.2. Suggestion ... 72

REFERENCES ... 74 MAP THE DISTRICT OF MUKO-MUKO

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “A Contrastive Analysis Between English and Muko-Muko Language Question Words”. Bahasa yang dijadikan sebagai bahasa sumber adalah Bahasa Inggris dan sebagai bahasa sasaran adalah Bahasa Muko-Muko. Objek kajian yang dianalisis adalah Kata Tanya dalam Kalimat Tanya. Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris ada sembilan yaitu: What, Who, Whom, Whose, When, Where, Which, Why, and How. Dan Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Muko-Muko ada 14 yaitu: Apo, Ndak apo, Untuk apo, Siapo, Punyo siapo, Dimano, Kemano, Dari mano, Berapo, Seberapo, Mano, Macam mano, Mengapo, and Bilo. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah Metode Kepustakaan. Data dianalisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Cara yang digunakan untuk menganalisis kata tanya adalah dengan melihat posisi penggunaan kata tanya dan bagaimana fungsi kata tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Muko-Muko. Hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa dari segi letak atau posisi dan fungsi dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Muko-Muko dalam masalah kata tanya adalah sebagian sama atau disebut partly correspondence.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled "A Contrastive Analysis Between English and Muko-Muko Language Question Words". Language is used as the source language is English and the target language is Muko-Muko Language. Object of study that analyzed the Question Words in Interrogative Sentence. The Question Words in English are nine, they are: What, Who, Whom, Whose, When, Where, Which, Why, and How. And the Question Words in Muko-Muko are 14, they are: Apo, Ndak apo, Untuk apo, Siapo, Punyo siapo, Dimano, Kemano, Dari mano, Berapo, Seberapo, Mano, Macam mano, Mengapo , and Bilo . The method used in collecting the data is Library Research. Data were analyzed with Qualitative Methods. The method used for analyzing the question is to look at the position of question words and how to use the function of question words in English and Muko-Muko. The results of the analysis states that in terms of location or position and function in English and Muko-Muko in the Question Word problem is mostly same or called partly correspondence .

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of The Study

Using English as a foreign language is not easy. In learning English, learners generally could encounter many kinds of difficulties. One of them is learning question words and its function and position.

Question word is related to interrogative sentence. Languages may use both questions) from to grammatical changes, such as changi prosody refers to changes i

One of kind of word that is frequently used in communication is question words that are used to ask information about time, place, reason, people, things, and etc. Question word constitute a word that is used by any language user to make communication longer. A question word, in particular, was chosen as the substance topic of this thesis because it has high frequency of use in speaking and writing activities.

From the methodological point of view, it is known that there are many ways of studying a language. One of them is by contrasting two or more languages. Contrastive linguistics is one of the areas of an applied linguistics which has a significant role in the teaching of second language. The writer wants to contrast “English and Muko-Muko Question Words”. It means that the writer wants to find out the similarities and differences of English and Muko-Muko question words.

Muko-Muko language is the language that used by Muko-Muko society. The writer write this thesis for growing up the Muko-Muko language for many people, because according to the writer, Muko-Muko can become a metropolis city. Muko-Muko has many beaches that are very beautiful. And one of the beautiful beaches that ever visited by the writer, is Ipuh Beach. Ipuh Beach has its estuary that flow down to the sea.

Some people who learn English, do not know what question words and its classification, formation, and function are. It might be due to many factors. Language functions as a tool of human communication. So whether or not English and Muko-Muko have different structures should be known in order to developed the knowledge, science and technology.

In English, there are nine Question words. Most of the Question Words are presented with WH-Question. And the aim of the Question Words is for getting the information. Muko-Muko language has eight Question words and all of them used to get the information as well.

The phenomenon in Muko-Muko language that attract attention of the writer’s curiosity is about the languages that exist in the regions of Indonesia. And Muko-Muko language is the language that almost similar to Malay, Java and Minang language. Muko-Muko district is one of the districts in the province of Bengkulu, Indonesia, as a division of North Bengkulu. The administration of Muko-Muko district is bordered by:

• North side of West Sumatra Province.

• East of the Kerinci Seblat National Park ( TNKS ) and Jambi Province. • West side with the Indonesian Ocean.

Administratively, Muko-Muko district is divided into 15 sub-district, 132 villages and 4 urban villages. In 2006, it had a population of 131.984 people, made up of 67.721 men and 64.263 woman with population density accounted for 33/km².

Most residents of Muko-Muko are migrants from Minang, Java, Sunda, and so forth. Therefore, Bengkulu including Muko-Muko since the Dutch colonial era to become a " Land of Hope" for the people outside of Bengkulu. Of that number 37.4% Javanese, Sundanese 6.3% , 5.4% and the rest of Bali, Minang, Bugis, Malay, Rejang, Serawai, Lembak, as well as others. So, Muko-Muko language is nearly similar to Malay language, Minang language and Java language.

1.2Problem of the Study

The problems of analysis in this thesis are:

 What are the functions of Question words in English and Muko-Muko?

 What are the similarities and differences between English and Muko-Muko Question words?

1.3Objective of the Study

The objective of this study will be expected as follows:

 To find out the functions of Question words in English and Muko-Muko.

 To find out the similarities and differences between English and Muko-Muko Question words.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of analysis in this study will be limited to Question words in English and Muko-Muko. The Question words in English, are “who”, “whom”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “which”, “why”, “whose” and “how”. And the Question words in Muko-Muko, are “apo”, “mengapo”, “dimano”, “siapo”, “bilo”, “mano”, “berapo” and “macam mano”.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significances of the study are:

 To give the insight into similarities and differences between English and Muko-Muko Question words.

 To give the information as well as useful contribution to English students and teachers.

 To give detailed description of the similarities and differences between the languages contrasted.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

In writing this thesis, the writer refers to some books which are relevan to the topic which give an adequate constribution in writing this thesis. Some of the theoritical statements are quoted from the books, such as Hartman and Stork (1972: 43) who say that Comparative and contrastive have similarities that is they compare two or more languages. It means, that the comparative and contrastive linguistics are the branch of linguistics that compare two or more languages.

Then, Contrastive analysis (Naibaho 2006: 2) is an activity in contrasting the first language structure with the second language structure in order to identify the correspondences and non-correspondences of the two languages. Contrastive analysis has some purposes, such as to contrast the first language structure and the second’s; to predict the difficulties and the error in learning language and to arrange and to prepare the method in conveying the material. In this thesis, the writer wants to concentrate in language structure between English and Muko-Muko language Question words.

Further, Contrastive analysis (Guntur 1972:43) has two aspects of analyzing, they are:

1. Psychological aspect

Psychology aspect concerned with difficulties in learning, the way of arranging the teaching materials and how the way in giving the teaching materials.

Linguistics aspects concerned with the contrasted problems, what will be to be contrasted, and how to contrast them.

Other than those above, Contrastive Analysis (CA) is also related to Comparative Linguistic.

In Keraf (1990: 1), “Linguistik komparatif atau linguistik bandingan merupakan suatu cabang ilmu bahasa (linguistik) yang berusaha untuk meletakkan dasar-dasar pengertian tentang perkembangan dan kekerabatan antara bahasa-bahasa di dunia dan mencoba menemukan unsur-unsur pengaruh timbal balik antara bahasa-bahasa yang pernah mengadakan kontak dalam sejarah”.

Comparative linguistics is a branch of the science of language (linguistics), which seeks to lay the basics of an understanding about development and kinship among the languages in the world and try to find the elements of mutual influence between languages which ever contact in history.

2.2 A Brief Description of Question Words

According to Napa (1992: 41) “Question word question adalah pertanyaan yang dibentuk dengan menggunakan kata tanya, yakni What, Who, Where, Which, Whose, Why, dan How. Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya tidak dapat dijawab dengan menggunakan kata Yes atau No walaupun dalam pertanyaan tersebut terdapat kata kerja bantu”.

Question words is also related to Interrogative Sentence.

In Cahyo (1995: 183) “kalimat tanya juga disebut kalimat interrogative. Kalimat tanya adalah kalimat yang isinya menanyakan sesuatu atau seseorang. Jika orang ingin mengetahui jawaban terhadap satu masalah atau keadaan maka ia menanyakannya dan kalimat yang dipakai adalah kalimat tanya”. Interrogative sentence is a sentence where the contens asks something or someone. If people want to know the answer to a problem or situation and then they ask that and the sentence used, is interrogative sentence.

Question words are used by question, according to Chaer (1988: 222) “question words are words that used as supporting by interrogative sentence.

Interrogative sentence is sentence that ask something or someone. Someone can use question sentence to look for information or know problem or situation”.

An interrogative sentence usually contains a question word. According to Azar (1993: 128) Question words are words used to get information about time, place, reason, distance, things or person. The Question words, are who, whom, what, when, where, which, whose, why, and how.

2.3 A Brief Description of Muko-Muko Language

Muko-Muko language is the language that used by Muko-Muko society. Muko-Muko is the one of regencies in Bengkulu.

Suwarno et.al, (1993:1) say that “Di wilayah provinsi Bengkulu terdapat sembilan bahasa daerah yang sampai saat ini masih hidup, dalam arti masih dipergunakan oleh masyarakat penduduknya untuk kepentingan komunikasi sehari-hari, meduim pengungkap seni daerah, upacara-upacara tradisional, dan aktivitas sosial yang lain. Kesembilan bahasa daerah itu ialah bahasa Rejang, bahasa Melayu Bengkulu, bahasa Enggano, bahasa Lembak, bahasa Mulak Bintuhan, bahasa Pasemah, bahasa Serawai, bahasa Pekal, dan bahasa Muko-Muko”.

In the province of Bengkulu there are nine regional languages that still alive, in the mean are still used by the society for the benefit of daily communication, the meduim expression the art of areas, traditional ceremonies, and other social activities. The nine regional languages are Rejang Language, Malay Bengkulu Language, Enggano language, Lembak Language, Mulak Bintuhan Language, Pasemah Language, Serawai Language, Pekal Language, and Muko-Muko Language.

Wells and Hasyim, (1985:viii) state that “bahasa Muko-Muko dipengaruhi secara kuat oleh bahasa Minangkabau. Hal itu dapat dipahami mengingat daerahnya secara geografis terletak di perbatasan antara Provinsi Bengkulu dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang menggunakan bahasa Minangkabau”.

Muko-Muko language is strongly influenced by the Minangkabau Language. It is understandable by looking geographical region located on the border between the provinces of Bengkulu and West Sumatera that used Minangkabau Language.

Suwarno et.al, (1993:3) state that “Bahasa Muko-Muko masih berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi dan sebagai bahasa pengantar di Taman Kanak-kanak dan kelas awal sekolah dasar.”

Muko-Muko language still has function as a means of communication and as language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary school classes.

Manan et.al, (1986:1-2) say that “Dalam daerah Muko-Muko, BMM (Bahasa Muko-Muko) masih berfungsi secara penuh, yaitu sebagai (1) alat penghubung dalam keluarga dan masyarakat daerah Muko-Muko, (2) bahasa pengantar di taman kanak-kanak dan sekolah dasar pada tingkat permulaan, (3) lambang kebangsaan dan kesukuan masyarakat Muko-Muko serta pendukung perkembangan Kebudayaan, dan (4) sebagai lambang identitas daerah. Singkatnya adalah bahwa BMM dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masih sangat diperlukan”.

In Muko-Muko area, BMM (Muko-Muko Language) is still fully functional, as (1) the interface in the family and society in Muko-Muko area, (2) the language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary schools classes, (3) the symbol of nationality and Muko-Muko ethnic communities as well as supporting the development of Culture, and (4) as a symbol of regional identity. In short is that the BMM in many aspects of life is still very necessary.

2.4 English Question Words

There are 3 basic types of question in English:

• Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")

• Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")

• Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")

2.4.1 Yes/No Questions

Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb

Answer Yes or No

Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.

Could he drive? No, he couldn't.

Have you finished your work? Yes, I have.

Did they Go home? No, they didn't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is Anne French? Yes, she is.

2.4.2 Question Word Questions Question

Word

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

Answer Information

Where Do You live? In Paris.

When Will We Have lunch? At 1pm.

Who(m) Did She meet? She met Ram.

Who Has Run out? Ati has run out.

Why hasn't Tara Done it?

Because she can't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Where Is Bombay? In India.

How Was she? Very well.

Which Is your pen? It is mine.

2.4.3 Choice Questions

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

OR

Answer

In the Question

The Question words in English are nine. They are what, who, whom, whose, where, when, which, why, and how.

2.5 Muko-Muko Question Words

Muko-Muko language is nearly similar to Malay language and Padang or Minang language. There are seven Question words in Muko-Muko language. They are, apo, mengapo, dimano, siapo, bilo, yang mano, berapo and macam mano. For examples: Question words in Muko-Muko Noun / Auxiliary verb

Subject Verb O/C The answer

Apo ʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

aban ʌbʌn

makan? mʌkʌn?

roti :ɒtɪ

Will We meet John Or James? John.

Did She Go

to London

Or

New York?

She went to London. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is your car White Or black? It's black.

Mengapo məŋʌpəʊ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

manding? mʌndɪŋ?

kareno kotor kʌ:ənəʊ kɒtɒ: Dimano

dɪmʌnəʊ

aban ʌbʌn

Balajar bʌlʌʤʌ:

Bahaso Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs?

di Amerika dɪʌme:ɪkʌ

Siapo sɪʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

ambik ʌmbɪk

pena ambo? penʌ

ʌmbəʊ

inyo ɪnjəʊ

Bilo bɪləʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai? kek pʌntaɪ

Haring Minggung hʌ:ɪŋ mɪŋgʊŋ Mano

mʌnəʊ

Bukung yang ndak bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ndʌk

Aban ʌbʌn

pilih? pɪlɪh?

yang gedang jʌŋ gədʌŋ

Berapo bə:ʌpəʊ

pena yang penʌ jʌŋ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

pinjam? pɪnʤʌm?

duo dʊəʊ Macam mano

mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek sakola? kek

sʌkɒlʌh ?

naek becak nӕk beʧʌk

In Muko-Muko Language, the Question can made be the Choice Question. For example:

Subject Verb 1st Choice Atau 2nd Choice Answer Aban

ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ

atau ʌtaʊ

umah kecik? ʊmʌh kəʧɪk?

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ Ambo

ʌmbəʊ

Senang sənʌŋ

belajar bəlʌʤʌ:

atau ʌtaʊ

tidur? tɪdʊ:

Tidur tɪdʊ: Inyo

ɪnjəʊ

pilih pɪlɪh

hadiah hʌdɪʌh

atau ʌtaʊ

pitih? pɪtɪh

Pitih pɪtɪh Toboh

tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai kek pʌntaɪ

atau ʌtaʊ

kek ladang kek lʌdʌŋ

Pantai pʌntaɪ

In Muko-Muko Language, the Question also can be made by the Yes/No Question.

For example: Auxiliary

verb Subject Verb O/C Answer

Apokah ʌpəʊkʌh

aban ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

berenang? bə:ənʌŋ?

Iyo ɪjəʊ Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

Makan mʌkʌn

petang? pətʌŋ?

Elun əlʊn Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

abak inyo ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek sunge gedang? kek sʊŋe gədʌŋ

iyo udah ɪjəʊʊdʌh

ʌpəʊkʌh tɒbɒh bʌlʌʤʌ: Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

ɪdʌk

Ndakkah ndʌkkʌh

Amak ambo ʌmʌk ʌmbəʊ

Pikikan pɪkɪkʌn

ambo? ʌmbəʊ

iyo ɪjəʊ

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

One of the essentials of scientific studies in analyzing problem is to have a method of analysis. In this thesis, the writer applies Qualitative method. Qualitative method is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific description of a large sample in a population. It is also called ethnomethodology or field research. It generates data about human groups in social settings. Then the strategy of analysis is Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM). In Emzir (Manteuffel, 2006: 1) said that GTM is a general method of comparative analysis to discover theory with four central criteria, i.e work (generality), relevance (understanding), fit (valid), modiviability (control). GTM is one of the interpretative methods that share the common philosophy of phenomenology. After collecting the data through reading and studying some written materials and informations related to the study, the sources of data are taken from some references in English and Muko-Muko books, and also conducting an interview with the native speakers of Muko-Muko language. Then, analyze the position and the function of English and Muko-Muko Question words.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

To make the method properly, the writer applies library research method to support the data description. Library research method is a way to support the analysis through providing data in written materials. The data are collected to be read and studied. The sources of data are taken from some references in English

and Muko-Muko language books. Not only from the books but also the writer conducted an interview with one of the native speakers of Muko-Muko Language. The writer does not only collect the data and analyze the observation and document, but these data are not common. After collecting the data, then the writer starts to analyze the data. According to Creswell (2003) collecting data in grounded theory method is the process “zig-zag”- go to the range to get the information, analyze data, and so forth.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

The way that the writer is going to analyze the data of English and Muko-Muko language use the grounded theory can be devided into four steps. They are:

1. Open coding, the writer make the list of data that must to find out, and then look for and collect the data. Look for the data about English question words and Muko-Muko question words.

2. Axial coding, the writer studying the data and try to make the presentation using the logic diagram, where the writer is identifying the data.

3. Selective coding, the writer selects the fit (valid) data to analyzed. And then analyze the data which has selected and describe the function of English question words and Muko-Muko Question words.

4. Proposition: the writer develop and describe in way modiviability (control) the result of data that has identified with analyzing the contrast of English question words and Muko-Muko question words. In the end of the analyzing the data will be found the work (generality), relevance (understanding), fit (valid), modiviability (control).

CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS

4.1 The Description of Data 4.1.1 English Question Words

1. The function of Question word What is asking about something and asking for repetition or confirmation.

Example:

- What is your favourite animal? - What he can meet her?

2. The function of Question word when is asking about time. Example:

- When is your birthday? - When were you born?

3. The function of Question word where is asking for in or at what place or position.

Example:

- Where do you study? - Where do they swim?

4. The function of Question word which is asking about choice. Example:

- Which pen do you like? - Which novel do you buy? - Which flower does she like?

5. The function of Question word who is asking what or which person or people (as subject).

Example: - Who am I?

- Who does give you pocket money every day?

6. The function of Question word whom is asking what or which person or people (as object).

Example:

- Whom does she call? - Whom does he love?

7. The function of Question word whose is asking about ownership. Example:

- Whose laptop do you bring? - Whose cellular phone did you use?

8. The function of Question word why is asking for a reason. Example:

- Why does he come late? - Why do you love me?

9. The function of Question word how is asking about manner, condition or quality and quantity.

Example:

- How do you come to the campus? - How are you?

- How good is the novel?

How far is asking about distance. Example:

- How far is Muko-Muko from Lubuk Pakam? - How far is the city from here?

- How far is your house to the campus?

How long is asking about length (time or space). Example:

- How long have you studied at USU? - How long did they stay here?

How many is asking about quantity (countable noun). Example:

- How many brothers and sisters do you have? - How many books do you have?

How much is asking about quantity (uncountable noun). Example:

- How much money do you have? - How much sugar do you need? How old is asking about age. Example:

- How old are you? - How old is he?

4.1.2 Muko-Muko Question Words

Below is a list of the Muko-Muko Question words:

1. apo /ʌpəʊ/ “what”

2. siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ “who”

3. mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ “why”

4. bilo /bɪləʊ “when”

5. berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ “how”

6. mano /mʌnəʊ/ “which”

7. macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ / “how”

8. dimano /dɪ mʌnəʊ / “where”

The explanation of the Question words above are:

1. The function of Question word apo is asking about something. Example:

- Apo yang sedang aban karejokan? /ʌpəʊ jʌŋ sədʌŋʌbʌn kʌ:eʤɒkʌn?/ - Binatang apo yang aban senang?

/bɪnʌtʌŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ - Apo yang inyo agih kek aban? /ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊʌgɪh kek ʌbʌn?/

Ndak apo is asking about what something will be done by a person or people.

Example:

- Ndak apo aban datang kek siko? /ndʌk ʌpəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?/

- Ndak apo inyo paing? /ndʌk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ pʌɪŋ?/

- Ndak apo toboh balaring kek situng? / ndʌk ʌpəʊ tɒbɒh bʌlʌ:ɪŋ kek sɪtʊŋ?/ Untuk apo is asking the goal for something. Example:

- Untuk apo aban karejo?

/ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn kʌ:əʤəʊkʌn?/ - Untuk apo inyo balajar?

/ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ:?/

- Untuk apo inyo malieng pena aban? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ mʌlɪəŋ penʌʌbʌn?/

2. The function of Question word siapo is asking what or which person or people (as subject, as object and as ownership).

Example:

- Siapo yang membeling televisi itung? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbəlɪŋ televɪsɪɪtʊŋ?/

- Dengan siapo aban paing kek Muko-Muko? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ kek mʊkəʊ- mʊkəʊ?/ - Untuk siapo amak membuek koping iko?

/ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌmʌk məmbʊek kɒpɪŋ ɪkəʊ?/ - Punyo siapo umah itung?

3. The function of Question word mengapo is asking for reason. Example:

- Mengapo aban balajar serius? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: sə:ɪʊs?/ - Mengapo inyo senang usik aban?

/məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ ʊsɪk ʌbʌan?/ - Mengapo aban meninggakan ambo?

/məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn mənɪŋgʌkʌn ʌmbəʊ?/ - Mengapo inyo senang ambo?

/məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋʌmbəʊ?/

4. The function of Question word bilo is asking about time. Example:

- Bilo inyo lahi? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ lʌhɪ?/

- Bilo haring ulang tahun aban? /bɪləʊ hʌ:ɪŋ ʊlʌŋ tʌhʊn ʌbʌn?/ - Bilo toboh membeling umah?

/bɪləʊ tɒbɒh məmbəlɪŋ ʊmʌh?/ - Bilo kito paing kek pantai?

/bɪləʊ kɪtəʊ pʌɪŋ kek pʌntaɪ?/

5. The function of Question word berapo is asking about the quantity or quality of something.

Example:

- Berapo manyak pitih yang inyo punyo? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ pʊnjəʊ/

- Jam berapo kining? /ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ?/

- Seberapo pandai inyo ngecek Bahaso Inggris? /səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌndaɪɪnjəʊŋeʧek bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ - Seberapo leba ladang aban?

/səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/

6. The function of Question word mano is asking about choice. Example:

- Mano ladang aban? /mʌnəʊ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/

- Mano pena yang aban senang? /mʌnəʊ penʌ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ - Mano oto yang ndak inyo beling?

/mʌnəʊɒtɒ jʌŋ ndʌk ɪnjəʊ bəlɪŋ/

7. The function of Question word macam mano is asking about manner and condition.

Example:

- Macam mano inyo datang kek siko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?/ - Macam mano aban makai laptop iko?

/mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn mʌkaɪ leptɒp ɪkəʊ?/ - Macam mano inyo malieng bukung aban?

8. The function of Question word dimano is asking about place. Example:

- Inyo tingga dimano? /ɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?/ - Dimano sakola aban?

/dɪmʌnəʊ sʌkɒlʌʌbʌn?/

- Dimano inyo balajar Bahaso Inggris? /dɪmʌnəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ Kemano is also asking about place (where to). Example:

- Inyo ndak paing kemano? /ɪnjəʊ ndʌk pʌɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ?/ - Aban ndak balajar kemano?

/ʌbʌn ndʌk bʌlʌʤʌ: kəmʌnəʊ?/

- Kemano ambo harus kiriem surek iko? /kəmʌnəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪkəʊ?/ Dari mano is asking about place to (where from). Example:

- Dari mano aban? /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌbʌn?/ - Asal inyo dari mano?

/ʌsʌl ɪnjəʊ dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ - Dari mano aban masuk?

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 The Function of English Question Words

The data acquired as shown below were gathered from the library. They might be classified into some ways of classifications based on the categories found in similarities and differences between English and Muko-Muko Question word.

English and Muko-Muko Question words have the same meaning, but they have differences. In English, Question words are usually put at the initial position or the medial position and have function as subject or predicate in interrogative sentences. Meanwhile, Muko-Muko Question words can be put at the initial position or medial position, and sometimes at the final position in interrogative sentences.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

What is your mobile phone number? Berapo nomor telpon aban? bə:ʌpəʊ nɒmɒ: telpɒn ʌbʌn? Where do you come from? Dari mano asal aban?

dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌsʌl ʌbʌn? Whose book is this? Bukung siapo iko?

bʊkʊŋ sɪʌpəʊɪkəʊ? What do you study for? Untuk apo aban balajar?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ:? With whom did she go? Dengan siapo inyo paing?

Where will they go? Toboh ndak paing kemano? tɒbɒh ndʌk pɒɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ? Where does he live? Inyo tingga dimano?

ɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?

Whom did you meet at the party? Siapo yang ndak aban temu di pesta itung? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ʌbʌn təmʊ dɪ pestʌɪtʊŋ? Why the baby cries? Mengapo anak kecik itung nangih?

məŋʌpəʊʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ nʌŋɪh? When did you send the letter? Bilo aban kiriem surek itung?

bɪləʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪtʊŋ? What did you watch yesterday? Apo yang aban noton petang?

ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn nɒtɒn pətʌŋ?

English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by noun. In English, noun is put between question word and auxiliary verb while in Muko-Muko, noun is put before question word and can be added by the word “yang” after of before question word.

Examples:

English

(Question Word + Noun + Auxiliary Verb)

Muko-Muko (Noun + Question Word)

What book are you reading? Bukung apo yang sedang aban baco? bʊkʊŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ sədʌŋ ʌbʌn bʌʧəʊ? What flower does she like? Bungo apo yang inyo senang?

bʊŋəʊʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ? What time do you usually have

breakfast?

Jam berapo biasonyo aban makan paging? ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ bɪʌsəʊnjəʊ ʌbʌn mʌkʌn pʌgɪŋ?

Whose car will they borrow? Oto siapo yang ndak inyo pinjam? ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ɪnjəʊ pɪnʤʌm? Which novel has he ever read? Novel mano yang udah pernah inyo baco?

nəʊvəl mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʊdʌh pə:nʌh ɪnjəʊ bʌʧəʊ?

Where place will we visit? Tempat mano yang ndak kito datangi? təmpʌt mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk kɪtəʊ dʌtʌŋɪ? What day do you study English? Haring apo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris?

hʌ:ɪŋ ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, it is put after a question word.

Examples:

English

(Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb)

Muko-Muko

(Question Word + Adjective + Noun)

How high is the tree? Seberapo tingging kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ?

How tall is she? Seberapo tingging inyo? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ ɪnjəʊ? How big is your house? Seberapo gedang umah aban?

səbə:ʌpəʊ gədʌŋ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn? How wide is this river? Seberapo leba aik gedang iko?

səbə:ʌpəʊ ləbʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? How far is the city here? Seberapo jauh kota di siko?

səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dɪ sɪkəʊ? How handsome are they? Seberapo ganteng toboh?

səbə:ʌpəʊ gʌnteŋ tɒbɒh?

How long do you stay there? Seberapo lamo aban tingga di situng? səbə:ʌpəʊ lʌməʊʌbʌn tɪŋgʌ dɪ sɪtʊŋ?

In English and Muko-Muko, more than one question words can ask one objective or two question words have same meaning to ask for a reason.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

What did you kill him for? = Why did you kill him?

Untuk apo aban munuh inyo? = Mengapo aban munuh inyo?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ? = məŋʌpəʊ ʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ?

What do you study English for? = Why do you study English?

Untuk apo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? = Mengapo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? = məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

In English question sentence, the auxiliary verb or verb can change from according to time (in present, past or future) and noun (singular and plural, uncountable noun and countable noun) while Muko-Muko not change the verb. Examples:

English Muko-Muko

When does this semester end? Bilo semester iko lah abih? bɪləʊ səməstə: ɪkəʊ lʌh ʌbɪh? When did you post the letter? Bilo aban kiriem surek itung?

bɪləʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪtʊŋ? Who will water the plant? Siapo yang ndak nyiram tanaman?

sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk njɪ:ʌm tʌnʌmʌn? How many books do you have at

your home?

Berapo manyak bukung yang aban punyo di umah aban?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ dɪ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn?

Why was he late? Mengapo inyo talambek? məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ tʌlʌmbek?

Who asked him to speak English? Siapo yang nyuruh inyo kecek Bahaso Inggris? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ njʊ:ʊh ɪnjəʊ keʧek bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? What are you doing? Apo yang aban karejokan?

ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn kʌ:eʤəʊkʌn?

What has he done today? Apo yang udah inyo karejokan haring iko? ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʊdʌh ɪnjəʊ kʌ:eʤəʊkʌn hʌ:ɪŋ ɪkəʊ? How much money do you have? Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punya?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ?

Who ordered her to do that? Siapo yang nyuruh inyo untuk membuek itung? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ njʊ:ʊh ɪnjəʊʊntʊk məmbʊek itʊŋ?

English and Muko-Muko can be followed by the preposition. In English, it comes at the beginning or the end of the interrogative sentences. And in Muko-Muko it is put before a question word.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

To whom will you give this gift?

Untuk siapo aban ndak ngagih hadiah itung? ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn ndʌk ŋagɪh hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ? To whom should I talk? Untuk siapo ambo harus ngecek?

ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs ŋeʧek? With whom did you go? Dengan siapo aban paing?

dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ? What do you ask them for? Untuk apo aban tanyo toboh?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn tʌnjəʊ tɒbɒh? What does he leave you for? Untuk apo inyo meninggakan aban?

In English two or more different question words can be used to ask the same meaning, but Muko-Muko question words cannot.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

How long is the table? = What lenght is the table?

Seberapo panjang meja itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌnʤʌŋ meʤʌɪtʊŋ? How wide is this river? = What width is

this river?

Seberapo leba aik gedang iko? səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? How high is that tree? = What height is

that tree?

Seberapo tinggi kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? How far is the city from here? = What

distance is the city from here?

Seberapo jauh kota dari siko? səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dʌ:ɪ sɪkəʊ?

A part of English question words, one question word has two or more meanings, but Muko-Muko question words do not.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

Where is the book? Dimano bukung itung? dɪmʌnəʊ bʊkʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? Where do you come from? Dari mano asal aban?

dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌsʌl ʌbʌn? Where will you go? Kemano aban ndak paing?

kəmʌnəʊʌbʌn ndʌk pʌɪŋ?

How do you come here? Macam mano aban datang kek siko? mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ? How much money do you have? Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punyo?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ? How beautiful is she? Seberapo elok inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ elɒk ɪnjəʊ? What is your name? Siapo nama aban?

sʌpəʊ nʌmʌʌbʌn? What time is it? Jam berapo kining?

ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ? What is your hobby? Apo hobi aban?

ʌpəʊ hɒbɪʌbʌn?

4.2.2 The Function of Muko-Muko Question Words

By analyzing all of the sentences selected from the collected data, it can be seen that Muko-Muko has 14 question words used in Muko-Muko interrogative sentences.

Below are the list of the Muko-Muko question words:

1. Apo /ʌpəʊ/ what

2. Ndak apo /ndʌk ʌpəʊ/ for what (goal) 3. Untuk apo /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ/ what for (reason)

The question words “ndak apo” and “untuk apo” contain the same base word “apo”. In morphophonemic process, these can be analyzed as:

- Ndak apo /ndʌk ʌpəʊ/ ndak + apo /ndʌk + ʌpəʊ/ - Untuk apo /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ/ untuk + apo /ʊntʊk + ʌpəʊ/ The preposition “ndak” and “untuk” together with base word “apo” from the question word “ndak apo” and “untuk apo”. Thus the question words “ndak apo” has the meaning of “what is the goal”, while the question word “untuk apo” has the meaning of “what is the reason” or simply stated as “why”. 4. Siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ who (subject/object)

5. Punyo siapo /pʊnjʌ sɪʌpəʊ/ whose (ownership/possessive) All of the question words in this group contain the base morpheme “siapo”. In morphophonemic process, these can be analyzed as:

- Punyo siapo /pʊnjʌ sɪʌpəʊ/ punyo + siapo /pʊnjʌ + sɪʌpəʊ/

This base morpheme is glued to the preposition “punyo” and “untuk” meaning “own” and “for”.

6. Dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ where 7. Kemano /kəmʌnəʊ/ where to 8. Dari mano /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ/ where from

In this group, all the question words contain the same base word “mano”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ di + mano /dɪ + mʌnəʊ/ - Kemano /kəmʌnəʊ/ ke + mano /kə + mʌnəʊ/ - Dari mano /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ/ dari + mano /dʌ:ɪ + mʌnəʊ/

The preposition “di”, “ke”, and “dari” are used in combination with the base word “mano”. The preposition “di”,”ke”, and “dari” explain about “place”. 9. Berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ how many, or how much (describe “amount”) 10.Seberapo /səbə:ʌpəʊ/ how (to describe “adjective”)

In this group, the question words contain the same base word “berapo”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Seberapo /səbə:ʌpəʊ/ se + berapo /sə + bə:ʌpəʊ/ The preposition “se” is used in combination with the base word “berapo”. The preposition “se” describe about “adjective”.

11.Mano /mʌnəʊ/ which

12.Macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ how (describe about “manner”) In this group, the question words contain the same base word “mano”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ macam + mano /mʌʧʌm + mʌnəʊ/ The preposition “macam” is used in combination with the base word “mano”. The preposition “macam” describe about “manner”.

13.Mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ why 14.Bilo /bɪləʊ/ when

1. The Question Word “Apo”

The following is the list of Muko-Muko interrogative sentences showing the use of the Question word “Apo”. The question word “apo” meaning “what”, is used to ask information about something. I occupies both the initial position and the medial position.

Examples: - Apo karejo abak inyo? /ʌpəʊ kʌ:eʤəʊʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ?/ (What is his/her father job?)

In this sentence, the question word “apo” takes the initial position and stands as the subject of the interrogative sentence, followed by the noun “karejo” meaning “job”. The word “abak inyo” consist the noun “abak” meaning “father”, and the possesive pronoun “inyo” meaning “his/her”.

-Bukung apo yang aban baco? /bʊkʊŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn bʌʧəʊ?/ (What book do you read?)

Here the question word “apo” takes the medial position preceded by the noun “bukung” meaning “book”, followed by the word “yang” as auxiliary verb “do”, pronoun (subject) “aban” meaning “you” and the verb “baco” meaning “read”.

In this sentence, the question word “apo” is function as an interrogative adjective asking for the information about something “concerning the book”. The question word “apo” with the noun “bukung” meaning “book” stands as the subject of th interrogative sentence.

The question word “apo” together with the noun functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. When the question word is in the medial position, it is an iterrogative adjective, that is the question inquires the choice of of the noun rather than simply asks for information about something. When the question word is used in the medial position, it will be preceded by noun, and is followed by the word “yang”, than comes the pronoun (subject) “aban” and the verb “baco”. Thus when the question word takes the medial position, the interrogative sentence takes either one of this structure.

2. The Question Word “Ndak apo”

The question word “ndak apo” means “for what (the goal)” this is used to ask the information about the goal of the verb. Below is a list of the Muko-Muko interrogative sentences showing the use of the question word “ndak apo” meaning “for what (the goal)”.

Examples: - Ndak apo inyo paing kek sakola? /ndʌk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ pʌɪŋ kek sʌkɒlʌ?/ (For what does she/he go to school?)

Here, the question word occupies the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she/he”, verb “paing” means “go”, preposition “kek” means “to”, and adverb of place “sakola” means “school”.

-Ndak apo aban datang kek umah ambo? /ndʌk ʌpəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek ʊmʌh ʌmbəʊ?/ (For what do you come to my house?)

In this sentence, the question word “ndak apo” puts the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means

“you”, then the verb “datang” means “come”, next preosition “kek” means “to”, then noun “umah” means “house”, and the last the possessive pronoun “ambo” means “my”.

- Ndak apo kito balajar Bahaso Inggris? /ndʌk ʌpəʊ kɪtəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ (For what do we study English?)

From this sentence, we can see that the question word “ndak apo” also occupies the initial position and it is also as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the verb “belaja” means “study”, last the noun “Bahaso Inggris” means “English”.

3. The Quesiton Word “Untuk apo”

The question word “untuk apo” means “what is the reason for”, or simply translated as “why”. This question word has the same meaning and function with the question word “mengapo”, thus it is used to ask about the motive or the reason of an action or an event. The question word “untuk apo” is same with the other question words above, that is followed by pronoun.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “untuk apo”.

Examples: - untuk apo inyo ambik pitih abak inyo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊʌmbɪk pɪtɪh ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ?/

(What does he/she take his/her father’s money for?)

This sentence has a similar structure from the examples above. The question word takes the inital position as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by relative pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then the verb

“ambik” means “take”, next the noun “pitih abak” means “money of father”, and last the possesive pronoun “inyo” means “his/her”.

- Untuk apo kito karejo tiap haring? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ kɪtəʊ kʌ:eʤɒ tɪʌp hʌ:ɪŋ?/ (What do we work everyday?)

This sentence has a similar structure from the examples above. The question word takes the inital position as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the verb “karejo” means “work”, and last the adverb of time in present tense “tiap haring” means “everyday”.

- Untuk apo aban munuh inyo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ?/ (what do you kill him for?)

From this sentence, we can see that the question word “untuk apo” also occupies the initial position and it is also as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “munuh” means “kill”, last the pronoun (object) “inyo” means “him”.

- Untuk apo aban agihkan hadiah itung kek ambo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn ʌgɪhkʌn hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ kek ʌmbəʊ?/ (what do you give the gift to me?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk apo” puts the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “agihkan” means “give”, then the noun “hadiah” menas “gift”, then the article “itung” means “that”, next preposition “kek” means “to”, then pronoun (object) “ambo” means “me”.

4. The Question Word “Siapo”

The question word “siapo” means “who, is used to find out the information about person. The question word “siapo” means “who (subject/object)” always takes the initial position or medial, and its function is as an interrogative subject or object.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “siapo”.

Examples: - Siapo namo aban? /sɪʌpəʊ nʌməʊʌbʌn?/ (who name you?) (what is your name?)

In Muko-Muko, to ask the name of somebody, we use the question word “siapo” means “who” rather than “apo” means “what”. It is considered impolite when someone uses the question word “apo” means “what” to asking sombody’s name. In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “name” and the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”.

- Siapo yang membuek koping iko? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbʊek kɒpɪŋ ɪkəʊ?/ (Who made this coffee?)

Here, the quetion word “siapo” means “who”. The question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by enclitic word “yang”, than the verb “membuek” means “made”, and the noun “koping” means coffee, last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Siapo yang mengajok aban? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məŋʌʤəʊk ʌbʌn?/ (Who asked you?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by enclitic word “yang”, than the verb “mengajok” means “asked”, and the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”.

- untuk siapo bungo itung? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊ bʊŋəʊɪtʊŋ? (Whom is the flower for)

Here, the question word “untuk siapo” means “for whom”. The question word “untuk siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the object of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “bungo” means “flower”, then the article “itung” means “that”.

- Untuk siapo aban ndak kiriem pitih iko? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn ndʌk kɪ:ɪəm pɪtɪh ɪkəʊ?/ (Whom will you send this money to?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative object, explains the object of the verb. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and the verb “kiriem” means “send”, then the noun “pitih” means “money”, and last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Untuk siapo inyo agihkan hadiah itung? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊɪnjəʊʌgɪhkʌn hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whom did he/she give the gift to?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk siapo”, it takes the medial position, it functions as interrogative object, and it explains the object of the verb. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, and the verb “agihkan” means “give”, next the enclitic word “kan”, then the noun “hadiah” means “gift”, and last the article “itung” means “the”.

- Dengan siapo amak ndak paing? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌmʌk ndʌk pʌɪŋ?/ (With whom will mother go?)

In this sentence, the question word “dengan siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative object, explains the object of the verb. It is followed by subject “amak” means “mother”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and the last followed by the verb “paing” means “go”.

5. The Question Word “Punya siapo”

The question word “punya siapo” is used to ask about the possession or the ownership of somebody. The question word “punya siapo” takes the initial position. And it can take the medial position but the preposition “punya” is lost. The preposition “punya” changed be the noun. The pattern is (noun + siapo + tobe/auxiliary verb + o/c). And it is often used in Muko-Muko interrogative sentence.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “siapo”.

Examples: - Punya siapo bukung itung? /pʊnjəʊ sɪʌpəʊ bʊkʊŋ ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whose book is that?)

Here, the question word “punya siapo” means “whose”. The question word “punya siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “bukung” means “book”, then the article “itung” means “that”. This sentence is seldom used by society of Muko-Muko.

- Oto siapo yang ndak aban pinjam? /ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ʌbʌn pɪnʤʌm?/ (Whose car will you borrow?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative possessive, explains the ownership. It is preceded by noun “oto” means “car”, then followed by enclitic word “yang”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and last the verb “pinjam” means “borrow”. This sentence is more often used by society of Muko-Muko than the example above.

- Umah siapo yang paling gedang di kota iko? /ʊmʌh sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ pʌlɪŋ gədʌŋ dɪ kɒtʌɪkəʊ?/ (Whose house is the biggest in this city?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative possessive, explains the ownership. It is preceded by noun “umah” means “house”, then followed by enclitic word “yang”, then the superlative degree of adjective comparison “paling gedang” means “the biggest”, and the preposition “di” means “in”, then the adverb of place “kota” means “city”, and last the article “iko” means “this”. This sentence is also often used by society of Muko-Muko than the example above.

6. The Question Word “Dimano”

The question word “dimano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “di”. The question word “dimano” meaning “where”. It is used to ask the information about the location or the place of somthing. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “dimano”.

Examples: - Dimano aban tingga? /dɪmʌnəʊʌbʌn tɪŋgʌ?/ (Where do you live?)

Here, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the initial position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “tingga” means “live”.

- Inyo balajar dimano? /ɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: dɪmʌnəʊ?/ (Where does he/she study?)

In this sentence, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the final position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is precede by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then followed by the verb “belaja” means “study”.

- Dimano toboh kining? /dɪmʌnəʊ tɒbɒh kɪnɪŋ?/ (Where are they now?)

Here, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the initial position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “toboh” means “they”, then the adverb of time “kining” means “now”.

7. The Question Word “Kemano”

The question word “kemano” menaing “where to”. It is used to ask about destination or direction of an action. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “kemano”.

Examples: - Inyo ndak paing kemano? /ɪnjəʊ ndʌk pʌɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ?/ (Where will he/she go?)

In this sentence, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the final position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence too. It is preceded by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and last preceded by the verb “paing” means “go”.

- Kemano aban kiriem surek iko? /kəmʌnəʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪkəʊ?/ (Where do you send this letter?)

Here, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the initial position, its also functions as the adverb of place in

interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “kiriem” means “send”, then the noun “surek” means “letter”, and last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Kito harus datangi kemano? /kɪtəʊ hʌ:ʊs dʌtʌŋɪ kəmʌnəʊ?/ (Where must we visit)

In this sentence, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the final position, it functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is preceded by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the modal “harus” means “must”, and last preceded by the verb “datangi” means “visit”.

8. The Question Word “Dari mano”

The question word “dari mano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “dari”. The question word “dari mano” meaning “where from”. It is used to ask the information about the location or the place of something. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “dari mano”.

Examples: - Asal aban dari mano? /ʌsʌl ʌbʌn dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ (Where do you come from?)

In this sentence, the question word “dari mano” means “where from”. The question word “dari mano” takes the final position, it functions as the adverb of

place in interrogative sentence. It is preceded by the name of place such as adddress, hometown, city, or country “asal” means “come from” by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the question word “dari mano”.

- Dari mano inyo balaring? /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌ:ɪŋ?/ (Where does he/she run from?)

Here, the question word “dari mano” means “where from”. The question word “dari mano” takes the initial position, its also functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “we”, and the verb “balaring” means “run”.

- Toboh bajalan dari mano? /tɒbɒh bʌʤʌlʌn dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ (Where do they walk from?)

9. The Question Word “Berapo”

The question word “berapo” means “how, how many or how much”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial or medial position.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “berapo”.

Examples: - Jam berapo kining? /ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ?/ (What time is it?)

In this sentence, the question word “berapo” means “what (amount)”. The question word “berapo” takes the medial position. It is preceded by the noun “jam” means “time”, then followed by adverb of time “kining” means “time”.

- Berapo manyak pitih yang aban perlung? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pə:lʊŋ? (How much money do you need?)

In this sentence, the question word “berapo” means “how much”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the amount of the noun “manyak” means “much”, then by the uncountable noun “pitih” means “money”, then the inclitic word “yang” means “do”, then the pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, and last the verb “perlung” means “need”.

- Berapo manyak bukung yang kito punyo di umah? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ kɪtəʊ pʊnjəʊ dɪʊmʌh?/ (How many books do we have at home?)

Here, the question word “berapo” means “how many”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the amount of the noun “manyak” means “many”, then by the countable noun “bukung” means “books”, then the inclitic word “yang” means “do”, then the pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, and the verb “punyo” means “have”, next the preposition “di” means “at”, then the last followed by the adverb of place “umah” means ”home”.

10. The Question Word “Seberapo”

The question word “seberapo” means “how (amount)”. The question word “seberapo” is derived from the base word “berapo” preceded by the preposition “se”. The question word “seberapo” takes the initial position only. It is used to ask the information about the amount of adjective. It will be equvalent to the English (Question Word + adjective).

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “seberapo”.

Examples: - Seberapo elok inyo? /sebə:ʌpəʊ elɒk ɪnjəʊ?/ (How pretty is she?)

In this sentence, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “elok” means “pretty”, and the pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she”.

- Seberapo maha oto itung? /sebə:ʌpəʊ mʌhʌɒtɒɪtʊŋ?/ (How expensive is the car?)

Here, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “maha” means “expensive”, and the noun “oto” means “car”, then last followed by the article “itung” means “the”.

- Seberapo leba aik gedang iko? /sebə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ?/ (How wide is this river?)

Here, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “leba” means “wide”, and the noun “aik gedang” means “river”, then last followed by the article “iko” means “this”.

11. The Question Word “Mano”

The question word “mano” equivalent to “which” in English. It can take the initial or medial position. It is used to ask about the position, direction, characteristic of noun or choice.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “mano”.

Example: - Mano bukung aban? /mʌnəʊ bʊkʊɪʌbʌn?/ (Which is your book?)

In this sentence, the question word “mano” takes the initial position. It means “which”. It functions as the subject in this sentence. Asking about which one the book. It is followed by the noun “bukung” means “book”, and the possessive pronoun “aban” means “your”.

- Bungo mano yang inyo senang? /bʊŋəʊ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ (Which flower does she like?)

Here, the question word “mano” takes the medial position. It means “which”. It is preceded by the noun “bungo” means “flower”, then it is followed by the word “yang” means “does”, and the pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she”, and the last it is followed by the verb “senang” means “like”.

- Binatang mano yang toboh sayang? /bɪnʌtʌŋ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ tɒbɒh sʌjʌŋ?/ (Which animal do they love?)

In this sentence, the question word “mano” takes the medial position. It means “which”. It is preceded by the noun “binatang” means “animal”, then it is

followed by the word “yang” means “do”, and the pronoun (subject) “toboh” means “they”, and the last it is followed by the verb “sayang” means “love”.

12. The Question Word “Macam mano”

The question word “macam mano” means “how (manner)”. The question word “macam mano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “macam”. The question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is used to ask about the state or condition of something or the way to perform a certain action.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “macam mano”.

Examples: - Macam mano inyo datang kek umah aban? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ dʌtʌŋ kek ʊmʌh ʌbʌn?/ (How does she/he come to your house?)

In this sentence, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “she/he”, then the verb “ datang” means “come”, next followed by preposition “kek” means “to”, and followed by the noun “umah” means “house”, the last followed by possessive pronoun “aban” means “your”.

- Macam mano anak kecik itung membuek teh? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ membʊek teh?/ (How does the baby make the tea?)

Here, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the subject “anak kecik itung” means “the baby”, next followed by

verb “membuek” means “make”, and the last followed by the noun “teh” means “the tea”.

- Macam mano aban biso membeling oto maha iko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn bɪsəʊ məmbəlɪŋ ɒtɒ mʌhʌɪkəʊ?

(How can you buy this expensive car?)

In this sentence, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, then the modal “biso” means “can”, next followed by verb “membeling” means “buy”, and followed by the noun “oto” means “car”, next followed by the adjective “maha” means “expensive”, and the last followed by the article “iko” means “this”.

13. The Question Word “Mengapo”

The question word “mengapo” means “why”. This question word is used to ask about the motive or the reason of an action or an event. The question word “mengapo” is followed by pronoun. It takes the initial position.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “mengapo”.

Examples: - Mengapo aban mencintai ambo? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn mənʧɪntaɪʌmbəʊ?/ (Why do you love me?)

Here, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, then followed by verb “mencintai” means “love”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “ambo” means “me”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

- Mengapo inyo meninggakan aban? /məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ mənɪŋgʌkʌn ʌbʌn?/

(Why does he leave you?)

In this sentence, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “he”, then followed by verb “maninggakan” means “leave”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

- Mengapo toboh datang talambek? /məŋʌpəʊ tɒbɒh dʌtʌŋ tʌlʌmbek?/ (Why do they come late?)

Here, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “toboh” means “they”, then followed by verb “datang” means “come”, and the last followed by the adverb of manner “talambek” means “late”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

14. The Question Word “Bilo”

The question word “bilo” meaning “when”. The question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is used to ask about he time when a certain activity is performed.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “bilo”.

Examples: - Bilo inyo mengundang kito? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ məŋʊndʌŋ kɪtəʊ?/ (When did he/she invite us?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “he/she”, then followed by verb “mangundang” means “invite”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “us” means “kito”. This question asking for the time of an activity.

- Bilo toboh paing kek pantai? /bɪləʊ tɒbɒh pʌɪŋ kek pʌntaɪ?/ (When did they go to the beach?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “toboh” means “they”, then followed by verb “paing” means “go”, and followed by the preposition “kek” means “to”. Then the last followed by the adverb of place “pantai” means “beach” This question asking for the time of an activity.

- Bilo aban ndak membeling umah gedang itung? /bɪləʊʌbʌn ndʌk məmbəlɪŋ ʊmʌh gədʌŋ ɪtʊŋ? (When will you buy that big house?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, next followed by auxiliaary verb “ndak” means “will”, then followed by verb “membeling” means “buy”, and followed by the noun “umah” means “house”, then followed by the adjective “gedang” means “big”, then the last followed by the article “itung” means “that”. This question asking for the time of an activity.

From the description of this thesis, it could be concluded that there are eight basic question words in Muko-Muko namely:

1. apo /ʌpəʊ/ “what”

2. siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ “who”

3. mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ “why”

4. bilo /bɪləʊ/ “when”

5. berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ “how (quality and quantity)”

6. mano /mʌnəʊ/ “which”

7. macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ “how (manner)” 8. dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ “where”

1. The function of Question word “apo” meaning “what” is asking about something.

Example:

- Apo ulah aban? /ʌpəʊʊlʌh ʌbʌn?/ (what are you doing?)

- Binatang apo yang aban senang? /bɪnʌtʌŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ (What animal do you like?)

2. The function of Question word “siapo” meaning “who/whom/whose” is asking what or which person or people (as subject, as object and as ownership).

- Siapo yang membeling televisi itung? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbəlɪŋ televɪsɪɪtʊŋ?/ (Who did buy that television?)

- Dengan siapo aban paing kek Muko-Muko? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ kek mʊkəʊ- mʊkəʊ?/ (With whom did you go to Muko-Muko?) - Punyo siapo umah itung?

/pʊnjəʊ mʊkəʊʊmʌh ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whose is that house?)

3. The function of Question word “mengapo” meaning “why” is asking for the motive or the reason of an action.

Example:

- Mengapo aban balajar serius? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: sə:ɪʊs?/ (Why do you study seriously?)

- Mengapo inyo senang usik anak kecik itung? /məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ ʊsɪk ʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ?/ (Why does he/she like to diturb the baby?)

4. The function of Question word “bilo” meaning “when” is asking about time.

Example:

- Bilo inyo lahi? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ lʌhɪ?/

26.Untuk apa dia mencuri pulpen kamu? (what for does she/he steal your pen?) ... 27.Siapa yang membeli TV itu? (who did buy the televition?)

...

28.Dengan siapa kamu pergi ke Muko? (whit whom did you go to Muko-Muko?)

... 29.Untuk siapa ibu membuat kopi itu? (to whom does mother make that coffee?)

... 30.Punya siapa rumah itu? (whose house is that?)

...

31.Mengapa kamu belajar serius? (why do you study seriously?) ...

32.Mengapa dia suka mengganggu kamu? (why does he/she like to diturbe you?) ... 33.Mengapa kamu meninggalkan saya? (why do you leave me?)

... 34.Mengapa dia menyukai saya? (why does he/she like me?)

... 35.Kapan dia lahir? (when was she/he born?)

...

36.Kapan hari ulang tahun kamu? (when is your birthday?) ...

37.Kapan mereka membeli rumah? (when did they buy the house?) ... 38.Kapan kita pergi ke pantai? (when did we go to the beach?)

...

39.Berapa banyak uang yang kamu punya? (how much money do you have) ... 40.Berapa banyak buku yang kamu beli? (how many books do you buy?)

... 41.Jam berapa sekarang? (what time is it?)

42.Seberapa pandai dia berbicara Bahasa Inggris? (how clever does she/he speak English?)

... 43.Seberapa luas ladang kamu? (how wide is your field?)

... 44.Yang mana ladang kamu? (which is your field?)

...

45.Yang mana pulpen yang kamu sukai? (which pen do you like?) ... 46.Yang mana mobil yang akan dia beli? (which car will she/he buy?)

... 47.Bagaimana dia datang ke sini? (how does she/he come here?)

...

48.Bagaimana kamu menggunakan laptop ini? (how do you use the laptop?) ... 49.Bagaimana dia mencuri buku kamu? (how does he/she steal your book?)

... 50.Dia tinggal dimana? (where does she/he live?)

... 51.Dimana sekolah kamu? (where is your school?)

...

52.Dimana dia belajar Bahasa Inggris? (where did she/he study English?) ... 53.Dia mau pergi kemana? (where will she/he go?)

... 54.Kamu mau belajar kemana? (where will you study?)

...

55.Kemana saya harus mengirim surat ini? (where must I send this letter?) ... 56.Dari mana kamu? (where from are you?)

...

58.Dari mana kamu masuk? (where from do you enter?) ...

59.Berapa nomor telepon kamu? (what is your phone number?) ... 60.Buku siapa ini? (whose book is this?)

...

61.Tempat mana yang akan kita kunjungi? (which place will we visit?) ... 62.Hari apa kamu belajar Bahasa Inggris? (What day do you study English?)

... 63.Sebarapa tinggi pohon itu? (How high is the tree?)

... 64.Seberapa besar rumah kamu? (How big is your house?)

... 65.Seberapa lebar sungai ini? (How wide is this river?)

... 66.Seberapa jauh kota di sisni? (How far is the city here?)

... 67.Seberapa ganteng mereka? (How handsome are they?)

...

68.Seberapa lama kamu tinggal disini? (How long do you stay there?) ... 69.Untuk apa kamu membunuh dia? (What did you kill him for?)

... 70.Dengan siapa kamu pergi? (With whom did you go?)

... 71.Mereka mau pergi kemana? (where will they go?)

...

72.Siapa yang mau kamu temui di pesta itu? (Whom did you meet at the party?) ... 73.Mengapa bayi itu menangis? (Why the baby cries?)

74.Kapan kamu mengirim surat itu? (When did you send the letter?) ... 75.Apa yang kamu tonton kemarin? (What did you watch yesterday?)

... 76.Buku apa yang sedang kamu baca? (What book are you reading?)

... 77.Bunga apa yang kamu sukai? (What flower does she like?)

...

78.Jam berapa biasanya kamu sarapan? (What time do you usually have breakfast?)

... 79.Mobil siapa yang akan kamu pinjam? (Whose car will they borrow?)

... 80.Novel mana yang sudah pernah dia baca? (Which novel has he ever read?)

... 81.Kepada siapa kamu mau berikan kado itu? (To whom will you give this gift?)

... 82.Kepada siapa saya harus berbicara? (To whom should I talk?)

... 83.Untuk apa kamu tanya mereka? (What do you ask them for?) ... 84.Kapan semester ini berakhir? (When does this semester end?)

... 85.Siapa yang akan menyiram tanaman? (Who will water the plant?)

...

86.Berapa banyak buku yang kamu punya di rumahmu? (How many books do you have at your home?)

... 87.Siapa yang menyuruhnya melakukan itu? (Who ordered her/him to do that?)

... 88.Siapa yang tidak datang hari ini? (Who is absent today?)

89.Kapan ayahmu akan pergi ke Amerika? (When will your father go to Amerika?)

... 90.Film apa yang paling kamu sukai? (What films do you like best?)

... 91.Koran mana yang kamu baca? (Which newspapers do you read?)

... 92.Payung siapa yang kamu pakai? (Whose umbrella do you use?) ... 93.Kursi mana yang dia beli? (Which chair does he buy?)

...

94.Berapa banyak uang yang kamu punya di dompetmu? (How much money do you have at your wallet?)

B. Informants :

1. Name (Nama) : Andi Hermansyah

Age (Usia) : 37 years old

Address (Alamat) : Desa Aek Raso Kec. Torgamba Kab. Labusel

Job (Pekerjaan) : Operator of Loader

2. Name (Nama) : Herwansyah

Age (Usia) : 34 years old

Address (Alamat) : Kalimantan

Job (Pekerjaan) : Manager PTPN

3. Name (Nama) : Lili

Age (Usia) : 31 years old

Address (Alamat) : Ipuh Kab. Muko-Muko

Job (Pekerjaan) : Housewife

4. Name (Nama) : Ria

Age (Usia) : 25 years old

Address (Alamat) : Ipuh, Kab. Muko-Muko

Job (Pekerjaan) : Biology Teacher

5. Name (Nama) : Sonata

Age (Usia) : 20 years old

Address (Alamat) : Ipuh, Kab. Muko-Muko