A Contrastive Analysis of Question words between English And Mandailing language

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF QUESTION WORDS BETWEEN

ENGLISH AND MANDAILING LANGUAGE

A THESIS

WILDA YANTI

Reg no. 060705024

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF LETTER

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF QUESTION WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MANDAILING LANGUAGE

A THESIS BY:

WILDA YANTI REG NO 060705024

Supervisor Co- Supervisor

Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah M.Hum Drs.Rahmatsyah Rangkuti M.A,.Ph.D Nip.

19560705 198903 1 002 19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Fakultas Sastra

Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan

In partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the degree of

Sarjana Sastra in the

English Department

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF LETTER

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

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Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Letters University of

North Sumatera Utara Medan as a Thesis for the Sarjana Sastra

Examination

Head of Department,

Secretary

Dra.SwesanaMardia Lubis M.Hum

Drs. Parlindungan Purba M.Hum

Nip. 19571002 198601 2 003

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in Partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English

Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, medan

The Examination was held………at English Department,

Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, medan

The Dean of Faculty of Letters

University of North Sumatera

Drs. Syaifuddin , M.A.,P.h.D

Nip. 132098531

Board Examiners

………..

…………

………….

……….

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I dedicated Thesis to:

My beloved amazing to my grandfather, Adam and my grandmother Nurmala

Thank you for unconditional love,

Thank you for your great life,

T hank you for the care and heart for me,

I always remember and love you

And

My beloved father Zulkifli nasution and my beloved mother Maslan

The sacrifice you perform for me will never be in vain, Mom.

I thank god because I have a mother like you,

I know he has a great plan for us..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Almighty god for blessing and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet Muhammad SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that the writer could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, faculty of letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan.

The writer special gratitude is dedicated to the Dean of faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D as well as the chairman and secretary of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M.Hum and Drs. Parlindungan Purba M.Hum.

The writer deep appreciation is also extended to my supervisor Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah M.Hum and Co.Supervisor Drs. Rahmatsyah Rangkuti M.A.,Ph.D for enhancing my spirit, giving support, a great help and contribution of knowledge to finfish my thesis.

The writer is also indebted to all my lecturers who have guided me during my study, especially Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M.Hum , Dra. Roma Ayuni Loebis M.A and other lecturers. I thank them for helping me choosing the subject of this study, and providing me with information’s concerning this thesis.

The writer is also indebted to all the lectures of Faculty of Letters especially to her ‘Dosen Wali’, Drs. Perdamen Perangin-Angin M.A for their valuable thoughts and knowledge through her academic years.

The writer also would like to express my deepest gratitude and love to my family: Adam (Grandfather), Jamompang (Grandfather), Zulkifli Nasution (Father), Maslan

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(Mother), Ahmad Husein, Bolon Halomoan, and Daman Huri (Brothers), Yusrida, Lusiana, Salni Saadah (Sisters), Reni Hartina (Sister in law), Abdul Rasyid (Uncle), Leni Marlina (Aunt), Nur Baiti (Aunt), Admiron ( Uncle), Mariam (Sisters) and the other family. Thank you for every support, care, encouragement, advice and love.

The writer special thank to her lovely Ahmad Taufik Loebis for give me spirit, “Keep Struggle and work hard.” And thanks so much for all support and courage your full attention has made my life more colorful and precious.

Thank you for lots of friends students ’06 that the writer can not mention all here, especially for Rina (Rintul), Efa, Rika, Kiki Regar, Cut, Ifa, Yosi, Dewi, Fitria, Zainardo, Reza fahlevi, Fatonah, Aini, Hendra, Dix, Kajol, Rindi, Kinoy, Heni, Elpan, Taqim, Disti and also my old friends K’ fanny, B’ Ifin, Septi, Husin, Adex and my best friend Ramlan java boy .Keep always be a faithful prayers hero.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is still far from perfect. I welcome all critics and suggestions to make this thesis better. May be this thesis will be useful for every one who would like to read or analyze the subject matter that related to this thesis analysis.

May Allah SWT, the almighty bless us all. Amin.

Medan,

The Writer

WILDA YANTI 060705024

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AUTHOR DECLRATION

Wilda yanti declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Expect where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contain no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No another person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed: Date:

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Nama : Wilda Yanti

Title of Thesis : A Contrastive Analysis of Question words between English And Mandailing language.

Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the librarian of University of North Sumatera, Faculty of Letters, English Departement on the un derstanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed: Date:

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ABSTRACT

Thesis yang berjudul “ A Contrastive Analysis of Question Words Between English and Mandailing Language” membahas mengenai persamaan dan perbedaan yang dapat ditemukan pada kalimat tanya bahasa Inggris dan bahsa Mandailing. Thesis ini menggunakan metode Kontrastive yaitu suatu metode yang membandingkan dua bahasa yang berasal dari rumpun yang berbeda untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan dari kedua bahasa tersebut .

Dari pembahasan ini ditemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa perbedaan diantara kalimat tanya bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Mandailing yaitu kata tanya dalam bahasa Mandailing bisa diikuti oleh artikel seperti kata “do” dan selain itu terdapat juga dalam penggunaan kata tanya, fungsi kata kerja di dalam kalimat tanya, pengguna kata tanya pelengkap dan susunan kata didalam kalimat tanya.

Selain itu juga ada beberapa persamaan yang dapat kita temukan dari perbandingan kedua bahasa, yakni persamaan dalam hal jumlah kata tanya, jumlah dari ragam kalimat tanya dan susunan kata tanya ynag selalu berada pada posisi permulan kalimat tanya ( seperti kata tanya “aso” seperti kata tanya “ why”)

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TABLE

OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………...i

AUTHOR DECLARATION………...ii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………iii

ABSTRACT………..iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS………...v

CHAPTER I INTODUCTION……….1

1.1 Background of the analysis……….…..1

1.2 Problems of the analysis………...3

1.3 Scope of the analysis……….4

1.4 Objectives of the analysis………...4

1.5 Method of the analysis………...4

1.6 Significance of the analysis………..……5

1.7 Review of Related Literatures………..……5

CHAPTER II A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS…..……6

CHAPTER III A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SENTENCE……….…..10

3.1 The classification of sentence in General ……….……...10

3.1.1 Declarative Sentence……….…………..11

3.1.2 Interrogative Sentence………12

3.1.3 Imperative Sentence………14

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3.2 The formation of Interrogative sentence in English ….….………16

3.2 English Question words……….……..16

3.2.1 Yes-No question ……….……..19

3.2.1.1 Positive question ….……….20

3.2.1.2 Negative questions ……… ..21

3.2.1.3 Alternative questions ………...…21

3.2.2 Question Taq….………22

3.3 The formation of Interrogative sentence in Mandailing Language………. 23

3.3.1 Mandailing Question words……….………….23

3.3.1.1 Yes-No question……….………..33

3.3.1.2 Positive question………..………34

3.3.1.3 Negative question…….………..……..35

3.3.2 Question Taq……….………37

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS……….………38

4.1 FINDINGS………,……….38

4.2 ANALYSIS………,………39

4.3 The form of Wh – Question………,……39

4.3.1 The form of Wh- Question in English………...…. 39

4.3.2 The form of Wh- Question in Mandailing…………..…...……..41

4.4 The form of Yes-no Question……….….….….44

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4.4.2 The form of Yes-no Question in Mandailing………45

4.5 The form of Positive Question………...……….46

4.5.1 The form of Positive Question in English ………46

4.5.2 The form of Positive Question in Mandailing………….………..46

4.6 The form of Negative – Question………...…….47

4.6.1 The form of Negative Question in English……….……47

4.6.2 The form of Negative Question in Mandailing…………..………48

4.7 The form of Alternative - Question ……….48

4.7.1 The form of Alternative Question in English………...………48

4.7.2 The form of Alternative Question in Mandailing……….……49

4.8 The form of Question Taq ……….………..…..50

4.8.1 The form of Question Taq in English ………..….…..50

4.8.2 The form of Question Taq in Mandailing………...…….51

4.9 Similarities and Dissimilarities………...….51

4.9.1 Similarities……….…………51

4.9.2 Dissimilarities……….………54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………..56

5.1 Conclusions………..………56

5.2 Suggestion……….………58

. BIBLIOGRAPHY………59

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the analysis

Language fills every part of our life; it gives words to our thought, voice to our idea and expression to our feelings. It is the most fundamental means of human communication. As human being, one interacts with others by communication. They use language as a main tool of communication to express his thought, emotions and desire to other people by using sounds, gestures and signals.

We use language everyday; we can express everything in our mind by using language. Then we know how important language is. Bloomfield (1933: 3) says that language plays a great part in our life.

Thus, Sapir (1921: 8) says that language as purely human and non instinctive method of communicating idea, emotions and desires by mean of voluntarily produced symbols. These symbols then produced by the so called “organ speech” in the process of speech production. Language is absolutely used to communicate. When using a word and combination of words either in spoken and written, the main aim is to indicate something or some relations or even some ideas, and it can be shown or called as its meaning. Furthermore, Finocchiaro (1974:3) writes that languages are a system of arbitrary vocal symbol, which permits all people in a given culture to communicate and interact.

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English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during Anglo-Saxon era. It is spoken by more than 400 million people’s native speaker and approximately is spoken by 600 million people as a second language. English is so widely spoken language, so it has often been referred to as “World language”. That the main reason why English is the language most often studied as a foreign language. Books, magazines, newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world including Indonesia and it is also the most commonly used in the science.

Indonesia is one of the countries in Asia continent consisting a lot of islands which are separated by seas and island that has many tribes as well as their languages. One of it is Mandailing language. Some scholars are of the opinion that Mandailing is not Batak based on language and behavior; Mandailing is not as harsh as Batak. Mandailing language and Batak Toba language are more or less similar in grammar and vocabulary but they are undeniably different in dialect. The differences, however, seem apparently easy to recognize.

Mandailing language is spoken by about one million people in North Sumatera especially in Mandailing, Natal, and its surroundings. Anyhow, outside those areas, many Mandailing people could not speak Mandailing language fluently although they are Mandailingness due to the fact that, in their daily communication, they get much influence from other languages used in their surroundings.

Furthermore, a part from the speakers of Mandailing language, this language has its own linguistic aspects that need to be recognized despite probability of its identical characteristics with other local languages in Indonesia. Certainly, a number of linguistic aspects could be found if they are brought into analysis, and it will be very

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complex and complicated to be conducted in a small study as proposed in this thesis. One of the linguistic aspects that is considered to have significance to analyze is the grammatical aspect pertaining to the uses of question words. It is attempted to show clear distinction about how the question words works in Mandailing language. Then, to achieve the ultimate results of study, it should be seen from the uses of question words in other languages like English. As regards, it will be more effective if this study is brought into contrastive analysis that could generate more differences than similarities in its entity.

Eventually, in conducting contrastive analysis, as verified by Naibaho (1996: 1), the study should be linked with the comparison of two or more languages (or more sub-systems of languages) in order to determine the differences and similarities found between them. This study, therefore, will be quite reasonable if Mandailing language is contrasted with English language and specified in seeking the uses of question words in line with the formations of interrogative sentences and the positions of question words in building sentences in such types.

1.2Problem of the analysis

This study refers to the problems of drawing question words as found both in Mandailing language and English; the problems appear in formation the interrogative sentences concerning the position of question words especially when generating questions in both different languages.

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1.3Scope of the analysis

This study is concentrated on elaborating the similarities and dissimilarities between English and Mandailing Language Question Words. This is attempted through the analysis of grammatical aspects that draw the certain types of questions in both languages including Wh- Question, Yes- No question, and Question Tag,

1.4Object of the analysis

English and Mandailing Language Question Words are determined to be the object of analysis in this study. The analysis is expected to give proper distinction to the similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages.

1.5Method of the analysis

In writing this thesis, the writer uses qualitative descriptive. Bodgan and Bicklen (1982) in Sugiyono (2009: 21) argue that qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected are in form of words or pictures rather than number. In collecting data, the writer uses library research. The writer collects the data from books related to English and Mandailing Language question words. The data then analyzed based on contrastive analysis.

Naibaho Jawasi (2006: 1) says that contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language (or sub-system of language) are made explicit.

In this thesis, to emphasize the analysis, the writer collects, selects and classifies the data based on their type. Only then, the differences and similarities are found.

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1.6Significance of the analysis

The significance of this study is to give extra knowledge and new horizon to the readers, researchers, and students especially in using Question words in Mandailing language, and to provide sufficient knowledge for those who want to learn Mandailing language.

1.7 Review of related literature

To make a good analysis of Question Words English and Mandailing language, the writer has read some relevant books closely related to this case.

Saurmauli (2004) has done a contrastive analysis in her thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis between English and Batak Toba Language Interrogative Sentences. She finds the differences in the formation and use of interrogative sentences in English and Batak Toba language.

Another type of a contrastive analysis is conducted by Salim (2003) in his thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis between English and Mandarin Language Interrogative Sentences. He finds the differences in the formation and use of interrogative sentences in English and Mandarin language.

Ridwan.T.A (1998: 17) says that a contrastive analysis refers to correspondences between aspects of language, which is being contrasted. Naibaho Jawasi (2006: 1) adds that a contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language (or sub-system of language) are made explicit.

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

Contrastive linguistics is the systematic comparison of two or more languages, with the aim of describing their similarities and differences. The objective of the comparison may vary: language comparison is of great interest in a theoretical as well as an applied perspective. It reveals what is general and what is language specific and is therefore important both for the understanding of language in general and for the study of the individual languages compared. The focus may be on general or on language specific features. The study may be theoretical, without any immediate application, or it may be applied, i.e. carried out for a specific purpose. The term 'contrastive linguistics', or 'contrastive analysis', is especially associated with applied contrastive studies advocated as a means of predicting and or explaining difficulties of second language learners with a particular mother tongue in learning a particular target language.

pdf/sj/johansson2.pdf. Feb,

02/2010).

Contrastive linguistics is a practice-oriented describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages (hence it is occasionally called "differential linguistics"). 'Contrastive linguistics' (CL) is synonymous with 'contrastive analysis' (CA) but only the latter is a countable noun. It is a form of comparative linguistics, related forms being 'comparative diachronic linguistics' and 'synchronic linguistic typology'. Unique to Comparative Linguistics is that its purview is limited to a pair of languages. There is no requirement for the language pair to

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be in any way 'related'. The development of Contrastive analysis has been viewed from an applied to a theoretical discipline.

Contrastive Analysis (CA) or Contrastive Linguistics (CL): "In the study of foreign language learning, the identification of points of structural similarity and difference between two languages."Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s as application of structural linguistics to language teaching". Contrastive Analysis a describing similarities and differences among two or more languages at such levels as phonology, grammar, and semantics. (http://www. lotsofessays.com/ viewpaper/1683824.html, Feb, 02 2010).

The study began in Central Europe before the Second World War and developed afterwards in North America. In the United States in the late 1950s, Robert Lado proposed contrastive analysis as a means of identifying areas of difficulty for language learners, although already in 1945 Charles Fries had formulated the theory. The earlier contrastive analysis research was language-focused. During the pre-Chomsky an structuralism period, linguists examined features of the native language which contrasted with features of the foreign language, indicating that these would be areas most likely to cause difficulty for foreign language learners.

By the early 1970s, this contrastive analysis theory had been to an extent supplanted by error analysis, which examined not only the impact of transfer errors but also those related to the target language, including overgeneralization structural linguists, though, consider this analysis theoretically impossible, because each grammatical or phonological system has to be defined in terms of the language for which and only it--has been developed. Transformational generative grammars assume the existence of

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universals, so that, in theory at least, a complete transformational grammar is already a potential contrastive analysis with other languages. Before the writer is going further to analyses the contrast of question word between English and Mandailing languages, it is worth to know what contrastive study means.

Actually, contrastive linguistics has been related with comparative linguistic. Contrastive linguistics is a language science that observes the non- correspondences which consist in two or more language family and then comparative linguistics intends to search the correspondences and non- correspondences of the comparing languages, while contrastive analysis only observes the non- correspondences, which are so different in two or more languages. But the correspondences are not so important and they are regarded as a general one. The similar is both of them doing a comparison between two or more languages.

Contrastive linguistics is the study to find out the similarities and dissimilarities between to different background language. The aim of this study is not merely to find the similarities and dissimilarities only, but the more important thing is to support the process of teaching and learning foreign language.

Ridwan.T.A(1998:17) says that contrastive analysis refers to correspondences between aspects of language. In other books Naibaho Jawasi (2006: 1) contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language (or sub-system of language) are made explicit. Then we can conclude that contrastive analysis is the comparison of the two language system, for the example the grammatical system of Question words between English and Mandailing language.

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If we want to know the non correspondences between the two languages, so we have to find the description of two languages. There is no assumption that is agreed in contrasting two or more languages. It is “contrasting two languages is impossible, not practice, and too wasting time.

In accordance with the above idea, contrastive analysis is actually a working procedure where the activity or the duty is trying to compare the first language structure with the second language in order to identify the non- correspondence of two languages. The non- correspondences of two languages in the different language family that are got and produced by contrastive analysis can be used as the reason in predicting the difficulties in learning the languages that will be faced by the students, even for those who study language.

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CHAPTER III

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SENTENCE

3.1 The classification of sentence in general

A sentence is normally defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes comprehensive definition of sentences that a sentences is a group of words so related as to convey a complete thought with the force of asserting something or of asking, commanding, exclaiming or wishing structurally considered as a group of words forming one or more predications (in the latter case either linked in a series or subordinated one another).

As the science of language keeps improving, the definition of a sentence also improves and seems to be more logical. A sentence is indicated to have hierarchy or sequence of order of elements on which the whole sentence stands. The hierarchy is determined by “what goes before others do”. Then, in drawing English statement (positive or negative), it is generated in the sequence of noun, verb and others that may follow.

Following this, sentence construction should have certain characteristics as described below:

a. All words used in a sentence must have meaning. b. Words should be arranged in logical order.

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c. Words used should make a sense.

d. A sentence should be grammatically correct. e. A sentence should have a tensed verb.

f. A sentence must begin with a capital letter and ends with a period or any other punctuation mark depending on what kind of a sentence generated.

According to Marcella Frank (1972: 220), sentences are generally classified into two ways, first by types and second by the number of formal predication. In spite of any variations in word order, every sentence has a framework, which fits one of the basic sentence patterns. In addition, according to Sidney Greenbaun and Radolph Quirk (1990: 231) English sentences refer to four kinds of sentences as shown in the following:

a. Declaratives sentence b. Interrogatives sentence c. Imperatives sentence d. Exclamatives sentence

3.1.1 Declaratives Sentences (statements)

Decleratives are sentences in which it is normal for the subject to be present and to precede the verb. Declarative sentences are used to form statements, and consist of a simple subject consists of a subjects are formed by combining several simple subjects with

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a. Every student should be a patriot. b. My friend won the race.

c. He will not tell a lie.

d. The students prepare themselves for examination. e. Ani studied Mandarin language.

3.1.2 Interrogative Sentences (Question)

An interrogative sentence is used to ask for something, information, noun and many other else. In an interrogative sentence the subject and the auxiliary verb are often reversing. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. In an interrogative sentence, the subject and the auxiliary verb are often reversing. The sentence ends with a question mark interrogative point in writing. While in speech an interrogative sentence begin with question words and ends with a fall intonation in pitch yes-no question end with rising intonation.

For examples:

a. Do you receive my letters?

b. Will you come to the party tonight? c. Does she do the duty every day?

The examples of interrogative sentence above are called yes-no question because the answer to the question is yes or no. and another yes- no question, can also add why, what, who, whose, which, how etc, for the arrangement of an interrogative sentence.

For examples: a. How are you?

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b. What do you mean? c. Where are you?

Such interrogative sentences in a to c never have a flat tone. Those may have rising tone or a falling tone, which are marked by one or more of these criteria:

1. The placing of the operator immediately in front of the subject; For example: Will you come to party tonight?

2. The initial positioning of an interrogative or Wh-element For example: Where will he come to?

3. Rising intonation

For example: Will he come to the party tonight?

With the above distinction, English interrogative sentences using yes-no question are constructed by putting auxiliary verbs at the initial positions or before the subjects.

There are five types of interrogative sentences in English, they are: 1. Wh – question

2. Yes – no question a. Positive Question b. Negative – Question c. Alternative Question d. Question Tag

3.1.3 Imperatives Sentence

A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an Imperative sentence. The word "imperative" is derived from the term "emperor". Emperors gave

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commands, and imperative sentences are commands. Imperative sentences consist of Imperative sentences are generally terminated with an exclamation mark instead of a period.

For examples:

a. Please, go a head! b. Open the door, please! c. Close your book! d. Keep silent, please! e. Just do what I told you!

The negative of such sentence is made by using “don’t”, e.g.: f. Don’t go any were, just wait me!

g. Don’t touch me, please!

h. Don’t tell anyone about my problem! i. Don’t be lazy!

They end with exclamatory marks in writing. The subjects in such sentences are the second person singular or plural which are implied in them have been understood.

3.1.4 Exclamatives sentence

Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or

how, usually with subject- verb order. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation

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a. What gracefully she dance! b. What a good time we enjoy!

An exclamatory sentence expresses joy, surprise, grief, or some the emotion in the form of an exclamation or cry. Exclamatory sentences are often introduced by the adjective what and the adverb how. What adds emphasis to a noun; how adds emphasis to an adjective or an adverb. Thus For examples:

c. What a lovely day!

d. What a beautiful flower it is! e. What a terrible day!

f. How clever he is! g. How sad they are!

h. How happy my heart today!

3.2 The formation of Interrogative sentence in English

3.2 English Question words

Wh-Question is a term replacement from interrogative question is usually used for

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1. WHAT

What is one of the question words, which is used to ask information about

something. The use What is usually as a noun, and its position in an interrogative sentence can be as subject or object..

For examples:

1. What did the lecturer tell you? 2. What is her husband?

3. What will you choose? 4. What is a leader? 5. What are you doing? 6. What is the temperature?

2. WHEN

When is one of the question words, which is used to ask about time and event.

For examples:

7. When did you start your study? 8. When did you arrive here? 9. When will leave you hometown? 10. When did mother buy these vegetables? 11. When did you graduate from you study?

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Where is one of the question words, which is used to ask about a place, position or

direction. For examples:

12. Where you are now, honey? 13. Where is her house?

14. Where do you buy this fruit? 15. Where are you going?

16. Where is the hospital in here, sir? 17. Where does he work now?

4. WHY

Why is a question word, which is used to ask about reason or what purpose.

For examples:

18. Why did you come late? 19. Why do you go there alone?

20. Why don’t you visit your friend in the hospital? 21. Why did you left me, honey?

22. Why don’t you go to office?

5. WHO

Who is used to ask some information about the person as a subject and object.

For examples:

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24. Who brings my dictionaries? 25. Who is you boyfriend? 26. Who stole my pictures?

27. Who knows the answer of the first question?

6. WHICH

Which a kind of question words used to arrange a sentence that asks about choice.

For examples:

28. Which one do you like?

29.Which direction are you taking?

30. Which one of the flowers do you like best?

31. Which one of them is more diligent, Budi or Tony?

32. Which one of the candidate do you choose, Susilo or Prabowo? 33. Which apple is mine?

7. WHOSE

Whose is a question word which is used as reference to person. It shows

possession or belonging. For examples:

34. Whose glasses are these?

35. Whose turn is to prepare dinner tonight? 36. Whose book is on the cupboard?

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38. Whose car was broken?

8. HOW

How is a question word which is usually used to ask about the condition or the

state of someone or something. For examples:

39. How can you do it? 40. How did you live here? 41. How much do you buy car? 42. How long will be your trip?

43. How deep your love to your parents is ?

3.2.1 Yes-No question

Another model of asking question in English is identified with the so-called Yes – no question. What is expected from the use of yes-no question is to get either an affirmation or negation of the question being asked as its answer. This type is called yes-no question.

Placing the auxiliary verb before the subject of the sentence forms English yes-no question and gives a rising intonation in the interrogative sentence.

For examples:

44. Do you have breakfast?

45. Are you a student in University of Sumatera Utara? 46. Can you help me?

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47. Is she angry?

A. positive question

Like negative statements, yes-no questions may contain non-assertive items such as any and ever. The question containing such forms is generally neutral, with no bias in expectation towards a positive or negative response.

Statement Question

• Someone called last night Did anyone call last night? • The boat has left already Has the boat left yet?

But questions may be CONDUCIVE, i.e. they may indicate that the speaker is predisposed to the kind of answer he has wanted or expected. Thus, a positive question may be presented in a form which biased towards a positive answer.

For example:

48. My father reads newspaper every morning. 49. Jack plays guitar.

50. My mother cooks rice every morning 51. Ani drinks milk every night

b. Negative question

Besides that, there is a certain type of yes-no question, which is called negative question. It is formed by adding negation ‘not’ to the auxiliary used in interrogative sentence.

For examples:

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53. Aren’t you a student at University of North Sumatera? 54. Can’t you move this box soon?

55. Isn’t she angry with him?

c. Alternative question

In English, there is a kind of question that needs a choice for the answer, which is called alternative question. Alternative question comes from a speaker in case the hearer is expected to give response to it alternatively. Anyhow, the question of this type can be classified as the part of yes-no question owing to the fact that it needs an answer yes or no.

For Examples:

56. Is he serious or not?

57. Would you like red or blue? 58. Can you buy dictionary or not? 59. Would you like bread or cheese? 60. Does she drive a new car or not?

3.2.2 Questions Tag

If we want to ask for information, we usually use the standard question form. However, sometimes we just want to keep a conversation going, or confirm information. In this case, question tags are often used to solicit input or confirmation to what we are saying. Using question tags well also promotes a keen understanding of the use of various

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W. Stannard Allen (1947: 163) says that question tag is a very common device in conversation is that of making a statement and at once asking the listener to confirm it. In most languages this is done simply by means of a stereotyped phrase.

Common tags include won't you? Wasn’t it? Don’t you? Haven’t you? Okay? And right?

For examples:

61. He is a teacher, is he?

62. You are a best student, aren’t you? 63. They go to school, don’t they? 64. Susi likes apple, doesn’t she? 65. We don’t sleep, do we?

3.3 The formation of Interrogative sentence in Mandailing Language

3.3.1 The Question words in Mandailing Language

1. AHA

= WHAT

Aha is one of the question words in Mandailing language which is used to ask for

information or someone. Its meaning is identical with ‘what’ in English. For examples:

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66. Aha do na i jalaki mi natuari? Nai jalaki mi aha natuari? Natuari naijalaki mi aha?

What + past + look for + you + yesterday? “What did you look for yesterday? (English) “ 67. Aha do naidokon mi?

Nai dokkon mi aha do? Nai dokkon mi aha?

What + present + say + you “What did you say? (English)”

68. Aha do nai karejoon mi sannari? Nai karejoon mi aha sannari? Sannari nai karejoon mi aha?

What + present + to be + you + now? “What are you doing now? (English)”

69. Aha do nai pamasak mi tiop manyogot? Nai pamasak mi aha tiop manyogot? Tiop manyogot naipamasak mi aha?

What + present +verb I (infinitive) + you +every morning? “What are you cooking every morning? (English)”

70. Aha do salana uboto goar ni ayah mu? Uboto goar ni ayah mu aha do salana?

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Goar ni ayah m u uboto salan aha?

What + present + to be + if + knowing + name + you?

“What is the problem if I know your father’s name? (English)”

71. Aha do maksud mu? Maksud mu aha?

What + past + mean + you? “What do you mean? (English)”

2. ISE (Tu ise, songon ise, sian ise) =WHO

Ise as question word in Mandailing Language asks some information about

person.

For Examples:

72. Ise do mambuat buku na dimeja i? Mambuat buku nai meja i ise?

Who to be / auxiliary + S + V + O)

“Who took the book from the table? (English)”

73. Sian ise do dapot ho carito i? Carito i sian ise dapot ho? Dapot ho carito i sian ise?

Who to be / auxiliary + S + V + O)

“Who do you get the information from? (English)”

74. Songon ise do anak mi mirip? Mirip songon ise do anak mi?

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Anak mi mirip songon ise?

Who to be / auxiliary + S + V + O)

“Who does your boy look like? (English)”

75. Tu ise do ilehen ko kue i? Ilehen ko tu ise kue i? Kue i lehen ko tu ise?

Whom to be / auxiliary + S + V + O)

“Whom do you give the cake to? (English)” 76. Ise do dongan mu ro tu son?

Dongan mu ise ro tu son? Tuson ro dongan mu ise?

Who to be / auxiliary + S + V + O) “Who do you come here with? (English)

3. ANDIGAN = WHEN

The question words “andigan“ is used to ask about time when a certain activity will be performed or conducted. The meaning is more or less similar with when in English

For examples:

77.Andigan do ho marbagas? Marbagas andigan ma ho?

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Ho marbagas andigan?

When to be + auxiliary + S + V + O) “When did you get married? (English)”

78.Andigan do ho ro tu son? Ho ro andigan tu son? Tu son ro ho andigan?

When to be + auxiliary + S + V + O) “When did you arrive here? (English)”

79.Andigan do i tabusi ho karos on? Karosi on andigan itabusi ho? Ho manabusi karosi on andigan?

When to be + auxiliary + S + V + O) “When did you buy this chair? ( English)

80.Andigan do ho mulak tu Jakarta? Mulak tu Jakarta ho andigan? Tu Jakarta andigan ho mulak?

When to be + auxiliary + S + V + O)

“When will you come back from Jakarta? (English)”

81.Andigan do ho kehe tu Medan? Tu Medan andigan do ho kehe? Ho kehe tu Medan andigan?

When to be + auxiliary + S + V + O) “ When will you go to Medan?( English)”

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4. PIGA = HOW MANY

Piga is question word used to ask the total number countable nouns or quantity of

something including the number of things or persons. It may have a meaning ‘how many’ in English, as exemplified in the following.

For Examples:

82.Piga noli do ho mangan sadari ? Sadari piga noli ho mangan? Ho mangan sadari piga noli? How often + to be / auxiliary + S

“How often do you eat in a day? (English)”

83.Piga noli do ho ro tu sadun saminggu? Ho ro piga noli tusadun saminggu? Saminggu tu sadun ho ro piga noli?

How often + to be / auxiliary + S

“How often do you go there in a week? (English)”

84.Piga do kota idalani ho?

Ho piga do kota idalani ho? Idalani ho kota piga do?

How many + + to be / auxiliary + S +V3

“How many city have you travelled? (English)”

85.Piga do jom nai tabusi mi? Nai tabusi mi piga do jom i?

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Jom nai tabusi mi piga do?

How many + to be / auxiliary + S +V

“How many watches did you buy? (English)”

86.Piga noli do ho marganti baju sadari? Ho piga noli marganti baju sadari? Sadari ho marganti baju piga noli?

How many + to be / auxiliary + S

“How many times do you change your clothes a day? (English)”

5. SADIA (how much)

Sadia is a question word to show the total number of uncountable nouns. It may

take the meaning of ‘how much’ in English.

For Examples:

87.Sadia do umur mu sannari? Umur mu sadia do sannari? Sannari umur mu sadia?

How old + to be + S

“How old are you now? ( English)”

88.Sadia dao do stasiun kareta api sian on? Sian on sadia dao do stasiun kareta api? Stasiun kareta api sian on dao na sadia?

How + far + to be + S

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89.Sadia bahat do epeng mu? Epeng mu sadia bahat? Epeng mu bahat na sadia?

How much + noun + to be + S

“How much money do you have? (English)”

90.Sadia do umur ni ayah mu? Ayah mu sadia umur na? Umur ni ayah mu sadia?

How + old + to be + S

“How old is your father? ( English)”

6. DIA ( Idia =where, Na dia= which, Tu dia=where, sian dia=(from) where)

Question word ‘Dia’ is used to ask information related to a place, or something. In any case, it is often added with preposition in forming a question.

For examples:

91.Sian dia ipinjam ko epeng i? I pinjam ko sian dia epeng i? Epeng i sian dia i pinjam ko?

Whom + from + borrow + you + money?

Whom do you borrow that money from? ( English)”

92.Nai dia do ipili ho? Ho nai dia ipili ho?

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Ipili ho nai dia?

Which one + choose + S?

Which one do you choose? ( English)”

93.Tu dia do au kehe? Kehe tu dia do au? Au kehe tudia?

Where + S + auxiliary + go? “Where I should go? ( English)”

94.Sian dia ma ioban ho boru i?

Where + past + pick up + you?

“Where did you pick the bride up? ( English)”

95.Sian dia do ho nangkin ? Ho sian dia nangkin ? Nangkin ho sian dia ?

Where + auxiliary + S + from ? “Where were you from ? ( English)”

96.Idia do bagas nai pajonjong mi?

Bagas nai dia do nai pajonjong mi? Nai pajonjong mi bagas i nai dia?

Where + past + build + S + O?

“Where did you build your house? ( English)”

97.Idia do ipasimpan ko sere mi? Ipasimpan ko idia do sere mi?

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Sere mi ipasimpan ko idia?

Where + past + save + S + O?

“Where did you save your gold? ( English)”

7. ASO = WHY

Question word ‘Aso’ is used to ask information about reason of doing something. The question word “aso” in Mandailing language is more or less similar in meaning and use with that of ‘why’ in English. The word “aha “always put in the initial position.

For Examples:

98.Aso do kehe sasada ho tu sodu? Sasado ho aso kehe tu sodu? Tu sodu kehe sasado ho aso?

Why + auxiliary + V + S + there alone? “Why do you go there alone?( English )”

99.Aso inda ro ho tu horja i? Ho aso inda ro tu horja i? Tu horja i inda ro ho aso?

Why + did not + S + V + this party?

“Why didn’t you come to this party?( English)”

100. Aso do so tangis anggi mi natuari? Natuari aso do so tangis anggi mi? Tangis anggi mi natuari aso?

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Why + past + cry + your + yesterday?

“Why did your sister cry yesterday? ( English)”

101. Aso modom si Mira namanyogoti? Si Mira aso modom namanyogoti? Namanyogoti aso modom si Mira?

Why + past + sleep + your + last morning? “Why did Mira sleep in the morning? ( English)”

102. Aso inda kehe ho sikola sadarion? Ho sadarion aso inda kehe sikola? Sadarion inda kehe ho sikola aso?

Why + don’t + S + V + school + today?

“Why don’t you go to school today? ( English)”

3.3.2 Yes-No Question

Apart from Wh-Questions, yes-no questions are other types of question that can be used to ask for persons or things, and it can be found in Mandailing language. It is related to the entity of either affirmation or negation of the question being asked as its answer.

In drawing yes-no question in Mandailing language, there is no use of auxiliary verb. To give response to a speaker’s question, a hearer may answer depending on the interest. However, normally, if the answer is ‘yes’, so the answer is given by repeating

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the constituent that precedes in a brief answer or these constituent are followed by the other elements in the complete sentence, and if the answer is no, so the question is only answer by inda, madung, and olo in a short question.

For Examples: Table I

Mandailing language English

103. A: Ro do ho sannari? B: inda

104. A: Ho do namarlagu i? B: olo

105. A: Mangan do ho di horja i? B: Inda

106. A: Ra do ho mangecek dohot ia? B: Inda

107. A: Madung marangkat do ho sannari? B: Olo

108. A: ho ma kepala desa i? B: Olo

A: Did you come today?

B: No

A: Did you sing a song? B: Yes

A: Did you eat in the party?

B: No

A: Would you like to talk with him?

B: No

A: Have you leaved the town?

B: Yes

A: Are you the chief of this village?

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B: Yes

a. Positive Question

Positive question is often made by adding ‘do’ in a certain position of the sentence, which is usually put after verb or noun. The tendency to the given answer is ‘yes’ despite the fact that the answer may probably be ‘no’.

For examples: Table II

No Negative question Meaning in English 109

110 111

a. Ayah kehe do tu kobun tiop ari.

b. Bayo i minum susu do tiop ari. c. Rina mayuan bunga

a. Father goes to garden every day. b. The man drinks milk everyday. c. Rina plants the flower.

b. Negative Question

Like in English, in Mandaiiling language, negative question is also found. The negative question words i.e. inda, indape,, ngadong (inda adong), are formed by adding a negative particle in the initial position of the interrogative sentence.

For Examples:

112. Inda ro ho namarpokat i? Namarpokat i inda na ro ho?

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Didn’t you come to the meeting? 113.Inda pe siap ko nakarejo i?

Nakare jo i inda pe siap?

Haven’t + finished + S + work? Haven’t you finished your work?

114.Inda tola ami buat apel on? Apel on inda tola ibuat? Ibuat apel on inda tola?

Can’t + S + take the apple? Can’t we take the apple?

115.Ngadong epeng mu? Epeng mu ngadong?

Don’t + S + have maney? Don’t you have maney?

116. inda adong pinggan muyu? Pinggan muyu inda adong?

Don’t + S + have any plate? Don’t you have any plate?

c. Alternative Question

Alternative question is categorised as the part of alternative question because it brings about possibility in answer that is ‘yes’ or ‘no’. The alternative question in

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Mandailing language is usually identified with the uses of ‘do’ (it has no meaning, but is considered to generate question) and ‘sanga’ (or). Both have certain positions in the question as clarified in the following.

For Examples:

117. Kehe tu Jakarta do ho sanga tu Medan ?

“Are you going to Jakarta or Medan? (English)”

118. . Sannari do sanga incogot na giot mapokati?

“Will the meeting be held today or tomorrow? (English)”

119.Painte si Ani do ho sanga si Budi natuari?

“Did you wait for Ani or Budi yesterday? (English)”

120.Na giot dohot do ho sanga inda ?

When + past + S + get married + now or + after celebration “Will you join me or not? (English)”

3.3.3 Question Tag

Question tag in Mandailing language is normally identified with the use of ‘tie’ at the end of a sentence. Like in English, it is used to indicate an attitude to a statement such as a difference, contradiction or agreement. However, in English question tag varies in context or with reference to the use of finite. Meanwhile, in Mandailing, it remains constant i.e. ‘tie’ although some Mandailing language users may use ‘olo’ or ‘olo kan’, but they are not grammatically structured. .

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121. manabusi sipatu do ho i natuari, tie? Past + bought + shoes + S + yesterday, yes? “He bought shoes yesterday, did not he? (English)”

122. . Ro do ia tu bagas mu ,tie?

Come + S + to your house, won’t she?

“She will come to your house, won’t she? (English)”

123. Madung siapkon nia ma tugas nia i, tie?

Finished + his duty +has not + he?

“He has finished his duty, has not he? ( English)”

124. Namanulis surat do ho sannari, tie? Wrting + a letter + S + aren’t you?

“You are wrting a letter, arent you? ( English)”

125. Marmain bola do alai tiop ari, tie?

Present + play foot ball + evey day + don’t they? ” They paly foot ball every day, don’t they? (English)

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

41. FINDINGS

As described in the previous chapter, English has three types of sentence structure that give rise to answer certain types of questions. They are encapsulated in the category of interrogative sentence through the uses of question words involving wh-question, yes-no question, and question tag. At the same time, in Mandailing language, such a category could be found, and identical with some cases of forming que stions.

Nevertheless, in the sentence structure of forming interrogative sentence, Mandailing Question words, to some extent, seem to indicate more on dissimilarities than similarities than that of in English despite the fact that Mandailing language produces particular context that cannot be found in English. These findings will be made as the source of analysis in the next section of this thesis.

In English, when Wh-question is used in the formation of interrogative sentence, it should be put at the initial position, and definitely cannot be set up in other positions; on the contrary, in Mandaling language, the positions of Wh-question in such formations vary depending on the interest of the language user; it could be put at the beginning, in the middle, or at the final, and it would not change the meanings or senses implied in such sentences. Furthermore, in English, auxiliary or finite verbs are used to generate yes-no questions; auxiliary verb is always put at the beginning of a sentence when asking question. Meanwhile, in Mandailing language, there is no indication to the use of any type of auxiliary verb in proposing yes-no question, but it is usually identified with the

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intonation in the sentence. Then, the speakers of Mandailing language could understand that the expression using certain type of intonation requires yes-no answer.

In this respect, yes-no question in Mandailing language is only identified with the use of intonation. Besides, in the formation of question tag in English, the tag is referred to the use of auxiliary or finite in the sentence, which is put at final position; in other words, the auxiliary used is certainly specified depending on the category of a sentence in line with the type of tense as found in the main part of the sentence. On the other hand, in Mandailing language, every use of tag is the same in all types of sentence contexts i.e. tie, no matter it is formed in present, past future, or perfect, meaning that there is no variety in forming tag; it remains constant or has no change.

4.2 ANALYSIS

This analysis is based on the scope of the study as previously stated in 1.3 that is to give distinction to the similarities and dissimilarities between English and Mandailing language. This is conducted through the analysis of questions words used in both languages.

4.3 The form of Wh - Question

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One of ways in forming interrogative sentences in English is indicated with the uses of Wh-question involving what, when, where, why, who, which, whose, and how. When they are defined as the medium to form question, they are positioned at the initial position, and they are normally followed directly by auxiliary verb or noun phrase, as elaborated in following:

Table III

No Wh-Question Examples

1. What a. What are you looking for? b. What can I do for you c. What do you mean? d. What books do you read? 2. When a. When did you go there?

b. When will you arrive here? c. When will we start our plan? d. When did you graduated? 3. Where a. Where was your father born?

b. Where is your office? c. Where do you live?

d. Where does he get the new job?

4. Why a. Why do you love me? b. Why do you look so sad? c. Why do you stay alone here?

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d. Why don’t you go to school today? 5. Who a. Who are you?

b. Who bring my pencil? c. Who touch my head? d. Who love you the first? 6. Which a. Which glass is clean?

b. Which one of the t-shirts is your? c. Which one of them is her father? d. Which manggo is mine?

7. Whose a. Whose cat is in the kitchen?

b. Whose dog was caught in the accident? c. Whose car was new?

d. Whose money was falling down? e.

8. How a. How can we learn?

b. How deep is her love to you? c. How much do you sell this land? d. How long you wait me?

The Wh – Question in English can be formulated:

Question word + Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb + Complement

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In Mandailing language, the types of Wh-Questions are much more identical with how the Question Words are formed in English i.e. aha (what), andigan (when), dia (i dia = where, tu dia = where to, sian dia = where from) sadia (how many, how much), aso (why), ise (who, whose = when ise means whose, it should be added with certain initial words depending on the context), piga (how many) (whose), and songon dia (how) as verified in the following.

For examples: Table VIII

No Wh-Question Examples Meanings in English 9. Aha a. Aha do nailigi mi?

b. Aha do nai pangan mi?

c. Aha do giot mu??

What do you see?

What do you have to eat?

What are you doing? 10. Andigan a. Andigan do kehe tu

poken?

b. Andigan do ho kehe namamasu abit i? c. Andigan i tabusi ho

gualen on?

d. Andigan do ho

wisuda?

When will you go to the market?

When will you wash your clothes?

When did you buy this fish? When will you graduated?

11. Dia a. I dia do i patibal ho hayu i?

Where did you put the wood?

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b. Tu dia do bayo i kehe? c. Sian dia do dapot ia

bulu i?

Where did he go?

Where did he get the bamboo from?

12. Sadia a. Sadia bahat do sere mu?

b. Sadia dao do rumah sakit sain on?

c. sadia do umur ni abang mu sannari

How much gold do you have?

How far is the hospital from here?

How old is your brother now?

b. Aso a. Aso do so kehe sasada ho tu kobun?

b. Aso goyak ayah mu to ho natuari?

c. Aso inda kehe ho tu saba sadarion?

Why do you go there alone?

Why is your father angry with you yesterday?

Why don’t you go to the field today?

c. Ise a. Ise do na mambuat hepeng mi?

b. Anak ni ise do bayo i? c. Buku ni ise do na i

pinjammi?

Who took your money?

Whose son is that man?

Whose book do you borrow?

d. Piga a. Piga partolot mu ? How many pencil do you have?

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b. Piga kali ma ho marmasak sadari?

c. Piga ma partolot nai tabusi mi?

How many time do you cooks a day?

How many pencil did you buy?

e. Songon dia a. Songon dia do hita mangoban na?

b. Songon dia do parah na bayo namartumbur i nangkin?

c. Songon dia do ibaen ho mamasak kue on?

How could we take it?

How was the condition of the man who got the accident?

How do you cook the cake?

The Wh- Question in mandailing language can be formulated: Question word + Article + Subject + Verb + Complement Question word + Article + Verb + Subject + Complement

4.4 The form of Yes-no Question

4.4.1 The form of Yes-no Question in English

Yes – no questions are usually formed by placing the operator before the subject and giving the sentence a rising intonation. The yes-no question in English is to give short answer that is “yes” for the positive answer and “no” for the negative question.

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Table IV

No Sentences Yes answer s No answers 1

2 3

Did you study just now? Is angry to you?

Did they come yesterday?

Can you help me?

Yes, I did Yes , he is Yes, they did

Yes, I can

No , I did not No , he is not No , they did not

No , I can not

Yes –no Question in English can be formulated: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb +Complement

4.4.2 The form of Yes-no Question in Mandailing

Yes–no question in Mandailing language normally use “olo” for positive answer, and “inda” for negative answer.

For examples: Table VIIII

No Sentences Yes Answers No answers 1

2 3 4

Kehe do ho nangkin sikola? Ro au sannari tu bagas mu? Dilehen ho do surat i? Ho do namangan kue i?

Olo Olo Olo Olo Inda Inda Inda Inda

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Form all the example show the yes – no question in Mandailing language. It can be formulated::

Verb + Subject + Complement Subject + Verb + Complement 4.5 The form of Positive Question

45.1 The form of Positive Question in English

Positive question in English is made up without inserting negation or adding ‘not’ in a sentence as the part of finite although the answer to the question can be ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as shown in 4.1.2.1 above.

For examples: Table V

No Positive question 1

2 3 4

My mother cooks rice every morning? Budi plants the tree?

Rina writes the letter to her friend every month? Ani drinks milk every night?

Subject + verb (s) + O + C

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Positive question in Mandailing language is verified with the use of ‘do’, as a particular tool to identify that it is a type of question. The distinction to this could be seen in the examples below.

For examples:

Table X

No Positive Question Meaning in English 1

2 3

a. Kehe do si Budi tu sikola tiop

ari

b. Minum kopi do Ayah? c. Mayuan bungo do si Rina

A.Does Budi go to school every day?

B.Does our Father drinks coffee? C. Rina planting the flower?

Verb + S + O + Complement

4.6 The form of Negative - Question

4.6.1 The form of Negative Question in English

As opposed to the positive question, negative question is constructed by adding ‘not’ to the finite, and t\hey are put together in initial position of a sentence as exemplified in the following. Likewise, the answer to this type of question is ‘yes’ or ‘no’

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No Negative question 1

2 3 4.

Didn’t you have dinner now? Aren’t you a doctor?

Can’t you do it?

Won’t he meet her tomorrow?

From the examples above, the Negative Question in English can be formulated: Auxiliary + Verb + Not + Subject + Verb + Complement

4.6.2 The form of Negative Question in Mandailing

In the formation of negative question, ‘inda’ is set up as a single sentence element used to begin a sentence. In its construction, it is put at the beginning of interrogative sentence.

For examples: Table XI

No Negative question Meaning in English 1

2 3

Inda ro ho tu horja i? Inda pe siap ho nakarejo i? Inda tola ami buat batu na di

jolo bagas mi?

Didn’t you come to the party? Haven’t you finished your work? Can’t we take the stone in front your house?

Negative Question in mandailing language can be formulated: Inda + Verb + Subject + Complement

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4.7 The form of Alternative - Question

4.7.1 The form of Alternative Question in English

Alternative question is another type of yes-no question that needs an answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. This sentence is made up by putting finite in initial position, and provide a choice using ‘or’ at the final part.

For examples: Table VI

No Alternative question 1

2 3 4

Is he serious or not?

Would you like red or blue? Can you buy dictionary or not? Would you like bread or cheese?

From the all examples show the Alternative Question in English.The Alternative Question is a choosing sentence. This Question can be yes-no question or wh-question followed by two or more options. It can be formulated:

Auxiliary + S + V + Complement or

Word Question + Auxiliary verb + S + V + C + Option

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Alternative question in the following is formed under the category of yes-no question though the question of this type can be also made up by the uses of Wh-question. It is identified with the uses of ‘do’ and ‘sanga’, as shown in following examples.

For examples: Table XII

No Alternative Question Meaning in English 1

Mulak tu bagas do ia nangkin sanga kehe to saba?

Ho na giot kehe tu Bandung i, sannari do sanga incogot?

I bulan on do ho na giot marbagasi sanga sidung

ari Rayo?

Did he go home or turn to the rice field?

Will you go to Bandung now or tomorrow?

Will you get married this month or after Lebaran days?

Alternative question in Mandailing can be formulated: Questioj word + V + S + C + option ( sanga )

V + S + C + option ( sanga )

4.8 The form of Question Taq

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Tag is added at the back part of a sentence is to ensure a speaker’s statement; here, the speaker attempts to make sure that his statement is true. Then, the use of finite in the tag is referred to the finite encountered in the statement it follows.

For examples: Table VII

No Question Tag 1

2 3

He likes his job, doesn’t he? You are a best student, aren’t you? They go to school, don’t they?

Question taq in English there are of two. There is positive statement and negative statement. It can be formulated as follows:

Positive statement, aux.verb + not + Subject (positive sentence) Negative statement, aux.verb + not + Subject (negative sentence)

4.8.2 The form of Question Taq in Mandailing

The question tags in Mandailing by the uses of the word “ tie” are clarified in the examples below.

For examples: Table XIII

No Question Tag Meaning in English

1 Ro do ia tu bagas mu ,tie? She came to your house, didn’t she?

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2 3

Ma siap ia ma tugas nia i, tie? Ma modom bayo i sannari, tie?

He has finished his duty, hasn’t he? He is sleeping now, isn’t he?

The Question taq in Mandailing language that followed of word “ tie “. It can be formulated:

Positive statement, tie

4.9 Similarities and Dissimilarities 4.9.1 Similarities

A. The simmilarities

1.Generally the the function of Question words in english and mandailing is same That is for ask the Qustion.

2. Both of English and Mandailing language have the same form as Wh-Question,

It can be seen from the Example in the 4.1.1.1 and 4.2.1.1 that is the position of Question words in both of languages are put in the initial position.

3. English and Mandailing language of negative Question put of negation in the beginning of Sentences. We can see the following:

For examples:

• Inda ro ho tu horja i?

• Didn’t you come to the party? • Inda pe siap ko nakarejo i?

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• Haven’t you finished your work?

• Inda tola ami buat batu na di jolo bagas mi? • Can’t we take the stone in front your house?

c.Alternative sentence in English use of the word “ or ” while in Mandailing language use “ sanga” put between two option.

For Examples:

• Tudia do ho kehe, tu Jakarta do sanga tu medan?

• Where are you going, go to Jakarta or Medan?

• Andigan do kehe tu Bandung, sannari sanga incogot?

• When will you go to Bandung, now or tomorrow?

• Andigan do ho na giot marbagas i,sannari do sanga sidung ari Rayo?

• When did you get married , now or after celebration?

c. English and Mandailing language, put the question taq in the final of the Sentences.

For example:s

• Ro do ia tu bagas mu ,tie?

• She will come to your house, won’t she? • Madung siapkon nia ma tugas nia i, tie?

• He has finished his duty, has not he? • Namanulis surat do ho sannari, tie?

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4. Alternative sentence in English use of the word “ or ” while in Mandailing language use “ sanga” put between two option.

For Examples:

• Tudia do ho kehe, tu Jakarta do sanga tu medan?

• Where are you going, go to Jakarta or Medan?

• Andigan do kehe tu Bandung, sannari sanga incogot?

• When will you go to Bandung, now or tomorrow?

• Andigan do ho na giot marbagas i,sannari do sanga sidung ari Rayo?

• When did you get married , now or after celebration?

4.9.2 Dissimilarities

1.1. The number of question words between English and Mandailing language more than English. Here list of the Question words of Wh- Question between English and Mandailing language.

Table XIV

English Mandailing language

1. Aha /aha/ What

2. – Ise / ise/

- sian ise / sian ise/ - songon ise /songon ise/

Who

Who ……….from Who ……….like

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- tu ise /tu ise/ To Whom Andigan / andigan/ When

Piga /piga/ How many

Sadia / sadia/ How many / how much - Dia / dia/

- na dia / na dia/ - tu dia /tu dia/ - sian dia / sian dia/

Where Which Where

( From) where Aso /aso/

1.2 The formation of the Wh-Question in English stated the position of the Question words are placed at the initial position before the subject and verb. While in Mndailing language, the position of the Question words can be placed in the initial position of the sentence after before the subject or middle of the sentence and also followed by article but it does not change the meaning. Structure English and Mandailing language of Interrogative sentence is very different that cause in Mandailing can be placed of the position question word, it can be formulated in the following:

English : Wh- Question + Auxilliary Verb + Subject + Verb + C Mandailing: Question Words + Verb + Subject + C

Verb + Subject + Question Words + C Verb + Subject + C + Question Words

Tor Examples

• Aha do na i jalaki mi natuari?

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• Nai jalaki mi aha natuari?

”Look for you what yesterday? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Natuari nai jalaki mi aha?

“Yesterday look for you what? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Ise do mambuat buku na dimeja i?

” Who took the book from the table? ( English) • Mambuat buku nai meja i ise?

“Took the book in the table who? (English) “(Ungramtical)

1.3 In Answering of Yes-no Question in English and Mandailing language “yes”, so the preceding word must be repeated or answered by ” olo “and for the answer is “ no , that question is only answered by “ inda” while in English “ yes or no” followed subject and auxiliary verb.

For examples: • Inda pe maridi ho? • Don’t you take a bath? • Inda ibege ho nau dokon ni? • Aren’t you hear me?

• Inda ke he tu Padang i? • Don’t you go to Padang?

1.4. In English and Mandailing language, an Altternative question with yes-no question and wh-question and present an addition of option in the question. In English showed by “or “and Mandailing language by “ sanga “

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• Do you laugh or cry?

• Aha do naipangan mi, mie do sanga indahan? • Which one do you eat, mie or rice?

• Kehe tu sikola mardalan do ho sanga marmotor? • How you go to school by foot or by bycle?

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

The simmilarities both of interrogative sentences

1.Generally the the function of Question words in english and mandailing is same That is for ask the Qustion.

2. Both of English and Mandailing language have the same form as Wh-Question,

It can be seen from the Example in the 4.1.1.1 and 4.2.1.1 that is the position of Question words in both of languages are put in the initial position.

3. a. positive Question in English and Mandailing language is no clear between positive question.

b.English and Mandailing language of negative Question put of negation in the beginning of Sentences. We can see the following:

For examples:

• Inda ro ho tu horja i?

• Didn’t you come to the party? • Inda pe siap ko nakarejo i? • Haven’t you finished your work?

• Inda tola ami buat batu na di jolo bagas mi? • Can’t we take the stone in front your house?

c.Alternative sentence in English use of the word “ or ” while in Mandailing language use “ sanga” put between two option.

(73)

For Examples:

• Tudia do ho kehe, tu Jakarta do sanga tu medan?

• Where are you going, go to Jakarta or Medan?

• Andigan do kehe tu Bandung, sannari sanga incogot?

• When will you go to Bandung, now or tomorrow?

• Andigan do ho na giot marbagas i,sannari do sanga sidung ari Rayo?

• When did you get married , now or after celebration?

c. English and Mandailing language, put the question taq in the final of the Sentences.

For example:s

• Ro do ia tu bagas mu ,tie?

• She will come to your house, won’t she? • Madung siapkon nia ma tugas nia i, tie?

• He has finished his duty, has not he? • Namanulis surat do ho sannari, tie?

• You are wrting a letter, arent you?

4. Alternative sentence in English use of the word “ or ” while in Mandailing language use “ sanga” put between two option.

For Examples:

• Tudia do ho kehe, tu Jakarta do sanga tu medan?

(74)

• Andigan do kehe tu Bandung, sannari sanga incogot?

• When will you go to Bandung, now or tomorrow?

• Andigan do ho na giot marbagas i,sannari do sanga sidung ari Rayo?

• When did you get married , now or after celebration?

The Differences both of interrogative sentences

1.2. The number of question words between English and Mandailing language more than English. Here list of the Question words of Wh- Question between English and Mandailing language.

Table XIV

English Mandailing language

1. Aha /aha/ What

2. - Ise / ise/

- sian ise / sian ise/ - songon ise /songon ise/ - tu ise /tu ise/

Who

Who ……….from Who ……….like To Whom

Andigan / andigan/ When

Piga /piga/ How many

Sadia / sadia/ How many / how much - Dia / dia/

- na dia / na dia/ - tu dia /tu dia/ - sian dia / sian dia/

Where Which Where

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Aso /aso/

English : Wh- Question + Auxilliary Verb + Subject + Verb + C Mandailing: Question Words + Verb + Subject + C

Verb + Subject + Question Words + C Verb + Subject + C + Question Words

Tor Examples

• Aha do na i jalaki mi natuari?

“What did you look for yesterday? (English) “ • Nai jalaki mi aha natuari?

”Look for you what yesterday? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Natuari nai jalaki mi aha?

“Yesterday look for you what? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Ise do mambuat buku na dimeja i?

” Who took the book from the table? ( English) • Mambuat buku nai meja i ise?

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• Andigan do kehe tu Bandung, sannari sanga incogot?

• When will you go to Bandung, now or tomorrow?

• Andigan do ho na giot marbagas i,sannari do sanga sidung ari Rayo?

• When did you get married , now or after celebration? The Differences both of interrogative sentences

1.2. The number of question words between English and Mandailing language more

than English. Here list of the Question words of Wh- Question between English and Mandailing language.

Table XIV

English Mandailing language

1. Aha /aha/ What

2. - Ise / ise/

- sian ise / sian ise/ - songon ise /songon ise/ - tu ise /tu ise/

Who

Who ……….from Who ……….like To Whom

Andigan / andigan/ When

Piga /piga/ How many

Sadia / sadia/ How many / how much

- Dia / dia/ - na dia / na dia/ - tu dia /tu dia/ - sian dia / sian dia/

Where Which Where

(2)

Aso /aso/

English : Wh- Question + Auxilliary Verb + Subject + Verb + C Mandailing: Question Words + Verb + Subject + C

Verb + Subject + Question Words + C Verb + Subject + C + Question Words

Tor Examples

• Aha do na i jalaki mi natuari?

“What did you look for yesterday? (English) “ • Nai jalaki mi aha natuari?

”Look for you what yesterday? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Natuari nai jalaki mi aha?

“Yesterday look for you what? (English) “(Ungramtical) • Ise do mambuat buku na dimeja i?

” Who took the book from the table? ( English) • Mambuat buku nai meja i ise?

(3)

For examples:

• Inda pe maridi ho?

• Don’t you take a bath?

• Inda ibege ho nau dokon ni?

• Aren’t you hear me?

• Inda ke he tu Padang i?

• Don’t you go to Padang?

• Namartata do ho sanga na tangis?

• Do you laugh or cry?

• Aha do naipangan mi, mie do sanga indahan?

• Which one do you eat, mie or rice?

• Kehe tu sikola mardalan do ho sanga marmotor?

(4)

5. Conclussion and Suggestion

5.1 Conclusion

The last chapter, the writer can take the conclussion of her thesis on Mandailing language in Question words. There are a lot of pecularities in the structure of Mandailing language in Question words. Furtheremore, the writer can find many kinds of Question words and as many Wh- Question in English and Mandailing language, the combination in the structure of the Question words, the position of Question words are very different with English. The position of Mandailing language question words can be classified as the follow:

• The Question words aha (what), andigan (when), dia (i dia = where, tu dia = where to, sian dia = where from) sadia (how many, how much), aso (why), ise (who, whose = when ise means whose, it should be added with certain initial words depending on the context), piga (how many) (whose), and songon dia (how) are applicable in the initial, middle and the final position.

• The question words aha (what) is often used in the initial, middle, and final position. This question word can be attached to a noun.

• The question word andigan (when) can be followed by a subject or verb. The

question word “andigan” expect measurement of time, price, and this time, as its answer.

• The question word “i dia “ (where), tu dia (where to) can be placed position same with questio word Aha, it can be put in the initial, middle, and final position.

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• sian dia (where from) is more freque ntly used in the initial position. • sadia (how many, how much)

• aso (why),

• ise (who, whose = when ise means whose is often used in the initial, middle,

and final position. In the initial position expect a person function as subject as its answer.

• piga (how many) is more frequently used in the initial position. This question

may be followed by measurement of time, number of person

• songon dia (how) is used to ask about the information. This question word put

in the initial position.

There are some Question in Mandailing language in the Question words which are

easier to form, like yes-no Question, positive question, negative question, alternative question and the last Question taq.

The question taq is simply formed by placing the taq marker / tie / at the end any statement which also followed by rising intonation.

5.2Suggestion

Based on the result of analysis, the writer suggest the readers especially students who studied English and have Mandailing language as their native speakers pay extra attention and comprehending question word of both language i.e. English and Mandailing language to matter question word in both language the readers and the students should practice more and more in order to digest the pecularities of question words. The writer hopes this thesis could be a pioneer to achieve the goal mentioned.

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A Contrastive Analysis of Question words between English And Mandailing language