Delimitasi Batas Maritim Internasional dan Kompleksitas Batas Maritim Indonesia
Delimitasi Batas Maritim Internasional
dan Kompleksitas Batas Maritim Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana
Jurusan Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Empty your cup ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
A sweet side of border disputes ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Incident in the Malacca Strait – 7 April 2011
I Made Andi Arsana © 2011
I Made Andi Arsana © 2011
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
In our media ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
GANYANG MALAYSIA!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
But ...
Selamatkan Siti Nurhaliza!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Where is Indonesia’s limit?
Why does Indonesia have problems with boundaries?
How to solve boundary issues?
I Made Andi Arsana © 2012
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
States claiming/securing maritime areas
Land
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
The History….
•
•
•
•
•
Religious powers [Churches, Popes]
Naval Powers [Spain, Portugal]
Unilateral Claims [Truman Proclamation]
Sporadic claims [Latin America, Indonesia]
Law codification
– UNCLOS I
– UNCLOS II
– UNCLOS III
LOSC 1958
LOSC 1960
LOSC 1982
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Continental Shelf
Territorial Sea Baseline
Internal waters
Maritime Jurisdictional Zones – LOSC 1982
Sea-bed, Subsoil, Sedentary Species
The
Area
(Extended
Continental Shelf)
Exclusive Economic Zone (200 M)
Water Column, Sea-bed, Subsoil
High Seas
(certain High Seas freedoms retained) (subject to Part VII of UNCLOS)
Contiguous
Zone (24 M)
Territorial Sea
12 M
Sea Level
Shelf
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Zona Yurisdiksi Maritim berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982
Garis pangkal
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
Negara A
(madeandi@ugm.ac.id)
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
Territorial Sea
12 NM
EEZ
200 NM
Cont. Shelf
Art. 76
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Normal Baselines and Maritime Limits
Sea
Land
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Straight Baselines and Maritime Limits
rc
Sea
at A
X
X
A
Land
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Zona Maritime Negara Kepulauan Menurut UNCLOS
EEZ
Sea
LTE A
Contiguous Zone
Internal
waters
EEZ
Archipelagic
waters
LTE B
*
EEZ
Land
EEZ
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Are you a lawyer?
Pasal 47: Garis Pangkal Kepulauan
5.
The system of such baselines shall not be applied by an archipelagic State in such a manner as to
cut off from the high seas or the exclusive economic zone the territorial sea of another State.
6.
If a part of the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State lies between two parts of an immediately
adjacent neighbouring State, existing rights and all other legitimate interests which the latter State
has traditionally exercised in such waters and all rights stipulated by agreement between those
States shall continue and be respected.
Pasal 15 UNCLOS
[...] “neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its
territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on
the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured.”
[...]
Pasal 74 UNCLOS
“The delimitation of exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall
be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution.”
Traktat 1891 Pasal III
“Dari puncak rangkaian gunung-gunung yang telah disebutkan pada pasal II, kearah/ke/sampai
Tandjoeng Datoe di pantai barat Borneo (Kalimantan), garis batas harus mengikuti watershed dari
sungai-sungai yang mengalir kearah pantai barat laut dan pantai barat di sebelah utara Tandjoeng
Datoe, dan yang mengalir (running) kearah pantai barat di sebelah selatan Tandjoeng Datoe, Pantai
Selatan dan pantai Timur dari garis 4o 10’ LU.”
Article3: Breadth of the territorial sea
Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12
nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.
Article4: Outer limit of the territorial sea
The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest
point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Indonesia’s Archipelagic Baselines
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Combined Maritime Jurisdictional Zones – LOSC 1982
EEZ
Sea
Contiguous Zone
Internal
waters
EEZ
Archipelagic
waters
LTE B
*
EEZ
Land
EEZ
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Imagine... a small State in the middle of the ocean... alone ...
State A
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
But ….
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Gara2 Scrat
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Gara2 Scrat
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Principles & Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation
Not to scale, for illustrative purposes only
CS boundary
-opposite(Art. 83 UNCLOS)
EEZ/CS boundary
-adjacent(Art 74/83 UNCLOS)
State C
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
(madeandi@ugm.ac.id)
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
State A
EEZ/CS boundary
-opposite(Art. 74/83 UNCLOS)
State B
CS boundary
-adjacent(Art. 83 UNCLOS)
TS boundary
-adjacent(Art. 15 UNCLOS)
ECA Submitted to UN CLCS
for recommendation
Arsana, 2014
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Wilayah Indonesia saat Merdeka
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Timor Leste
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Wilayah Indonesia saat Merdeka
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Timor Leste
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2012)
Australia
Hanya 3 Mil laut teritorial dari masing-masing pulau
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Deklarasi Djoeanda 1957 – laut di antara pulau diklaim Indonesia!
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Natuna
pocket
Archipelagic waters
Timor Leste
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Meyakinkan Masyarakat Dunia di Meja Perundingan
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
UNCLOS 1982 disepakati
Penandatanganan UNCLOS 1982 oleh Menlu RI, Prof. Dr. Mochtar
Kusumaatmadja atas nama Pemerintah Indonesia tanggal 10
Desember 1982 di Montego Bay, Jamaica setelah melalui
perundingan resmi sejak 1973.
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Perjuangan Indonesia Berhasil! – UNCLOS 1982
Philippines I Made Andi Arsana | madeandi@ugm.ac.id
Thailand
India
Malaysia
Palau
EEZ
Malaysia
ZEE
Singapore
ZEE
Perairan Kepulauan
Garis pangkal kepulauan
Timor Leste
ZEE
Garis batas unilateral (tidak perlu kesepakatan degan tetangga)
Garis batas hasil kesepakatan dengan tetangga
Garis batas klaim Indonesia (masih perlu kesepakatan dengan tetangga)
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Laut Indonesia bertambah signifikan!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Terima Kasih
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
http://madeandi.com
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
dan Kompleksitas Batas Maritim Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana
Jurusan Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Empty your cup ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
A sweet side of border disputes ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Incident in the Malacca Strait – 7 April 2011
I Made Andi Arsana © 2011
I Made Andi Arsana © 2011
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
In our media ...
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
GANYANG MALAYSIA!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
But ...
Selamatkan Siti Nurhaliza!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Where is Indonesia’s limit?
Why does Indonesia have problems with boundaries?
How to solve boundary issues?
I Made Andi Arsana © 2012
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
States claiming/securing maritime areas
Land
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
The History….
•
•
•
•
•
Religious powers [Churches, Popes]
Naval Powers [Spain, Portugal]
Unilateral Claims [Truman Proclamation]
Sporadic claims [Latin America, Indonesia]
Law codification
– UNCLOS I
– UNCLOS II
– UNCLOS III
LOSC 1958
LOSC 1960
LOSC 1982
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Continental Shelf
Territorial Sea Baseline
Internal waters
Maritime Jurisdictional Zones – LOSC 1982
Sea-bed, Subsoil, Sedentary Species
The
Area
(Extended
Continental Shelf)
Exclusive Economic Zone (200 M)
Water Column, Sea-bed, Subsoil
High Seas
(certain High Seas freedoms retained) (subject to Part VII of UNCLOS)
Contiguous
Zone (24 M)
Territorial Sea
12 M
Sea Level
Shelf
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Zona Yurisdiksi Maritim berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982
Garis pangkal
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
Negara A
(madeandi@ugm.ac.id)
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
Territorial Sea
12 NM
EEZ
200 NM
Cont. Shelf
Art. 76
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Normal Baselines and Maritime Limits
Sea
Land
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Straight Baselines and Maritime Limits
rc
Sea
at A
X
X
A
Land
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Zona Maritime Negara Kepulauan Menurut UNCLOS
EEZ
Sea
LTE A
Contiguous Zone
Internal
waters
EEZ
Archipelagic
waters
LTE B
*
EEZ
Land
EEZ
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Are you a lawyer?
Pasal 47: Garis Pangkal Kepulauan
5.
The system of such baselines shall not be applied by an archipelagic State in such a manner as to
cut off from the high seas or the exclusive economic zone the territorial sea of another State.
6.
If a part of the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State lies between two parts of an immediately
adjacent neighbouring State, existing rights and all other legitimate interests which the latter State
has traditionally exercised in such waters and all rights stipulated by agreement between those
States shall continue and be respected.
Pasal 15 UNCLOS
[...] “neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its
territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on
the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured.”
[...]
Pasal 74 UNCLOS
“The delimitation of exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall
be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution.”
Traktat 1891 Pasal III
“Dari puncak rangkaian gunung-gunung yang telah disebutkan pada pasal II, kearah/ke/sampai
Tandjoeng Datoe di pantai barat Borneo (Kalimantan), garis batas harus mengikuti watershed dari
sungai-sungai yang mengalir kearah pantai barat laut dan pantai barat di sebelah utara Tandjoeng
Datoe, dan yang mengalir (running) kearah pantai barat di sebelah selatan Tandjoeng Datoe, Pantai
Selatan dan pantai Timur dari garis 4o 10’ LU.”
Article3: Breadth of the territorial sea
Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12
nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.
Article4: Outer limit of the territorial sea
The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest
point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Indonesia’s Archipelagic Baselines
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Combined Maritime Jurisdictional Zones – LOSC 1982
EEZ
Sea
Contiguous Zone
Internal
waters
EEZ
Archipelagic
waters
LTE B
*
EEZ
Land
EEZ
Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Imagine... a small State in the middle of the ocean... alone ...
State A
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
But ….
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Gara2 Scrat
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Gara2 Scrat
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Principles & Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation
Not to scale, for illustrative purposes only
CS boundary
-opposite(Art. 83 UNCLOS)
EEZ/CS boundary
-adjacent(Art 74/83 UNCLOS)
State C
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
(madeandi@ugm.ac.id)
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
State A
EEZ/CS boundary
-opposite(Art. 74/83 UNCLOS)
State B
CS boundary
-adjacent(Art. 83 UNCLOS)
TS boundary
-adjacent(Art. 15 UNCLOS)
ECA Submitted to UN CLCS
for recommendation
Arsana, 2014
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Wilayah Indonesia saat Merdeka
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Timor Leste
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Wilayah Indonesia saat Merdeka
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Timor Leste
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2012)
Australia
Hanya 3 Mil laut teritorial dari masing-masing pulau
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Deklarasi Djoeanda 1957 – laut di antara pulau diklaim Indonesia!
Thailand
Philippines
India
Palau
Malaysia
Malaysia
Singapore
Natuna
Archipelagic waters
Timor Leste
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Meyakinkan Masyarakat Dunia di Meja Perundingan
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
UNCLOS 1982 disepakati
Penandatanganan UNCLOS 1982 oleh Menlu RI, Prof. Dr. Mochtar
Kusumaatmadja atas nama Pemerintah Indonesia tanggal 10
Desember 1982 di Montego Bay, Jamaica setelah melalui
perundingan resmi sejak 1973.
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Perjuangan Indonesia Berhasil! – UNCLOS 1982
Philippines I Made Andi Arsana | madeandi@ugm.ac.id
Thailand
India
Malaysia
Palau
EEZ
Malaysia
ZEE
Singapore
ZEE
Perairan Kepulauan
Garis pangkal kepulauan
Timor Leste
ZEE
Garis batas unilateral (tidak perlu kesepakatan degan tetangga)
Garis batas hasil kesepakatan dengan tetangga
Garis batas klaim Indonesia (masih perlu kesepakatan dengan tetangga)
Australia
I Made
Andi and
Arsana
(c) 2013
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing
is a crime
unethical
Laut Indonesia bertambah signifikan!
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
Terima Kasih
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id
http://madeandi.com
Dept. of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id